Comprehensive Characterization for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Ginseng Root by Integration Analysis of Chemical and Transcriptome.

Herbgenomics provides a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs on the genome level. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal plant with numerous pharmaceutical effects. Previous reports mainly discussed the transcriptome of ginseng at the organ level. However, based on mass spectrometry imaging analyses, the ginsenosides varied among different tissues. In this work, ginseng root was separated into three tissues-periderm, cortex and stele-each for five duplicates. The chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis were conducted simultaneously. Gene-encoding enzymes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis and modification were studied based on gene and molecule data. Eight widely-used ginsenosides were distributed unevenly in ginseng roots. A total of 182,881 unigenes were assembled with an N50 contig size of 1374 bp. About 21,000 of these unigenes were positively correlated with the content of ginsenosides. Additionally, we identified 192 transcripts encoding enzymes involved in two triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways and 290 transcripts encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Of these UGTs, 195 UGTs (67.2%) were more highly expressed in the periderm, and that seven UGTs and one UGT were specifically expressed in the periderm and stele, respectively. This genetic resource will help to improve the interpretation on complex mechanisms of ginsenosides biosynthesis, accumulation, and transportation.

[Study on traceability system of genuine medicinal materials].

Genuine medicinal materials with special characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is recognized as high quality medicine. Both ancient records and modern research considered that the origin is an important reason for the formation of genuine medicinal materials. However, blindly transplanting of genuine medicinal materials has led to the quality decline and counterfeit medicines appeared in production or sale progress, which may increase the risk of accidents in TCM. Frequent accidents emerged in Chinese herbal affects its export. What's more, it is a great threat to the medication safety in TCM clinical. There is an urgent need to implement traceability systems of TCM, which could provide convenient information record and traceability of TCM circulation. This paper reviews a variety of technical methods for genuine medicinal materials traceability, and proposed the establishment of genuine medicinal materials traceability system based on two-dimensional code and network database.

Guang Chen Pi (the pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco's cultivars 'Chachi') inhibits macrophage-derived foam cell formation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The dried pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco (CP) occupies an important position in the history of clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In traditional use, CP is used to treat diseases related to the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems, as well as to regulate Qi and promote blood circulation throughout the body. In China, a special cultivar of CP named Guang Chen Pi (GCP) which is collected exclusively from Citrus reticulata Blanco's cultivars 'Chachi', is considered to be the best CP with high medicinal and dietary value. Modern pharmacology shows that CP has high effect on regulating metabolic disorders and cardiovascular systems diseases. Atherosclerosis (AS) is not only an inflammatory disease but also cardiovascular lipid metabolism disorder. Foam cells formation is the hallmark of AS. Several reports indicated that CP can mitigate the development of AS, but involved signaling pathway and its role in foam cell formation is unclear. Since the main components of GCP has protective effects in cardiovascular diseases, we evaluated its effect of inhibiting foam cell formation to support the traditional usage of GCP. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study aims to investigate the effects of GCP on suppressing RAW264.7 foam cell formation and anti-inflammatory in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the anti-foam cell formation and anti-inflammatory activity of GCP, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced RAW264.7 macrophages model was involved. Meantime, foam cell developing status was also closely monitored. RT-qPCR and Western blot were then applied to further investigate receptors in associated signaling pathways. RESULTS: GCP shown inhibitory effect on macrophage-derived foam cell formation in Oil Red O staining analysis, which was further confirmed by flow cytometry of Dil-ox-LDL staining and TG and TC analysis. The HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux was also promoted by GCP. Mechanistic studies showed that GCP significantly down-regulate SRA1 and CD36 protein expression, while significantly increasing the expression of PPARγ, LXRα, SRB1 and ABCG1. Also, GCP reduced ox-LDL-induced inflammatory factors level, and inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, NF-κB p65 and IKKα/ß. CONCLUSIONS: GCP exhibited anti-atherogenic ability by interfering RAW264.7 foam cell formation, through inhibiting lipid uptake and promoting HDL-mediated cholesterol. PPARγ-LXRα-ABCG1/SRB1 pathway and its anti-inflammatory effect may involve. This proposed anti-foam cell formation activity is expected to provide new insight on comprehensive utilization of GCP.

Establishing a genomic database for the medicinal plants in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is exceptionally abundant in medicinal plant resources and has a rich ethnopharmacological history. Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (BP) acts as a national standard that regulates drug quality and has six published editions. Recent genomic approaches have led to a resurgence of interest in herbal drugs. The genomic data of plants has been used for pharmaceutical applications, protecting natural resources, and efficiently regulating the market. However, there are few genomic databases specifically for medicinal plants, and the establishment of a database that focuses on the herbs contained in the BP is urgently required. METHODS: The medicinal plant species included in each edition of the BP were analyzed to understand the evolution of the Brazilian herbal drugs. The data of 82 plants in the BP were collected and categorized into four sections: DNA barcodes, super-barcodes, genomes, and sequencing data. A typical web server architecture pattern was used to build the database and website. Furthermore, the cp-Gs of the Aloe genus in the database were analyzed as an illustration. RESULTS: A new database, the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia Genomic Database (BPGD) was constructed and is now publicly accessible. A BLAST server for species identification and sequence searching with the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), the intergenic region (psbA-trnH), and the chloroplast genome (cp-G) of Brazilian medicinal plants was also embedded in the BPGD. The database has 753 ITS2 of 76 species, 553 psbA-trnH and 190 genomes (whole genome and chloroplast genome) of 57 species. In addition, it contains 37 genome sequence data sets of 24 species and 616 transcriptome sequence data sets of 34 species and also includes 187 cp-Gs representing 57 medicinal species in the BP. Analyses of the six cp-Gs of three Aloe species identified the variable regions in the cp-Gs. These can be used to identify species and understand the intraspecific relationships. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the first genomic database of medicinal plants listed in the latest BP. It serves as an efficient platform to obtain and analyze genomic data, accelerate studies regarding Brazilian medicinal plants and facilitate the rational development on their market regulation.

Complete chloroplast genome of Salvia plebeia: organization, specific barcode and phylogenetic analysis.

Salvia plebeia has been in use as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for more than 500 years. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. plebeia was sequenced, assembled and compared to those of other five published Salvia cp genomes. It was found that the cp genome structure of S. plebeia was well conserved and had a total size of 151 062 bp. Four parameters were used to display the usage conditions of the codons of the amino acids in Salvia genus. Although the number of protein-coding genes in each species was the same, the total number of codons was different. Except for amino acids Trp and Met whose Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) value of one condon was equal to 1, the remaining 19 amino acids had 1-3 preferred codons. The preferred codon names of each amino acid were coincident. The period size for the tandem repeats of six species ranged from 9 to 410 bp. Salvia cp genomes mainly possessed tandem repeats with a copy number less than or equal to 3. The sequence length of tandem repeats of the six species ranged from 25 to 824 bp. Highly viarable regions including four intergenic spacers and six partial genes were discovered as potential specific barcodes for Salvia species through cp genome-wide comparison. Finally, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on the complete cp genome and coding sequences respectively. These results provide information to help construct the cp genome library for Salvia, which may support studies of phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, population and transplastomics.

Species identification of poisonous medicinal plant using DNA barcoding.

The aim is to select a universal DNA barcode for identifying all poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants. We chose 4 commonly used regions as candidate DNA barcodes (ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL) and compared their identification efficiency in 106 species from 27 families and 65 genera totally. Data analysis was performed including the information of sequence alignment, inter/intra-specific genetic distance and data distribution, identification efficiency and the situation of Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees. We found ITS2 sequence region had high variation, stable genetic distance and identification efficiency relatively. The topological structure of NJ phylogenetic tree showed monophyletic. Our findings show that ITS2 can be applied as a universal barcode for identifying poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants.