RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Intra-cerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) seems more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than in High-Income Countries (HIC) with poorer clinical outcome. Higher impact of hypertension and/or amyloid angiopathy could account for this disproportion. Here, we sought to (i) retrospectively compare ICH clinical and imaging patterns in Belgium and Guinea and in a subsequent cohort (ii) prospectively compare brain MRI characteristics to seek evidence for a different proportion of amyloid angiopathy patterns. METHODS: Ninety one consecutive patients admitted for spontaneous ICH at Brussels Erasme-ULB Hospital and at Conakry Ignace Deen-UGANC were retrospectively compared in terms of ICH volume estimated with the ABC/2 method, clinical characteristics and modified ranking (mRS) score at 30 days. mRS was dichotomised as good outcomes (≤3) and poor outcomes (>3). A prospective cohort of 30 consecutive patients with ICH admitted at CHU Conakry Ignace Deen-UGANC was prospectively included to undergo brain MRI. Results of the Guinean MRI were compared to 30 patients randomly selected from Brussels' initial cohort. Paired Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney u-test were used for group comparisons. RESULTS: Age of ICH onset was higher in Belgium (68 ± 17 years vs. 56 ± 14 years, P < 0.01) while ICH volume and 30-day mortality rate were higher in Guinea (20 ml vs. 11 ml, P < 0.01 and mortality 33% vs. 10 %, P < 0.01). ICH burden in survivors in Conakry and Brussels showed respectively good outcomes in 56.7% and 60.4% (P = 0.09) and poor outcomes in 10.3% vs. 29.6% (P < 0.001). MRI analysis of the prospective cohort failed to disclose significant differences regarding brain MRI characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-cerebral Haemorrhage affected patients 15 years younger in Guinea with larger haematoma volumes and higher mortality than in Belgium. MRI findings did not show more prevalent amyloid angiopathy pathology suggesting that better primary prevention of hypertension could positively impact ICH epidemiology in Guinea.
OBJECTIF: L'hémorragie intracérébrale (HIC) semble plus répandue en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) que dans les pays à revenu élevé (PRE), avec des résultats cliniques moins bons. Un impact plus élevé de l'hypertension et/ou de l'angiopathie amyloïde pourrait expliquer cette disproportion. Ici, nous avons cherché à (i) comparer rétrospectivement les schémas cliniques et d'imagerie de l'HIC en Belgique et en Guinée et dans une cohorte subséquente (ii) comparer de manière prospective les caractéristiques de l'IRM cérébrale pour rechercher des preuves d'une proportion différente des profils d'angiopathie amyloïde. MÉTHODES: 91 patients consécutifs admis pour HIC spontanée à l'hôpital Erasme-ULB de Bruxelles et à Ignace Deen-UGANC de Conakry ont été rétrospectivement comparés en termes de volume d'HIC estimé avec la méthode ABC/2, les caractéristiques cliniques et le score de classement modifié (mRS) à 30 jours. Le mRS a été dichotomisé en bons résultats (≤3) et mauvais résultats (>3). Une cohorte prospective de 30 patients consécutifs atteints d'HIC admis au CHU Ignace Deen-UGANC de Conakry a été incluse de manière prospective pour subir une IRM cérébrale. Les résultats de l'IRM guinéenne ont été comparés à ceux de 30 patients sélectionnés aléatoirement dans la cohorte initiale de Bruxelles. Le test t de Student apparié et le test u de Mann-Whitney ont été utilisés pour les comparaisons de groupe. RÉSULTATS: L'âge d'apparition de l'HIC était plus élevé en Belgique (68 ± 17 ans vs 56 ± 14 ans, P < 0,01) tandis que le volume de l'HIC et le taux de mortalité à 30 jours étaient plus élevés en Guinée (20 ml vs 11 ml, P < 0,01 et mortalité 33% vs 10%, P <0,01). La charge de l'HIC chez les survivants à Conakry et à Bruxelles a montré respectivement de bons résultats dans 56,7% et 60,4% (P = 0,09) et de mauvais résultats dans 10,3% vs 29,6% (P < 0,001). L'analyse IRM de la cohorte prospective n'a pas permis de révéler de différences significatives concernant les caractéristiques de l'IRM cérébrale. CONCLUSIONS: L'HIC a touché des patients 15 ans plus jeunes en Guinée avec des volumes d'hématomes plus importants et une mortalité plus élevée qu'en Belgique. Les résultats de l'IRM n'ont pas montré de pathologie angiopathique amyloïde plus répandue, ce qui suggère qu'une meilleure prévention primaire de l'hypertension pourrait avoir un impact positif sur l'épidémiologie de l'HIC en Guinée.
Assuntos
Angiopatia Amiloide Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Angiopatia Amiloide Cerebral/complicações , Hemorragia Cerebral/mortalidade , Feminino , Guiné/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death due to brain arterial occlusion and subsequent ischemia. Acute treatment aims to recanalize the occluded artery as soon as possible. Treatment to achieve recanalization of the occluded artery has evolved during the last couple of years. First therapeutic improvement : intra-veinous thrombolysis (IV rt-PA) was the first validated treatment to achieve reduction in ischemic stroke morbi-mortality. However, rt-PA is efficient in the first hours of stroke onset and for small calibers occluded vessels. Second therapeutic improvement : since 2015, mechanic thrombectomy in combination with IV rt-PA or alone, extended acute ischemic stroke treatment to large vessel occlusions that are responsible for most death and disability in stroke patients, and this, in a time window less restrictive than the 4,5hours after which the rt-PA is no longer effective. Discussion and practical issues : the aim of acute ischemic stroke treatment is to recanalize as soon as possible the occluded vessel to preserve as much viable brain tissue as possible. Here, we propose to base stroke work-up on injected brain computed tomography : before the contrast is injected, brain CT is sufficient for rt-PA infusion decision, then contrast injection can be made within another vein while rt-PA is injected to select patients with proximal occlusion in need of thrombectomy.
INTRODUCTION: L'accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique (AVCi) est une cause majeure de handicap et de mortalité dû à l'occlusion d'une artère cérébrale et à l'ischémie du territoire d'aval. Pendant la phase aiguë, le principe du traitement vise à recanaliser le plus rapidement possible l'artère occluse. Ces traitements ont considérablement évolué ces dernières années. Première révolution thérapeutique : l'injection IV d'un traitement thrombolytique (rt-PA) a permis, en phase aiguë, de diminuer le handicap et la mortalité liés à l'AVCi. Cependant, le rt-PA n'est efficace que dans les heures qui suivent le début des symptômes et pour des vaisseaux occlus de petit calibre. Seconde révolution thérapeutique : depuis 2015, la thrombectomie mécanique, combinée ou non au rt-PA IV, a permis d'étendre les possibilités de recanalisation aux vaisseaux de gros calibre dont les occlusions sont responsables de la majorité des décès et des handicaps sévères, et ce, dans un intervalle de temps moins restrictif que les 4h30 au-delà de laquelle la rt-PA n'est plus efficace. Discussion et mise en oeuvre pratique : l'objectif du traitement de l'AVCi en phase aiguë est de recanaliser le plus rapidement l'artère occluse pour préserver un maximum de tissu cérébral viable. Nous utilisons le CT-scan cérébral comme méthode diagnostique : à blanc, il permet de décider l'administration de rt-PA IV ; après injection de produit de contraste, l'angioscanner et le scanner de perfusion permettent de sélectionner les patients éligibles pour une thrombectomie sans retarder l'injection du rt-PA.
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OBJECTIVE: Despite improvement in acute stroke care, almost 40% of patients with ischemic stroke present neurological deterioration. Neurological deterioration is associated with higher death and dependency rates. Neurological deterioration mechanisms are unknown, and half of neurological deterioration remains unexplained. We postulate that a substantial proportion of neurological deterioration in ischemic stroke is associated with periodic discharges/non-convulsive seizures that negatively impact the recovery of ischemic stroke and worsen symptoms. METHODS: Retrospective review of 24 h continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) performed for neurological deterioration in the stroke unit of a tertiary academic centre. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were included. cEEG detected epileptic activities in 44% of cases (Non-convulsive seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus: 10/81 (12%), periodic discharges: 17/81 (21%) and sporadic epileptiform discharges in 14/81 (17%)). The proportion of patients who did not receive recanalization therapy was significantly higher in the NCSE/NCSz/PDs group than in the group devoid of NCSE/NCSz/PDs: 17/22 (77%) vs 13/59 (22%); pâ¯<â¯0,001. Treatment of Non-convulsive seizures /non-convulsive status epilepticus and periodic discharges was followed by EEG improvement in respectively 7/8 and 10/16 of treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Non-convulsive seizures /non-convulsive status epilepticus /periodic discharges are associated to neurological deterioration after ischemic stroke. SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment of Non-convulsive seizures /non-convulsive status epilepticus and periodic discharges, if such patterns are detected, could help prevent adverse metabolic consequences of epileptic activities on ischemic brain tissue.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Excitabilidade Cortical , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , Estado Epiléptico/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Epilepsia/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Epiléptico/epidemiologia , Estado Epiléptico/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicaçõesRESUMO
It is hypothesised that focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) may exert a deleterious effect on behaviour and cognition in children. This hypothesis is supported by the abnormally high prevalence of IED in several developmental disorders, like specific language impairment, and of cognitive and behavioural deficits in epileptic children after excluding confounding factors such as underlying structural brain lesions, drug effects, or the occurrence of frequent or prolonged epileptic seizures. Neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that IED may impact cognition through either transient effects on brain processing mechanisms, or through more long-lasting effects leading to prolonged inhibition of brain areas distant from but connected with the epileptic focus (i.e. remote inhibition effect). Sustained IED may also impair sleep-related learning consolidation processes. Nowadays, the benefits of anti-epileptic treatment aimed at reducing IED are not established except in specific situations like epileptic encephalopathies with continuous spike and waves during slow-wave sleep. Well-designed pharmacological studies are still necessary to address this issue.