[Prostate cancer: promising biomarkers related to aggressive disease]. / Cáncer de próstata: biomarcadores prometedores relacionados con la enfermedad agresiva.

BACKGROUND: Although a rapidly growing number of candidate biological markers of prognosis and/or response to specific treatments in prostate cancer, none have to date showed ability to completely prognosticate prostate cancer on evidence based urology. OBJECTIVE: To review the pertinent literature on the issue. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: A comprehensive review of the current literature was done focusing on promising biomarkers related to aggressive prostate cancer. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE: Combined with the heterogeneous nature of the disease, mixed case series are the most common study design, impeding robust results and the development of an effective therapeutic strategy. Improvement in prostate cancer patient survival requires not only the identification of new therapeutic target based on detailed understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in metastatic dissemination and tumor growth but strong clinical studies as well. CONCLUSION: Better study design involving potential markers and including well-classified and staged patients with robust methodology and adequate outcomes (mainly survival) are necessary to the field evolution.

[Extraperitoneal endoscopic radical prostatectomy: How steep is the learning curve? Overheads on the personal evolution technique in 5-years experience]. / Prostatectomía radical endoscópica extraperitoneal: ¿cuál es la pendiente de la curva de aprendizaje? Efectos en la técnica de evolución personal en una experiencia de 5 años.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively investigate endoscopic extra peritoneal radical prostatectomy (EERP) learning curve impact on outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a 5 year period (2004-2008) 270 patients underwent 5-6 ports laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at a referral center in Brazil. The initial 70 cases learning curve protocol included low body mass index patients with low volume, low grade prostate cancer. After that there were no criteria to exclude laparoscopic surgery. The patients were analyzed in two groups: Group 1, first 70 patients (30 transperitoneal and 40 extra peritoneal)-learning curve and Group 2, last 200 patients - EERP only. Surgical and outcome parameters were compared through Student's t test and Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS: The mean age was 65 years (+/-8.2) and comparing Groups 1 and 2, mean operative time was 300 (+/-190) versus 180 (+/-100) minutes, blood loss 330 (+/-210) versus 210 (+/-180) mL, hospital stay 3 (2 to 5) versus 2 (1 to 3) days, positive surgical margins 15% versus 10%, erection sufficient to penetration in previous potent patients 73.3% versus 75%, respectively with no difference between groups. Overall, 78% of patients referred no previous impotence with groups' equivalence. Severe urinary incontinence, transfusion and complications rates were higher in group 1 (p<0.05): 10% versus 2%, 12% versus 2.25% and 30% versus 12.5%, respectively. Peritoneum perforation occurred in 40% and conversion to open surgery was not required. Nerve sparing procedure was applied in 85%. In 3.5-years mean follow-up 90% of patients were free of PSA recurrence with no difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Severe urinary incontinence, transfusion and complications rates are related to learning curve which is continuous, although a significant improvement is pragmatic after 70 cases. An intensive mentored training program should be considered to minimize the learning outlays.