International Working Group consensus response evaluation criteria in lymphoma (RECIL 2017).

In recent years, the number of approved and investigational agents that can be safely administered for the treatment of lymphoma patients for a prolonged period of time has substantially increased. Many of these novel agents are evaluated in early-phase clinical trials in patients with a wide range of malignancies, including solid tumors and lymphoma. Furthermore, with the advances in genome sequencing, new "basket" clinical trial designs have emerged that select patients based on the presence of specific genetic alterations across different types of solid tumors and lymphoma. The standard response criteria currently in use for lymphoma are the Lugano Criteria which are based on [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography or bidimensional tumor measurements on computerized tomography scans. These differ from the RECIST criteria used in solid tumors, which use unidimensional measurements. The RECIL group hypothesized that single-dimension measurement could be used to assess response to therapy in lymphoma patients, producing results similar to the standard criteria. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing 47 828 imaging measurements from 2983 individual adult and pediatric lymphoma patients enrolled on 10 multicenter clinical trials and developed new lymphoma response criteria (RECIL 2017). We demonstrate that assessment of tumor burden in lymphoma clinical trials can use the sum of longest diameters of a maximum of three target lesions. Furthermore, we introduced a new provisional category of a minor response. We also clarified response assessment in patients receiving novel immune therapy and targeted agents that generate unique imaging situations.

Changes in the influence of lymphoma- and HIV-specific factors on outcomes in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: We undertook the present analysis to examine the shifting influence of prognostic factors in HIV-positive patients diagnosed with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) over the last two decades. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a pooled analysis from an existing database of patients with AIDS-related lymphoma. Individual patient data had been obtained prior from prospective phase II or III clinical trials carried out between 1990 until 2010 in North America and Europe that studied chemo(immuno)therapy in HIV-positive patients diagnosed with AIDS-related lymphomas. Studies had been identified by a systematic review. We analyzed patient-level data for 1546 patients with AIDS-related lymphomas using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models to identify the association of patient-, lymphoma-, and HIV-specific variables with the outcomes complete response (CR), progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) in different eras: pre-cART (1989-1995), early cART (1996-2000), recent cART (2001-2004), and contemporary cART era (2005-2010). RESULTS: Outcomes for patients with AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma improved significantly over time, irrespective of baseline CD4 count or age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (IPI) risk category. Two-year OS was best in the contemporary era: 67% and 75% compared with 24% and 37% in the pre-cART era (P < 0.001). While the age-adjusted IPI was a significant predictor of outcome in all time periods, the influence of other factors waxed and waned. Individual HIV-related factors such as low CD4 counts (<50/mm(3)) and prior history of AIDS were no longer associated with poor outcomes in the contemporary era. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a significant improvement of CR rate and survival for all patients with AIDS-related lymphomas. Effective HIV-directed therapies reduce the impact of HIV-related prognostic factors on outcomes and allow curative antilymphoma therapy for the majority of patients with aggressive NHL.

Addition of Lenalidomide to R-CHOP Improves Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Randomized Phase II US Intergroup Study ECOG-ACRIN E1412.

PURPOSE: Lenalidomide combined with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) (R2CHOP) in untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has shown promising activity, particularly in the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)-ACRIN trial E1412 was a randomized phase II study comparing R2CHOP versus R-CHOP in untreated DLBCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL, stage II bulky-IV disease, International Prognostic Index (IPI) ≥ 2, and ECOG performance status ≤ 2 were eligible and randomly assigned 1:1 to R2CHOP versus R-CHOP for six cycles. Tumors were analyzed using the NanoString Lymph2Cx for cell of origin. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) in all patients with the co-primary end point of PFS in ABC-DLBCL. Secondary end points included overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Three hundred forty-nine patients were enrolled; 280 patients (145 R2CHOP and 135 R-CHOP) were evaluable: 94 were ABC-DLBCL, 122 germinal center B-cell-like-DLBCL, 18 unclassifiable, and 46 unknowns. Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between arms, and the median age was 66 (range, 24-92); 70% of patients had stage IV disease; 34%, 43%, and 24% had IPI 2, 3, and 4 or 5, respectively. Myelosuppression was more common in the R2CHOP arm. The ORR and CR rate were 92% and 68% in R-CHOP and 97% (P = .06) and 73% (P = .43) in the R2CHOP arm, respectively. The median follow-up was 3.0 years; R2CHOP was associated with a 34% reduction in risk of progression or death versus R-CHOP (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.01) and 3-year PFS of 73% versus 61%, one-sided P = .03, and an improvement in OS (83% and 75% at 3 years; HR, 0.67; one-sided P = .05). The PFS HR for R2CHOP was 0.67 for ABC-DLBCL, one-sided P = .1. CONCLUSION: In this signal-seeking study, the addition of lenalidomide to R-CHOP (R2CHOP) improved outcomes in newly diagnosed DLBCL including patients with ABC-DLBCL.

Activity of thalidomide in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

PURPOSE: To assess the toxicity and activity of oral thalidomide in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in a phase II dose-escalation study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients with biopsy-confirmed KS that progressed over the 2 months before enrollment received an initial dose of 200 mg/d of oral thalidomide in a phase II study. The dose was increased to a maximum of 1,000 mg/d for up to 1 year. Anti-HIV therapy was maintained during the study period. Toxicity, tumor response, immunologic and angiogenic factors, and virologic parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty patients aged 29 to 49 years with a median CD4 count of 246 cells/mm(3) (range, 14 to 646 cells/mm(3)) were enrolled. All patients were assessable for toxicity, and 17 for response. Drowsiness in nine and depression in seven patients were the most frequent toxicities observed. Eight (47%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23% to 72%) of the 17 assessable patients achieved a partial response, and an additional two patients had stable disease. Based on all 20 patients treated, the response rate was 40% (95% CI, 19% to 64%). The median thalidomide dose at the time of response was 500 mg/d (range, 400 to 1,000 mg/d). The median duration of drug treatment was 6.3 months, and the median time to progression was 7.3 months. CONCLUSION: Oral thalidomide was tolerated in this population at doses up to 1,000 mg/d for as long as 12 months and was found to induce clinically meaningful anti-KS responses in a sizable subset of the patients. Additional studies of this agent in KS are warranted.

HIV-specific immunity following immunization with HIV synthetic envelope peptides in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: A phase I trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an HIV synthetic peptide vaccine in HIV-seropositive individuals. The immunogens used in this study were PCLUS 3-18MN and PCLUS 6.1-18MN envelope peptides. METHODS: Eight HIV-infected patients received six subcutaneous injections of 160 microg PCLUS 3-18MN in Montanide ISA 51 and were followed longitudinally for a year after the first immunization. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were tested for peptide-specific T helper and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses, HIV-1MN neutralizing antibodies and antibodies against HIV PCLUS 3 and P18 MN peptides. RESULTS: PCLUS 3-1 8MN-specific T helper responses were significantly increased at 36 weeks (P < 0.05, after adjustment for multiple comparisons) following initial immunization with PCLUS 3-18MN. A P18MN-specific CTL response, not present prior to vaccination, was observed after immunization in one patient. Serum HIV-1 MN-neutralizing antibody titers increased in each of the three patients who had low titers prior to immunization. Plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4 cell counts did not change appreciably during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrates that both peptides can be safely administered to HIV-infected individuals and that PCLUS 3-18MN induces increases in HIV peptide-specific immune responses.

Quantitative assessment of tumor vasculature and response to therapy in kaposi's sarcoma using functional noninvasive imaging.

Two noninvasive methods, thermography and laser Doppler imaging (LDI), were assessed for their ability to quantitatively assess parameters of vascularity in lesions of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Thermography and LDI images of a representative KS lesion were recorded in 16 patients and compared to normal skin either adjacent to the lesion or on the contralateral side. Eleven of the 16 patients had greater than 0.5 degrees C increased temperature and 12 of the 16 patients had increased flux (measured by LDI) as compared to normal skin. There was a strong correlation between these two parameters (R = 0.81, p < 0.001). In ten patients, measurements were obtained prior to therapy and after receiving a regimen of liposomal doxorubicin and interleukin-12. After 18 weeks of therapy, temperature and blood flow of the lesions were significantly reduced from the baseline (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). These techniques hold promise to assess physiologic parameters in KS lesions and their changes with therapy.

The challenge of designing clinical trials for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several characteristics of KS pose challenges for the conduct of clinical trials. Kaposi's sarcoma patients often have multiple, irregularly shaped lesions, making accurate assessment of tumor size difficult. The lesions may have varying degrees of nodularity. Involvement of the lung or other visceral organs often consists of multiple irregular lesions. Conventional oncology staging systems cannot be applied effectively to KS because there is no clear primary lesion. Kaposi's sarcoma is affected by the status of the underlying HIV infection, and there are reports of KS lesions regressing in response to effective antiretroviral therapy. A system for staging and response assessment in KS, developed by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), has proven to be a useful tool for the conduct of trials in KS. A newer system that also attempts to assess patient benefit in response to therapy is now being developed by the National Cancer Institute, FDA, and AIDS Malignancy Consortium. These tools, as well as careful methodology in the conduct of clinical trials, should help optimize the clinical development and evaluation of new therapies for KS.

Systemic chemotherapy for HIV-associated lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Treatment of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma poses a complex and multifaceted challenge for the physician. Treatment responses to cytotoxic chemotherapy are relatively poor, relapse rates are high, and AIDS progression continues to be a major concern in patients receiving dose-intensive antilymphoma therapy. The recent advances in anti-HIV therapy have not seen a clear counterpart in improved antilymphoma therapy, but trials are underway that may help move this field forward. For patients who achieve a complete and durable response to antilymphoma therapy, potent antiretroviral therapy may help improve the prognosis from AIDS progression. Major questions persist, however, on the role of chemotherapy dose intensity, the best use of antiretroviral therapy during the administration of lymphoma therapy, and the optimal design of studies that can address these questions.

HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: incidence, presentation, and prognosis.

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma often present with multiple poor prognostic features, including significant tumor burden, advanced immunosuppression, and other concurrent morbidities. Strategies to manage such complex multiple-disease cases have often incorporated the assumption that prospects for long-term survival are poor and that intensive therapy cannot be tolerated and so is not justified. Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection, life expectancy has improved substantially for patients in whom the virus can be successfully suppressed. Thus, for complicated cases involving AIDS-associated malignancy, a reassessment of treatment strategies and the potential for long-term survival is warranted. Here, we present the case of a patient with poor prognosis due to AIDS-associated lymphoma with leptomeningeal involvement, advanced immunosuppression, and deep venous thrombosis. The management of this case illustrates that a multidisciplinary approach to complex AIDS cases involving malignancy and concurrent morbidity can result in a return to functional health in affected patients. Successful strategies for achieving favorable outcomes currently exist with available therapies.

Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders.

Expression of a viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) has been detected in certain Kaposi sarcoma (KS)--associated herpesvirus positive (KSHV(+)) lesions. The release of vIL-6 systemically and its contribution to the pathogenesis of HIV-related malignancies was studied. Serum vIL-6 was detected in 13 (38.2%) of 34 HIV(+) patients with KS, in 6 (85.7%) of 7 HIV(+) patients with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and/or multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), and in 18 (60.0%) of 30 HIV(+), mostly homosexual, individuals without KS, MCD, or PEL. By contrast, serum vIL-6 was detected in only 3 (23.1%) of 13 patients with classic KS, 1 (2.5%) of 40 blood donors from the United States, and 4 (19.0%) of 21 blood donors from Italy. Circulating vIL-6 levels were associated with HIV(+) status (P <.0001). However, within the HIV(+) cohort, serum vIL-6 levels were not associated with the occurrence of KSHV-associated malignancies (P =.43). (Blood. 2001;97:2173-2176)

Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B infection following intensive chemotherapy and successful treatment with lamivudine: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus reactivation has been reported in cancer patients following administration of chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy and may result in liver damage of varying degrees of severity. Although treatment is supportive in nature, lamivudine, a nucleoside analogue has been found to suppress HBV replication as evidenced by reports of 13 cases in the medical literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report a patient who achieved a successful outcome with lamivudine following reactivation of HBV during combination chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and provide a brief overview of the literature including the 13 published case reports. RESULTS: Lamivudine therapy resulted in clinical improvement as well as in normalization of liver function tests and coagulation profile. CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine has been found to suppress HBV replication manifested both by histology and serum HBV-DNA levels in chronic carriers of HBV who developed reactivation of hepatic disease following chemotherapy. Physicians caring for such patients should be able to recognize this clinical challenge, and lamivudine should be considered.

Molecular and serological examination of the relationship of human herpesvirus 8 to multiple myeloma: orf 26 sequences in bone marrow stroma are not restricted to myeloma patients and other regions of the genome are not detected.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) genomic sequences were recently detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization in bone marrow stromal cells grown from multiple myeloma (MM) patients, but not in cells from control subjects (Rettig et al, Science 276:1851, 1997). We sought to confirm these observations in our own group of MM patients (n = 30). DNA was extracted from adherent stromal cells grown under varying conditions and assayed for HHV-8 sequence using PCR to amplify the orf 26 (KS330) sequence (Chang et al, Science 266:1865, 1997), as initially reported. Samples from human control subjects (n = 25) were concurrently extracted and analyzed. After 30 cycles of amplification, we did not detect any positive samples. In a more sensitive nested PCR, samples from 18 of 30 (60%) MM patients were positive, at about the limit of detection, but orf 26 sequence was also amplified from 11 of 25 (44%) human control samples. However, PCR amplification from other regions of the viral genome (orf 72 and orf 75) was uniformly negative for all MM and control samples, despite equivalent sensitivity. Additionally, all sera from MM patients were negative for HHV-8 IgG by immunofluorescence. Our data do not support a role of HHV-8 in the etiology of MM but may suggest the presence of a related (KS330-containing) virus in MM patients and in some control subjects. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.