[Investigation and analysis of late reporting and under-reporting of occupational diseases from 2018 to 2020 in China].

Objective: To understand the late reporting and the under-reporting of occupational disease from 2018 to 2020 in China and analyze the causes, so as to provide scientific evidence for improving the quality of occupational disease reports in China, timely acquiring the incidence of occupational disease, and assessing the occupational hazards. Methods: From May to December 2021, A total of 320 occupational disease diagnostic institutions were selected for investigation. The original documents of occupational disease diagnosis cases from 2018 to 2020 were compared with the online reported cases, and late reported and under-reported cases of occupational disease were analyzed. Results: A total of 32207 diagnosed cases from 2018 to 2020 were investigated, including 28934 confirmed cases and 3273 cases without occupational disease. The overall late reported rate and under-reported rate of confirmed cases were 20.2% and 2.1%, respectively. There were significant differences in the rate of late reporting and under-reporting of occupational diseases in different regions and different types of diagnostic institutions (P<0.001). The southwest region had the highest rates of late reporting and under-reporting, 61.6% and 7.9% respectively. The late reported rate of all kinds of occupational diseases was about 15.0%, and the under-reported rate was from 1.5.0% to 5.0%. Conclusion: At present, the phenomenon of late reporting and under-reporting occupational diseases is still obvious. It is necessary to strengthen the inspection of occupational disease reporting, improve the quality of occupational disease reporting, and provide scientific basis for the formulation of occupational disease prevention and control policies.

[A summary on surveillance system of occupational disease under the framework of National Health Insurance Informatization Project].

The surveillance of occupational disease has entered a new stage ofdevelopment, with the implementation of the national health informatization project. To improve the efficiency and quality of occupational disease monitoring information reporting in this paper, the system architecture and related management regulations, as long as the major changes and achievement of "surveillance system of occupational disease and health hazards information" under the framework of National Health Insurance Informatization Project were elaborated. The deficiencies existing in the system were analyzed, and expectation for the construction of the occupational disease surveillance system was addressed.

[Early histological changes detected by confocal microscopy in patients with advanced keratoconus receiving collagen cross-linking therapy].

Objective: To investigate the early histological changes by confocal microscopy of patients with advanced keratoconus receiving collagen cross-linking therapy. Methods: In this prospective case series study, confocal microscopy was used to observe 23 patients (32 eyes) who were diagnosed with advanced keratoconus and treated with collagen cross-linking at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 2017 to March 2019, aged (26±10) year. All patients were examined before and at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the therapy. The tissue structure changes, the density of nerve fibers, stromal cells and endothelial cells, and the depth of the corneal stroma were recorded and compared. The overall differences at different times were compared by repeated measurement analysis of variance or Friedman test, and the pairwise comparison was corrected by LSD-t test or Bonferroni test. Results: One week after collagen cross-linking, the epithelial cells were in the repair stage, showing an increased nucleolar size and an enhanced reflection, and the activated cells could be detected under the epithelium. The superficial corneal stroma was swollen and spongiform, while the deep corneal stroma was patchy or cord-like, scattered and with a strong reflection. One month after the therapy, epithelial cells recovered, subepithelial nerves began to grow, the superficial corneal stroma still showed a spongy structure, and the reflection was further enhanced. The activation of the deep corneal stroma exhibited as thicker plaques or cord-like structure. Three months after the therapy, the continuous elongation of single nerve fibers could be detected occasionally. There was statistically significant difference in the density of nerve fibers before and early after the therapy (F=233.30, P<0.001). Compared with the preoperative value [(14.60±2.57) mm/mm2], the density of subepithelial nerve fibers decreased significantly in the early postoperative period, which was (0.51±0.31), (3.65±2.21) and (8.50± 4.02) mm/mm2, respectively, at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, and there were significant differences between different time points (all P<0.05). There was also statistically significant differences in the density of anterior stromal cells before and early after the therapy (χ2=92.48, P<0.001). Compared with the preoperative value [347.00(345.00,395.75) cells/mm2] the density of anterior stromal cells decreased significantly in the early postoperative period, which was 2.00(1.00,5.75), 2.50(1.00,5.75) and 79.00(64.25,94.00) cells/mm2, respectively, at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, and there were significant differences between different time points (all P<0.05). Within 3 months after the therapy, the depth of the corneal stroma observed by confocal microscopy ranged from 245 to 536 µm, with an average of (400.56±86.12) µm. Histologically, the depth of the corneal stroma ranged from 245 to 536 µm [average, (402.13±89.20) µm], from 251 to 527 µm [average, (399.88±85.92) µm] and from 259 to 530 µm [average, (399.69±85.94) µm] at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, respectively, with no significant difference (F=0.797, P=0.455). There was no significant difference in the density of posterior stromal cells [(260.6±33.2) cells/mm2 preoperatively, (264.4±44.5) cells/mm2 at 1 week, (263.9±37.6) cells/mm2 at 1 month and (266.3±40.2) cells/mm2 at 3 months] and endothelial cells [(2 707±152.6) cells/mm2 preoperatively, (2 704±148.5) cells/mm2 at 1 week, (2 705±152.6) cells/mm2 at 1 month and (2 704±150.1) cells/mm2 at 3 months] between different time points (F=1.380, 1.011; P=0.259, 0.351). Conclusions: Confocal microscopy is able to clearly document the early morphological characteristics after collagen cross-linking in the treatment of keratoconus, including the epithelial and subepithelial nerve injury repair, the spongiform superficial corneal stroma, the patchy or cord-like deep corneal stroma, and the relatively stable stromal depth change.

[Advances in esophageal microbiota and esophageal related diseases].

Esophagus, as the pipe connecting oral cavity and stomach, has unique anatomical structure and physiological functions. The related diseases including esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions are the ones of major public health problems in China. The pathogenesis of esophageal diseases is still not clear. The exploration of correlation between the changes of esophageal microbiota and esophageal diseases becomes a new breakthrough in the study of etiology. Previous studies have found enrichment of gram-positive bacteria in the normal esophagus, while a decrease in diversity of bacteria and a dominant gram-negative anaerobe in diseased esophagus. Although much progress has been made in the study of esophageal microbiota, the standard method of how to accurately and noninvasively collect esophageal microbiota is still lack, which is an important part of the esophageal microbial research.

[Changes of intestinal mucosal barrier in mice with chronic ulcerative colitis].

Objective: To study the damage and mechanism of intestinal mucosal barrier function in mice with ulcerative colitis induced by Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Methods: Mice models of chronic ulcerative colitis induced by DSS were established. The mice were completely randomized into normal control group and DSS group, 25 mice in each group. The body weight and colon length of the mice were monitored. The pathological examination of colon tissue was confirmed the success of the model and assessed the integrity of the colonic mucosal barrier; Evan's Blue's intestinal permeability analysis assessed the function of colon mucosal barrier; immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity-related proteins. Results: Compared with the normal control group, the DSS group had lower body weight [(25.6±0.7)g vs (23.5±0.7)g, t=2.14, P<0.05], and the colon length was shorter [(7.3±0.4)cm vs (5.6±0.2)cm, t=3.975, P<0.001]; colonic pathological results showed that the intestinal mucosa became thinner and part of the intestinal mucosa was defective; Evan's Blue instilled into the intestinal lumen was more abundant into the intestinal mucosa, and the optical density at 620 nm (OD(620))/colon tissue weight (g) was higher [(0.11±0.01) vs (0.15±0.01), t=4.174, P<0.05]; immunofluorescence and Western blot results showed lower expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1, and F-actin in colonic mucosa. Conclusion: The structure and function of intestinal mucosal barrier in DSS-induced chronic ulcerative colitis mice is impaired.

Haemolysis during sodium dimercaptosulphonate therapy for Wilson's disease in G6PD-deficient patients: First report of two cases.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder in which defective biliary excretion of copper leads to its accumulation. Sodium dimercaptosulphonate (DMPS) is used as the primary therapy in China. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report two cases, with WD and G6PD deficiency, who developed haemolysis on treatment with DMPS, without any other known risk. After withdrawal of DMPS and administration of dexamethasone and packed red blood cells, the patients recovered. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Clinicians should keep in mind haemolysis as a potentially life-threatening side effect of DMPS in patients with G6PD.

20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulates nuclear accumulation of BmNep1, a nuclear ribosome biogenesis-related protein in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

The pathway of communication between endocrine hormones and ribosome biogenesis critical for physiological adaptation is largely unknown. Nucleolar essential protein 1 (Nep1) is an essential gene for ribosome biogenesis and is functionally conserved in many in vertebrate and invertebrate species. In this study, we cloned Bombyx mori Nep1 (BmNep1) due to its high expression in silk glands of silkworms on day 3 of the fifth instar. We found that BmNep1 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in silk glands during fourth-instar ecdysis and larval-pupal metamorphosis. By immunoprecipitation with the anti-BmNep1 antibody and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses, it was shown that BmNep1 probably interacts with proteins related to ribosome structure formation. Immunohistochemistry, biochemical fractionation and immunocytochemistry revealed that BmNep1 is localized to the nuclei in Bombyx cells. Using BmN cells originally derived from ovaries, we demonstrated that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) induced BmNep1 expression and stimulated nuclear accumulation of BmNep1. Under physiological conditions, BmNep1 was also upregulated in ovaries during larval-pupal metamorphosis. Overall, our results indicate that the endocrine hormone 20E facilitates nuclear accumulation of BmNep1, which is involved in nuclear ribosome biogenesis in Bombyx.

A pseudo-planar metasurface for a polarization rotator.

New demonstrations of effective interaction between light and artificially electromagnetic interface, or the metasurface, have stimulated intensive research interests on control of light to realize applications in beam steering, optical imaging and light focusing, etc. Here we reported a new type of planar metasurface of which every individual metamolecule is single metallic layer with stereo structure and the metasurface is name as Pseudo-Planar Metasurface (PPM). The metamolecule of the PPM is a chiral structure and therefore derives significant optical activity.

[Dental pulp stem cells in tooth regeneration: advancement and emerging directions].

Regenerating tissues similar to dental structure with normal function are putatively to be the aim in tooth regeneration filed. Currently, researchers preliminarily achieved tooth regeneration by applying dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). However, the regeneration efficiency remains unstable and needs further investigation. The development of single-cell RNA sequencing and organoid culture system provide potential of precise, targeted and controllable functional regeneration. This article reviews the current state of DPSC/SHED on tooth regeneration, and analyzes characteristics and hotspots of them, aiming to shed light on clinical translational application of stable and efficient tooth regeneration.

Functional analysis of 30K proteins during silk gland degeneration by a caspase-dependent pathway in Bombyx.

The 30K proteins are involved with important functions in the growth and development of Bombyx mori. In this study, the synthesis and regulation of 30K proteins were examined during the degeneration of Bombyx silk glands. On day 3 of the fifth instar, the protein level of 30Kc19 was low, whereas the silk proteins were rapidly synthesized. However, synthesis and accumulation of the 30Kc19 protein significantly increased at the prepupal stage and on day 1 of the pupal stage. At this stage, the silk gland cells were filled with 30Kc19 and genomic DNA. Moreover, the transcript levels of the 30K-encoding genes, including 30Kc6, 30Kc12, 30Kc19 and 30Kc23 were up-regulated during the degeneration of the Bombyx silk glands. During the time that the levels of the 30Kc19 protein were significantly up-regulated, it is notable that the transcript levels of the BmAtg8, BmAtg6 and BmDronc genes dramatically increased to regulate the programmed cell death of this gland. On day 1 of the pupal stage, intense fragmentation of genomic DNA occurred in the silk gland cells, and the putative active form of caspase was detected in the cytoplasm, showing the complete degradation of the silk glands in one day. In conclusion, the 30K proteins are synthesized in high concentrations, while proteolysis mediates silk gland degeneration in Bombyx by a caspase-dependent pathway. We propose that the 30K proteins may be nutrients and energy vectors to be absorbed by the developing tissues of pupae or moths.

Force-induced optical nonlinearity and Kerr-like coefficient in opto-mechanical ring resonators.

This paper demonstrates the optical nonlinearity in opto-mechanical ring resonators that consist of a bus waveguide and two ring resonators, which is induced by the optical gradient force and characterized by the Kerr-like coefficient. Each ring resonator has a free-hanging arc that is perpendicularly deformable by an optical gradient force and subsequently this deformation changes the effective refractive index (ERI) of the ring resonator. The change of the ERI induces optical nonlinearity into the system, which is described by an equivalent Kerr coefficient (Kerr-like coefficient). Based on the experimental results, the Kerr-like coefficient of the ring resonator system falls in the range from 7.64 × 10(-12) to 2.01 × 10(-10) m(2)W(-1), which is at least 6-order higher than the silicon's Kerr coefficient. The dramatically improved optical nonlinearity in the opto-mechanical ring resonators promises potential applications in low power optical signal processing, modulation and bio-sensing.

A nano-opto-mechanical pressure sensor via ring resonator.

This paper reports a nano-opto-mechanical pressure sensor based on nano-scaled ring resonator. The pressure is measured through the output spectrum shift which is induced via mechanical deformation of the ring resonator. The sensitivity as high as 1.47 pm/kPa has been experimentally achieved which agrees with numerical prediction. Due to the strong variation of sensitivity with different ring radius and thickness of the diaphragm, the pressure sensor can be used to form an array structure to detect the pressure distribution in highly accurate measurement with low-cost advantages. The nano-opto-mechanical pressure sensor has potential applications such as shear stress displacement detection, pressure wave detector and pressure mapping etc.

Space-efficient optical computing with an integrated chip diffractive neural network.

Large-scale, highly integrated and low-power-consuming hardware is becoming progressively more important for realizing optical neural networks (ONNs) capable of advanced optical computing. Traditional experimental implementations need N2 units such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for an input dimension N to realize typical computing operations (convolutions and matrix multiplication), resulting in limited scalability and consuming excessive power. Here, we propose the integrated diffractive optical network for implementing parallel Fourier transforms, convolution operations and application-specific optical computing using two ultracompact diffractive cells (Fourier transform operation) and only N MZIs. The footprint and energy consumption scales linearly with the input data dimension, instead of the quadratic scaling in the traditional ONN framework. A ~10-fold reduction in both footprint and energy consumption, as well as equal high accuracy with previous MZI-based ONNs was experimentally achieved for computations performed on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets. The integrated diffractive optical network (IDNN) chip demonstrates a promising avenue towards scalable and low-power-consumption optical computational chips for optical-artificial-intelligence.

First Report of Coleus blumei viroid 2 from Commercial Coleus in China.

Coleus (Coleus blumei) is an ornamental plant that is susceptible to infection by several viroids of the genus Coleviroid, which is a member of the family Pospiviroidae. Coleus blumei viroid (CbVd) -1 was first reported in commercial yellow coleus fields in Brazil in 1989 (1). In addition, CbVd-2, CbVd-3, and CbVd-4 have only been detected from coleus in Germany in 1996 (4). CbVd-5 and CbVd-6 were recently identified in China (2). In March 2010, leaves were collected from 50 symptomless coleus plants from a commercial nursery in Hainan Province, China. Total RNA was extracted from the leaves (3). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using CbVd-2 specific primers (forward: 5'-AGCTTACCTGGGTTCCCT-3' and reverse: 5'-CTCTCCTCTATTTACTCTCTTCTC-3') corresponding to positions 76 to 93 and 52 to 75 on the CbVd-2 reference sequence, respectively (GenBank Accession No. NC003682). Amplification of a 301-bp product was obtained from one sample. This PCR product was then cloned into pMD18-T (Takara, Dalian, China). Twelve positive clones were sequenced and the results were subjected to BLAST analysis. Sequence analysis showed that two sequences (GenBank Accessions Nos. HQ727542 and HQ727544) shared 99% identity with the reference sequence of CbVd-2 (NC003682), and four sequences (HQ727541, HQ727543, HQ727545 and HQ727547) had 99.34% identity with the reference sequence of CbVd-2 (NC003682). The proposed secondary structures of these variants have approximately 75% paired nucleotides. Results suggested the presence of CbVd-2, which is a member of the Coleviroid genus, Pospoviroidae family. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CbVd-2 from commercial coleus in China. References: (1) M. E. N. Fonseca et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 14:94, 1989. (2) W. Y. Hou et al. Arch. Virol. 154:993, 2009. (3) S. F. Li et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 61:381, 1995. (4) R. L. Spieker et al. J. Gen. Virol. 77:2839, 1996.

An optical neural chip for implementing complex-valued neural network.

Complex-valued neural networks have many advantages over their real-valued counterparts. Conventional digital electronic computing platforms are incapable of executing truly complex-valued representations and operations. In contrast, optical computing platforms that encode information in both phase and magnitude can execute complex arithmetic by optical interference, offering significantly enhanced computational speed and energy efficiency. However, to date, most demonstrations of optical neural networks still only utilize conventional real-valued frameworks that are designed for digital computers, forfeiting many of the advantages of optical computing such as efficient complex-valued operations. In this article, we highlight an optical neural chip (ONC) that implements truly complex-valued neural networks. We benchmark the performance of our complex-valued ONC in four settings: simple Boolean tasks, species classification of an Iris dataset, classifying nonlinear datasets (Circle and Spiral), and handwriting recognition. Strong learning capabilities (i.e., high accuracy, fast convergence and the capability to construct nonlinear decision boundaries) are achieved by our complex-valued ONC compared to its real-valued counterpart.

A reconfigurable optofluidic Michelson interferometer using tunable droplet grating.

This paper presents a novel optofluidic Michelson interferometer based on droplet microfluidics used to create a droplet grating. The droplet grating is formed by a stream of plugs in the microchannel with constant refractive index variation. It has a real-time tunability in the grating period through varying the flow rates of the liquids and index variation via different combinations of liquids. The optofluidic Michelson interferometer is highly sensitive and is suitable for the measurement of biomedical and biochemical buffer solutions. The experimental results show that it has a sensitivity of 66.7 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) and a detection range of 0.086 RIU.

Pure angular momentum generator using a ring resonator.

This paper reports a pure angular momentum generator using a ring resonator surrounded by a group of nano-rods. The evanescent waves of the circulating light in the ring are scattered by the nano-rods and generate a rotating electromagnetic field, which has only angular momentum but no linear momentum along the axis of rotation. The angular order is determined by the difference between the order of Whispering Gallery mode and the number of the rods, the rotating frequency is equal to the light frequency divided by the angular order. The maximum amplitude of the rotating electromagnetic fields can be 10 times higher than the amplitude of the input field when there are 36 rods (R(rod) = 120 nm, nr = 1.6). The pure angular momentum generator provides a new platform for trapping and rotation of small particles.

Microfluidic droplet grating for reconfigurable optical diffraction.

This Letter presents a reconfigurable optical diffraction grating using multiphase droplets on a microfluidic chip. The uniform and evenly spaced circular droplets are generated by continuously dispersing two immiscible liquids into a T junction to produce plugs, which are then transformed into a circular shape at a sudden expansion of the microchannel. In experiments, the droplet grating shows a detection limit of ~6.3x10(-5) when used as an opto fl uidic refractometer and produces different colors as a color filter. Such a grating has the advantages of high stability and wide tunability in droplet size, grating period, and refractive index, making it promising for biochemical and biomaterial applications.