Association between social support and the severity of positive symptoms in rural community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the association between social support and the severity of positive symptoms in rural community-dwelling schizophrenia patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: The cross-sectional study included 665 rural community-dwelling schizophrenia patients investigated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social support was measured using the Social Support Rating Scale, and positive symptoms were assessed using the Positive Scale extracted from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Multiple linear regression was adopted to examine the association of social support with positive symptoms. RESULT: The scores for total social support, subjective support, objective support and the use of social support were 28.3 ± 5.9, 16.4 ± 5.2, 6.5 ± 1.4 and 5.4 ± 2.8, respectively. Total social support (ß = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.13 to -0.02, P < 0.01) and subjective social support (ß = -0.10, 95%CI: -0.16 to -0.04, P < 0.01) were significantly and negatively associated with the Positive Scale score after adjustment for confounders. Objective social support (ß = 0.11, 95%CI: -0.10 to 0.32, P = 0.31) and the use of social support (ß = -0.03, 95%CI: -0.14 to 0.07, P = 0.53) were not significantly associated with the Positive Scale score. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the importance of social support, especially subjective support, provided to rural community-dwelling schizophrenia patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This support should be addressed and strengthened for such patients in emergent events.

Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Therapy Is Associated With Better Spermatogenic Outcomes than Gonadotropin Therapy in Patients With Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of combined gonadotropin and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy on spermatogenesis in patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS). METHODS: Male patients with PSIS (N = 119) were retrospectively studied. Patients received pulsatile GnRH therapy (N = 59) were divided into response and poor-response groups based on luteinizing hormone (LH) levels after 1-month treatment with a cutoff value of 1 or 2 IU/L. Participants with gonadotropin therapy were divided into human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) group (N = 60), and patients with pulsatile GnRH therapy were classified into GnRH group (N = 28) with treatment duration ≥6 months. RESULTS: The overall success rates of spermatogenesis for hMG/hCG and GnRH therapy were 51.67% (31/60) vs 33.90% (20/59), respectively. GnRH group required a shorter period to induce spermatogenesis (8 vs 15 months, P = .019). hMG/hCG group had higher median total testosterone than GnRH group [2.16, interquartile range(IQR) 1.06-4.89 vs 1.31, IQR 0.21-2.26 ng/mL, P = .004]. GnRH therapy had a beneficial effect on spermatogenesis compared to hMG/hCG therapy (hazard ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.08-3.57, P = .026). In patients with pulsatile GnRH therapy, compared with the poor-response group, the response group had a higher successful spermatogenesis rate (5.00% vs 48.72%, P = .002) and higher median basal total testosterone (0.00, IQR 0.00-0.03 vs 0.04, IQR 0.00-0.16 ng/mL, P = .026) with LH = 1 IU/L as the cutoff value after 1-month pulsatile GnRH therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsatile GnRH therapy was superior to hMG/hCG therapy for spermatogenesis in patients with PSIS. Earlier spermatogenesis and higher concentrations of sperm could be obtained in the GnRH group if patients received therapy over 6 months.

Accelerated Stochastic Variance Reduction Gradient Algorithms for Robust Subspace Clustering.

Robust face clustering enjoys a wide range of applications for gate passes, surveillance systems and security analysis in embedded sensors. Nevertheless, existing algorithms have limitations in finding accurate clusters when data contain noise (e.g., occluded face clustering and recognition). It is known that in subspace clustering, the ℓ1- and ℓ2-norm regularizers can improve subspace preservation and connectivity, respectively, and the elastic net regularizer (i.e., the mixture of the ℓ1- and ℓ2-norms) provides a balance between the two properties. However, existing deterministic methods have high per iteration computational complexities, making them inapplicable to large-scale problems. To address this issue, this paper proposes the first accelerated stochastic variance reduction gradient (RASVRG) algorithm for robust subspace clustering. We also introduce a new momentum acceleration technique for the RASVRG algorithm. As a result of the involvement of this momentum, the RASVRG algorithm achieves both the best oracle complexity and the fastest convergence rate, and it reaches higher efficiency in practice for both strongly convex and not strongly convex models. Various experimental results show that the RASVRG algorithm outperformed existing state-of-the-art methods with elastic net and ℓ1-norm regularizers in terms of accuracy in most cases. As demonstrated on real-world face datasets with different manually added levels of pixel corruption and occlusion situations, the RASVRG algorithm achieved much better performance in terms of accuracy and robustness.

Feasibility and Acceptability Evaluation of a Digital Therapeutic Program for Improving Cancer Prevention: A Quasi-experimental Pre-post Interventional Pilot Study.

Previous studies have proved that healthy behaviors hinder the onset and progression of tumors. Digital therapeutics (DTx), playing a pivotal role in facilitating behavioral adjustments through educational interventions, lifestyle support, and symptom monitoring, contribute to the goal of tumor prevention. We aim to optimize the evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of DTx for cancer prevention. This involves assessing AITI's daily activity rates and user feedback, and comparing changes in behavioral habits and differences in SF-36 before and after the intervention. In a 4-week trial with 57 participants engaging actively, we found both the average daily activity rate and 4-week retention rate at 35 (61.4%). The USE Questionnaire scores (validity, ease of use, acquisition, and satisfaction) ranged from 68.06 to 83.10, indicating AITI's user-friendliness and acceptability. Furthermore, positive habit changes were noted among participants in exercise and diet (p < 0.0001), suggesting the effectiveness of the DTx approach in modifying behavioral habits related to physical activity and nutrition. This pilot study underscores the potential of DTx in advancing cancer prevention. However, larger and longer studies are needed to comprehensively assess its impact.

Mitigating cognitive impairment in aging mice: Exploring the therapeutic potential of ischelium.

To deeply explore the intervention effects of ischelium on the cognitive memory decline in naturally aging mice and its potential mechanisms, we randomly divided mice into four groups: young control group (C), elderly group (M), ischelium low-dose group (L), and ischelium high-dose group (H). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. We employed the Y-maze test, open field test, and conditioned fear test to evaluate the memory functions of each group. Through HE staining and electron microscopy, we observed morphological changes in the mouse hippocampus. RT-PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of factors related to cognitive function in the hippocampus of elderly mice. We analyzed the changes in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the inflammatory factors IL-1ß and TNF-α using elisa. Additionally, we examined the enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA in the hippocampus and analyzed the compositional changes of gut microbiota in mice using 16S technology. Our results indicate that ischelium effectively ameliorates cognitive impairments in elderly mice.

An intelligent intestinal bleeding diagnosis and treatment capsule system based on color recognition.

To our best knowledge, there are no non-invasive and painless means for the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal bleeding as of now, especially the segment of intestine that cannot be reached by endoscopy. We proposed an intelligent intestinal bleeding diagnosis and treatment capsule (IBDTC) system for the first time to diagnose and treat intestinal bleeding with low power consumption, estimated to be about 2.16mW. A hue-saturation-light (HSL) color space method was applied to diagnose bleeding according to H (hue) values of the film dyed by blood. A MEMS-based micro-igniter works as the critical component of the micro-thruster that houses the propellant (74.6% potassium nitrate, 11.9% sulfur, 13.5% charcoal) and the detonating agent (dinitrodiazophenol), to help release drug. Bleeding detection and ignition tests were performed to justify its feasibility and reliability. Results demonstrated that the bleeding diagnosis module of the IBDTC can effectively detect bleeding and the micro-igniter can successfully ignite the propellant. Owing to its simplicity and intelligence, the IBDTC system will pave a way for future accurate treatment of small intestinal bleeding with no injury, no pain, no complicated supporting equipment, no need for in vitro operation and positioning.

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of apatinib in adult cancer patients.

AIMS: Apatinib is widely used in Chinese cancer patients. As the in vivo drug disposition of apatinib has large individual differences, adverse events are prone to occur. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A5 and cancer types maybe the main factors affecting this individual differences. The objective of our study was to establish a population pharmacokinetics (PK) model of apatinib in adult cancer patients, and to explore optimal dosage regimens for individualized treatment. METHODS: Adult patients with various types of cancer treated with apatinib were enrolled. The concentration of apatinib in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CYP3A5 genotype was determined using TaqMan allelic discrimination technique. The population PK model was developed by NONMEM V7.4. The dosing regimen was optimized based on Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS: A population PK model of apatinib in adult cancer patient was established. CYP3A5 genotype and systemic cancer type (digestive system cancers, nondigestive system cancers) were the most significant covariates for PK parameters. Patients with CYP3A5*1 expressers (CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3) had lower apparent clearance and apparent volume of distribution than patients who do not express CYP3A5*1 (CYP3A5*3/*3). Patients with nondigestive system cancer had higher apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate constant than digestive system cancer. The results of dose simulation suggest that the apatinib dose in patients who do not express CYP3A5*1 should be 33.33-50.00% higher than that in CYP3A5*1 expressers. CONCLUSIONS: A population PK model of apatinib in adult cancer patients was established. CYP3A5 genotype and systemic cancer type had concurrent effects on PK parameters. CYP3A5 patients who do not express CYP3A5*1 required higher doses.

An electrochemical chlorpromazine sensor based on a gold-copper bimetallic synergetic molecularly imprinted interface on an acupuncture needle electrode.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a medicine for nervous system disorders. Measuring CPZ in vivo can assist doctors in evaluating patients' blood drug concentration and monitoring drug metabolism. Therefore, an accurate in vivo detection of CPZ is crucial. In recent years, the acupuncture needle, traditionally used in Chinese medicine, has emerged as a potential electrode in the field of electrochemistry, with promising applications for in vivo detection. In this study, Au/Cu nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto an acupuncture needle electrode (ANE) to improve electrical conductivity and provide an electro-catalytic surface. Subsequently, 3-aminophenylboronic acid and CPZ were attracted to each other through intermolecular forces; at the same time, the interaction force of Au-S between CPZ and the AuNPs made the polymer layer grow around the CPZ molecules on the modified electrode surface. The imprinted nanocavities showed highly selective and sensitive detection performance for CPZ after elution. Inside the recognizable site and microenvironment of the cavities, the captured CPZ molecule provided a suitable configuration for the fluent electron transfer of the electroactive group within a short range from the Au/Cu bimetal. Under ideal conditions, the MIP/Au/Cu/ANE exhibited two good linear ranges of 0.1-100 µM and 100-1000 µM with a detection limit of 0.07 µM. Moreover, the sensors showed great selectivity, good stability and excellent repeatability, making them suitable for CPZ detection in human serum. This provides a novel idea for real-time and in vivo CPZ detection.

Efficacy of Mobile-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Lowering Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, low adherence to medication and lifestyle management has limited the benefits of lowering lipid levels. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been proposed as a promising solution. OBJECTIVE: This trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mobile-based CBT interventions in lowering LDL-C levels in patients with ASCVD. METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial enrolled 300 patients with ASCVD, who were randomly assigned to the mobile-based CBT intervention group and the control group in a ratio of 1:1. The intervention group received CBT for ASCVD lifestyle interventions delivered by WeChat MiniApp: "CBT ASCVD." The control group only received routine health education during each follow-up. The linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effects of a mobile-based CBT intervention on LDL-C, triglyceride, C-reactive protein, the score of General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), quality of life index (QL-index), and LDL-C up-to-standard rate (<1.8 mmol/L) at the first, third, and sixth months. RESULTS: Finally, 296 participants completed the 6-month follow-up (CBT group: n=148; control group: n=148). At baseline, the mean LDL-C level was 2.48 (SD 0.90) mmol/L, and the LDL-C up-to-standard rate (<1.8 mmol/L) was 21.3%. Mobile-based CBT intervention significantly increased the reduction of LDL-C change (%) at the 6-month follow-up (ß=-10.026, 95% CI -18.111 to -1.940). In addition, this benefit remained when baseline LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L (ß=-24.103, 95% CI -43.110 to -5.095). Logistic regression analysis showed that mobile-based CBT intervention moderately increased the LDL-C up-to-standard rates (<1.8 mmol/L) in the sixth month (odds ratio 1.579, 95% CI 0.994-2.508). For GSE and QL-index, mobile-based CBT intervention significantly increased the change of scores (%) at the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up (all P values <.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ASCVD, mobile-based CBT is effective in reducing LDL-C levels (even for those who already had a standard LDL-C) and can improve self-efficacy and quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100046775; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=127140.

Effect of electrical stimulation on patients with diabetes-related ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to systematically review the literature to better understand the efficacy of electrical stimulation (ES) for the treatment of patients with diabetes-related ulcers. METHODS: We searched the Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases through July 31, 2021. Original trials for ES treatment of patients with diabetes-related ulcers with placebo or standard care as the control group were included. The primary outcomes were ulcer area reduction and healing rates. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the standardized mean difference (SMD) in the percentage of ulcer reduction and risk ratio of non-healing rates between ES treatment and placebo or standard care. We used the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials to assess the risk of bias for each included article. Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: Compared to placebo or standard care, ES had a significant benefit for the treatment of patients with diabetes-related ulcers in terms of percentage of ulcer reduction (SMD = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.43-3.69; P < 0.001 (Q-test), I2 = 93.9%) and ulcer healing rates [risk ratio of non-healing rates for the ES group was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.54-0.96; P = 0.38 (Q-test), I2 = 2.3%)]. Two, four, and three of the included studies were categorized into low risk of bias, some concerns, and high risk of bias, respectively. No publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this meta-analysis, ES could be used to treat patients with diabetes-related ulcers. ES treatment was effective for ulcer area reduction and ulcer healing, although it had a high heterogeneity level among the included studies. Pulsed current ES has the potential benefit of increasing ulcer healing compared to direct current ES. Further large-scale clinical trials are needed to define the adverse events and potentiators of ES in the treatment of patients with diabetes-related ulcers.

Adjusted association between type 2 immunity and low risk thyroid nodules: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Immune responses, especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules, while the key regulators and potential pathways are remaining largely unknown. In addition, the immune status of individuals could be affected by mixed metabolic background. Herein our aim was to investigate the adjusted association between ultrasound-diagnosed low risk thyroid nodules and immune responses, excluding the interference of metabolic effects on immunity. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 1764 subjects who underwent a thorough thyroid ultrasound examination. To eliminate the interference of confounders, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to match age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, parameters that are related with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Then the potential effectors of immune responses involved in the laboratorial assays were evaluated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent predictors of thyroid nodules in a multivariate manner. RESULTS: The 1172 subjects were remained after PSM, and differences of demographic background between subjects with and without thyroid nodules were eliminated. Metabolic parameters comprising blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and serum uric acid were shown no significant difference between post-PSM subjects with and without thyroid nodules. Among the biochemistry and hematological parameters, white blood cell count and the positive rate of eosinophil percentage were increased in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In contrast, the positive rate of basophil percentage was lower in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In addition, the thyroid function test results showed that subjects with thyroid nodules had higher positive rates of antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) than subjects without thyroid nodules. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the positive value of TgAb as well as high level of white blood cell count and BMI could serve as independent risk factors of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSIONS: The type 2 immune responses mediated by increased level of eosinophils, along with positive value of TgAb and TPOAb were associated with the presence of thyroid nodules. In addition, the potential role of basophils in protecting against thyroid nodules and the pathogenesis of immune-metabolic status remains to be elucidated.

Current prescription status of antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension: analysis by type of comorbidities.

In 2020, the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases with National Committee on Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care in China issued revised national clinical practice guidelines on the management of hypertension in primary health care based on the 2018 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension. To evaluate adherence to the guidelines, this retrospective study assessed the real-world status of antihypertensive drug prescribing for Chinese patients with hypertension, classified by comorbidity: coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, stroke, and renal disease. About 1088212 hypertensive patients who received their first prescription for antihypertensive therapy between January 2021 to June 2021, were obtained from a database of Hangzhou Kang Sheng Health Consulting CO., Ltd. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) were the most common drugs prescribed for each comorbidity subgroup. Whereas diabetes mellitus or renal disease is a compelling indication for use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, CCBs were often administered in these subgroups. The treatment pattern for patients with coronary heart disease was closely similar to that for the overall patient population. Beta-blockers (BBs) were prescribed more frequently for patients with heart failure than for those with other comorbidities. Although antihypertensive drug prescription varied by comorbidity, pharmacological decisions were largely made under Chinese recommendations while physicians could select antihypertensive drugs based on the patients' comorbidities. However, educational initiatives are still necessary to inspire clinicians to better familiarize themselves with the guidelines and manage hypertension comorbid diseases.

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

For certain diseases, the continuous long-term monitoring of the physiological condition is crucial. Therefore, non-invasive monitoring methods have attracted widespread attention in health care. This review aims to discuss the non-invasive monitoring technologies for human health based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. First, the theoretical basis of photoacoustic spectroscopy and related devices are reported. Furthermore, this article introduces the monitoring methods for blood glucose, blood oxygen, lipid, and tumors, including differential continuous-wave photoacoustic spectroscopy, microscopic photoacoustic spectroscopy, mid-infrared photoacoustic detection, wavelength-modulated differential photoacoustic spectroscopy, and others. Finally, we present the limitations and prospects of photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Lightweight Super-Resolution with Self-Calibrated Convolution for Panoramic Videos.

Panoramic videos are shot by an omnidirectional camera or a collection of cameras, and can display a view in every direction. They can provide viewers with an immersive feeling. The study of super-resolution of panoramic videos has attracted much attention, and many methods have been proposed, especially deep learning-based methods. However, due to complex architectures of all the methods, they always result in a large number of hyperparameters. To address this issue, we propose the first lightweight super-resolution method with self-calibrated convolution for panoramic videos. A new deformable convolution module is designed first, with self-calibration convolution, which can learn more accurate offset and enhance feature alignment. Moreover, we present a new residual dense block for feature reconstruction, which can significantly reduce the parameters while maintaining performance. The performance of the proposed method is compared to those of the state-of-the-art methods, and is verified on the MiG panoramic video dataset.

Crosstalk between the Circadian Clock and Histone Methylation.

The circadian clock and histone modifications could form a feedback loop in Arabidopsis; whether a similar regulatory mechanism exists in rice is still unknown. Previously, we reported that SDG724 and OsLHY are two rice heading date regulators in rice. SDG724 encodes a histone H3K36 methyltransferase, and OsLHY is a vital circadian rhythm transcription factor. Both could be involved in transcription regulatory mechanisms and could affect gene expression in various pathways. To explore the crosstalk between the circadian clock and histone methylation in rice, we studied the relationship between OsLHY and SDG724 via the transcriptome analysis of their single and double mutants, oslhy, sdg724, and oslhysdg724. Screening of overlapped DEGs and KEGG pathways between OsLHY and SDG724 revealed that they could control many overlapped pathways indirectly. Furthermore, we identified three candidate targets (OsGI, OsCCT38, and OsPRR95) of OsLHY and one candidate target (OsCRY1a) of SDG724 in the clock pathway. Our results showed a regulatory relationship between OsLHY and SDG724, which paved the way for revealing the interaction between the circadian clock and histone H3K36 methylation.

Development and application of SYBR Green â real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay for detection of swine Getah virus.

Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of family Togaviridae, has become increasingly problematic, which poses a huge threat to the safety of animals and public health. In order to detect GETV quickly and accurately, we have developed a SYBR Green I real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for GETV with the detection limit of 66 copies/µL, excellent correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9975, and amplification efficiency (E) of 98.90%, the target selected was the non-structural protein 3 of GETV. The sensitivity of it was higher than that of ordinary RT-PCR by 1000 folds, and the inter-assay and intra-assay CV values were all less than 0.99%. The newly developed RT-qPCR assay exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility, which will provide technical support for the reliable and specific rapid diagnosis, and quantitative analysis of GETV infection.

Portable, quantitative, and sequential monitoring of copper ions and pyrophosphate based on a DNAzyme-Fe3O4 nanosystem and glucometer readout.

In this report, portable, quantitative, and sequential monitoring of copper ions and pyrophosphate (PPi) with a single sensor based on a DNAzyme-Fe3O4 system and glucometer readout was performed. Initially, streptavidin was functionalized on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 spheres through glutaraldehyde. Then, an invertase-modified DNA Cu substrate was connected to the magnetic Fe3O4 spheres by a specific reaction between streptavidin and biotin. The sensing system was formed by a hybridization reaction between the Cu substrate and Cu enzyme. In the presence of Cu2+, Cu2+ will recognize the Cu DNA substrate and form an "off-on" signal switch, thereby resulting in the separation of invertase from the Fe3O4 nanospheres. PPi recognizes Cu2+ to form a Cu2+-PPi complex, resulting in an "on-off" signal switch. Under optimized conditions, linear detection ranges for Cu2+ and PPi of 0.01-5 and 0.5-10 µM, and detection limits for Cu2+ and PPi of 10 nM and 500 nM, respectively, were obtained. Good selectivity was achieved for the analysis of Cu2+ and PPi. Satisfactory results were achieved for this biosensor during the determination of Cu2+ in real tap samples and PPi in human urine samples. This verified that the sensor is portable and low cost, and can be applied to the sequential monitoring of multiple analytes with a single point-of-care biosensor.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of exosomes.

Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle actively secreted by almost all eukaryotic cells. They are ideal candidates for reliable next-generation biomarkers in the early diagnosis and therapeutic response evaluation of cancer. Thus, the quantification of exosomes is crucial in facilitating clinical research and application. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials have better optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties due to their small size, high specific surface area, and variable structure. The incorporation of nanomaterials into sensing systems is an attractive approach towards improving sensitivity and can provide improved sensor selectivity and stability. In this paper, we summarize the progress in nanomaterial-based exosome detection methods, including electrochemical biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, chemiluminescence biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance biosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensors. Moreover, future research directions and challenges in exosome detection methods are discussed. We hope that this article will offer an overview of nanomaterial-based exosome detection techniques and open new avenues in disease research.Graphical abstract.

Tailored nanodisc immobilization for one-step purification and reconstitution of cytochrome P450: A tool for membrane proteins' hard cases.

A novel nanodisc-based immobilization method was developed for high-efficient purification and reconstitution of cytochrome P450 in one step. Using membrane scaffold protein containing a histidine tag, charged-nanodiscs were prepared in the form of self-assembly of lipid-protein nanoparticles. Their properties including the particle diameter and its distribution and Zeta potential were controlled well by adjusting molar ratios of phospholipids to membrane scaffold protein. At an optimum lipid-to-membrane scaffold protein molar ratio of 60:1, uniformly regular-shaped and discoidal nanodiscs with an average particle diameter of 10 nm and Zeta potential of -19 mV were obtained. They can be well fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. Charged-nanodiscs were successfully immobilized onto Ni-chelating microspheres via histidine tags with a density of 6.6 mg membrane scaffold protein/mL gel. After being packed in a column, chromatography studies demonstrated that this nanodisc-immobilized chromatographic medium had a specific binding to cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsome. Nanodiscs containing cytochrome P450 can be furthermore eluted from the column with a diameter of about 87.0 nm and height of about 8.0 nm, respectively. The purity of cytochrome P450 after purification increased 25 folds strikingly. This nanodisc-immobilized chromatography method is promising for the one-step purification and reconstitution of membrane protein.

The role of GtxA during Gallibacterium anatis infection of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells.

Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), one of the major pathogens causing reproductive tract disorders in laying hens, leads to a reduction in egg production and increased mortality, caused by either single or mixed infections with other pathogens. As a specific virulence factor of G. anatis, the role of GtxA in layers' salpingitis remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of GtxA on G. anatis infection by comparing wild strain Yu-PDS-RZ-1-SLG (RZ) and its GtxA deleted counterpart RZΔgtxA in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC). Their adherence, invasion, cytoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis and and cytokine secretion were evaluated and the cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of the recombinant GtxA protein and its N-terminal adenylate cyclase and C-terminal RTX hemolysin domain were also analyzed. We found that the adhesion ability of RZΔgtxA was significantly lower than that of parental strain RZ, and its toxicity to COEC was weakened; Meanwhile, apoptosis was inhibited and the expression of IL-6, IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were dramatically reduced in COEC infected by RZΔgtxA. In contrast, the recombinant protein GtxA inhibited the proliferation of oviduct cells and induced obvious cytotoxicity, and the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ were up-regulated in COEC interacted with recombinant proteins. Our study indicates that GtxA promotes G. anatis adherence to cells, changes cells permeability and expression of inflammatory factors, resulting in cell damage and apoptosis.