5-Hydroxymethylcytosine profiling from genomic and cell-free DNA for colorectal cancers patients.

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a DNA modification that is generated by the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in a reaction catalyzed by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes. It tends to mark gene activation and affects a spectrum of developmental and disease-related biological processes. In this manuscript, we present a 5hmC selective chemical labelling technology (hmC-Seal) to capture and sequence 5hmC-containing DNA fragments with low input. We tested 10 tumour/adjacent colon cancer tissues and 10 tumour/healthy plasma samples. Furthermore, we tested if this methodology could generate the 5hmC differential genes among cancer patients, healthy controls and precancerous adenoma patients from plasma. Robust cancer-specific epigenetic signatures were identified for colon cancers. The results show that 5hmC is mainly distributed in gene active regions. The results also indicate the potential application of 5hmC change signals in early stage of colon cancer, even show potential in the diagnosis of precancerous adenoma. We demonstrated the robustness of the 5hmC-Seal method in tissue and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as potential biomarkers. Moreover, this study provides the potential value and feasibility of 5hmC-Seal approach on colorectal cancer (CRC) early detection. We believe this strategy could be an effective liquid biopsy-based diagnosis and a potential prognosis method for colon cancer using cfDNA.

Development and clinical applications of an enclosed automated targeted NGS library preparation system.

The rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has promoted its wide clinical application in precision medicine for oncology. However, laborious and time-consuming manual operations, highly skilled personnel requirements, and cross-contamination are major challenges for the clinical implementation of NGS technology-based tests. The Automated NGS Diagnostic Solutions (ANDiS) 500 system is a fully enclosed cassette-dependent automated NGS library preparation system. This platform could produce qualified targeted amplicon library in three steps with only 15 min of hands-on time. Rigorous cross-contamination test using simulated contaminant plasmids confirmed that the design of disposable cassette guarantees zero sample cross-contamination. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation detection panel and gastrointestinal cancer-related gene analysis panel for the ANDiS 500 platform showed 100% accuracy and precision in detecting germ-line mutations and somatic mutations respectively. Furthermore, those panels showed 100% concordance with verified methods in a prospective cohort study enrolling 363 patients and a cohort of 45 pan-cancer samples. In conclusion, the ANDiS 500 automated platform could overcome major challenges for implementing NGS assays clinically and is eligible for routine clinical tests.

Surviving Starvation: Proteomic and Lipidomic Profiling of Nutrient Deprivation in the Smallest Known Free-Living Eukaryote.

Marine phytoplankton, comprising cyanobacteria, micro- and pico-algae are key to photosynthesis, oxygen production and carbon assimilation on Earth. The unicellular green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri holds a key position at the base of the green lineage of plants, which makes it an interesting model organism. O. tauri has adapted to survive in low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the open ocean and also during rapid changes in the levels of these nutrients in coastal waters. In this study, we have employed untargeted proteomic and lipidomic strategies to investigate the molecular responses of O. tauri to low-nitrogen and low-phosphorus environments. In the absence of external nitrogen, there was an elevation in the expression of ammonia and urea transporter proteins together with an accumulation of triglycerides. In phosphate-limiting conditions, the expression levels of phosphokinases and phosphate transporters were increased, indicating an attempt to maximise scavenging opportunities as opposed to energy conservation conditions. The production of betaine lipids was also elevated, highlighting a shift away from phospholipid metabolism. This finding was supported by the putative identification of betaine synthase in O. tauri. This work offers additional perspectives on the complex strategies that underpin the adaptive processes of the smallest known free-living eukaryote to alterations in environmental conditions.

Offspring performance of Daphnia magna after short-term maternal exposure to mixtures of microcystin and ammonia.

During degradation of cyanobacterial blooms, some derived pollutants are released to the waters and last for a while before returning to normal levels. To assess whether the offspring of exposed Daphnia was affected by their maternal experience, we exposed mother Daphnia magna to mixtures of unionized ammonia (0, 0.30, and 0.48 mg L(-1)) and microcystin-LR (0, 10, 30, and 100 µg L(-1)) for 10 days and then immediately moved their offspring to a toxicant-free environment. The offspring were cultured for 21 days to record their survival, development, and reproduction. Results showed that the survival of the offspring of D. magna that experienced high doses of mixed toxicants decreased significantly, but there was no significant difference in development among the survivors of the offspring from different maternal treatments. However, reproductive performances significantly differed among the offspring from different maternal treatments, indicating that there existed a maternal effect in the offspring of D. magna that experienced high levels of mixed toxicants.