Reward Contributions to Serotonergic Functions.

The brain serotonin systems participate in numerous aspects of reward processing, although it remains elusive how exactly serotonin signals regulate neural computation and reward-related behavior. The application of optogenetics and imaging techniques during the last decade has provided many insights. Here, we review recent progress on the organization and physiology of the dorsal raphe serotonin neurons and the relationships between their activity and behavioral functions in the context of reward processing. We also discuss several interesting theories on serotonin's function and how these theories may be reconciled by the possibility that serotonin, acting in synergy with coreleased glutamate, tracks and calculates the so-called beneficialness of the current state to guide an animal's behavior in dynamic environments.

The cytoarchitectonic landscape revealed by deep learning method facilitated precise positioning in mouse neocortex.

Neocortex is a complex structure with different cortical sublayers and regions. However, the precise positioning of cortical regions can be challenging due to the absence of distinct landmarks without special preparation. To address this challenge, we developed a cytoarchitectonic landmark identification pipeline. The fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography method was employed to image the whole mouse brain stained by general fluorescent nucleotide dye. A fast 3D convolution network was subsequently utilized to segment neuronal somas in entire neocortex. By approach, the cortical cytoarchitectonic profile and the neuronal morphology were analyzed in 3D, eliminating the influence of section angle. And the distribution maps were generated that visualized the number of neurons across diverse morphological types, revealing the cytoarchitectonic landscape which characterizes the landmarks of cortical regions, especially the typical signal pattern of barrel cortex. Furthermore, the cortical regions of various ages were aligned using the generated cytoarchitectonic landmarks suggesting the structural changes of barrel cortex during the aging process. Moreover, we observed the spatiotemporally gradient distributions of spindly neurons, concentrated in the deep layer of primary visual area, with their proportion decreased over time. These findings could improve structural understanding of neocortex, paving the way for further exploration with this method.

Flavonoid Profiles in the Pulp of Different Lemon Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Activity Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

Previous studies have indicated that there may be differences among the varieties of lemon flavonoids, but the details have not yet been made clear, which limits the comprehensive use of different cultivated lemon varieties. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were used to investigate the types and contents of flavonoids in the flesh of the main cultivated variety (Eureka) and five common lemon varieties, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. A total of 21 compounds were identified, five of which were common compounds. Among them, Verna, Lisbon, and Bearss each have characteristic components that can serve as potential criteria for variety identification. Each of the six varieties of lemon has strong antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different lemon varieties is related to flavonoids. Therefore, Eureka and the other five varieties of lemon are good natural antioxidants, and the cultivation and industrial production of lemons should consider the needs and selection of suitable varieties.

Metabolic profiles in the xylem sap of Brassica juncea exposed to cadmium.

Metabolic profiles in xylem sap are considered a fundamental mechanism for Cadmium (Cd) detoxification in plants. However, the metabolic mechanism of Brassica juncea xylem sap in response to Cd is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects on the metabolomics of B. juncea xylem sap treated with Cd at different times by utilizing a nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics method for further elucidating the response mechanism of Cd exposure. The findings indicated that 48 h and 7 days Cd exposure caused significant differences in metabolic profiles of the B. juncea xylem sap. Those differential metabolites are primarily involved in amino acids, organic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, and most of them were downregulated, which played essential roles in response to Cd stress. Furthermore, B. juncea xylem sap resisted 48-h Cd exposure via regulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism, carbon metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism, ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, and pyrimidine metabolism; whereas alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation were regulated for resisting 7-day Cd exposure.

The Cytosolic Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase TaAACT1 Is Required for Defense against Fusarium pseudograminearum in Wheat.

Fusarium pseudograminearum is a major pathogen for the destructive disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The cytosolic Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase II (AACT) is the first catalytic enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that biosynthesizes isoprenoids in plants. However, there has been no investigation of wheat cytosolic AACT genes in defense against pathogens including Fusarium pseudograminearum. Herein, we identified a cytosolic AACT-encoding gene from wheat, named TaAACT1, and demonstrated its positively regulatory role in the wheat defense response to F. pseudograminearum. One haplotype of TaAACT1 in analyzed wheat genotypes was associated with wheat resistance to FCR. The TaAACT1 transcript level was elevated after F. pseudograminearum infection, and was higher in FCR-resistant wheat genotypes than in susceptible wheat genotypes. Functional analysis indicated that knock down of TaAACT1 impaired resistance against F. pseudograminearum and reduced the expression of downstream defense genes in wheat. TaAACT1 protein was verified to localize in the cytosol of wheat cells. TaAACT1 and its modulated defense genes were rapidly responsive to exogenous jasmonate treatment. Collectively, TaAACT1 contributes to resistance to F. pseudograminearum through upregulating the expression of defense genes in wheat. This study sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense against FCR.

Norsesquiterpenes from the Latex of Euphorbia dentata and Their Chemical Defense Mechanisms against Helicoverpa armigera.

Euphorbia dentata (Euphorbiaceae), an invasive weed, is rarely eaten by herbivorous insects and could secrete a large amount of white latex, causing a serious threat to local natural vegetation, agricultural production and human health. In order to prevent this plant from causing more negative effects on humans, it is necessary to understand and utilize the chemical relationships between the latex of E. dentata and herbivorous insects. In this study, three new norsesquiterpenes (1-3), together with seven known analogues (4-10), were isolated and identified from the latex of E. dentata. All norsesquiterpenes (1-10) showed antifeedant and growth-inhibitory effects on H. armigera with varying levels, especially compounds 1 and 2. In addition, the action mechanisms of active compounds (1-3) were revealed by detoxifying enzyme (AchE, CarE, GST and MFO) activities and corresponding molecular docking analyses. Our findings provide a new idea for the development and utilization of the latex of E. dentata, as well as a potential application of norsesquiterpenes in botanical insecticides.

The elemental defense effect of cadmium on Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica juncea.

BACKGROUND: The elemental defense hypothesis states a new defensive strategy that hyperaccumulators defense against herbivores or pathogens attacks by accumulating heavy metals. Brassica juncea has an excellent ability of cadmium (Cd) accumulation. However, the elemental defense effect and its regulation mechanism in B. juncea remain unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we profiled the elemental defense effect and the molecular regulatory mechanism in Cd-accumulated B. juncea after Alternaria brassicicola infection. B. juncea treated with 180 mg Kg- 1 DW CdCl2 2.5H2O exhibited obvious elemental defense effect after 72 h of infection with A. brassicicola. The expression of some defense-related genes including BjNPR1, BjPR12, BjPR2, and stress-related miRNAs (miR156, miR397, miR398a, miR398b/c, miR408, miR395a, miR395b, miR396a, and miR396b) were remarkably elevated during elemental defense in B. juncea. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Cd-accumulated B. juncea may defend against pathogens by coordinating salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and elemental defense in a synergistic joint effect. Furthermore, the expression of miRNAs related to heavy metal stress response and disease resistance may regulate the balance between pathogen defense and heavy metal stress-responsive in B. juncea. The findings provide experimental evidence for the elemental defense hypothesis in plants from the perspectives of phytohormones, defense-related genes, and miRNAs.

Exogenous proline mitigates toxic effects of cadmium via the decrease of cadmium accumulation and reestablishment of redox homeostasis in Brassica juncea.

BACKGROUND: As a vital osmoticum, proline has an important role in enhancing the tolerance of plants to environmental stress. It is unclear whether the application of exogenous proline can improve the tolerance of Brassica juncea to cadmium (Cd). RESULTS: This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of proline (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) under Cd stress at different times (0 d, 2 d, and 7 d) on the growth and physiology of B. juncea. Treatment with exogenous proline not only increased the content of proline in B. juncea but also alleviated Cd-induced seedling growth inhibition via the maintenance of higher photosynthetic pigment content and cell viability and a decrease in the content of Cd. Moreover, it increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Compared with other concentrations, 60 mg/L of exogenous proline was the most effective at mitigating Cd toxicity in B. juncea. CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous proline treatment enhanced the tolerance to Cd via a decrease in Cd accumulation and reestablishment of the redox homeostasis in B. juncea.

Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells and its association with the expression of cancer stem cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

The release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into vasculature is an early event in the metastatic process and the detection of CTCs has been widely used clinically. In addition, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the source of distant metastasis. However, the relationship between CTCs and CSCs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients was largely unknown. A total of 93 NPC patients were enrolled in this study. The CTCs in the peripheral blood were detected. The expression of ALDH1A1 in the tumor tissues of the corresponding patients was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic value of CTCs level and the correlation with the expression of ALDH1A1 was evaluated. Data showed that the detection of CTCs was positively correlated with metastasis (p<0.001). The positive detection of CTCs was also associated with poor overall survival (p=0.025). CTCs ≥2 demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity in predicting distant metastasis, while CTCs ≥8 demonstrated better specificity and sensitivity in predicting prognosis than CTCs ≥2. Furthermore, we found that there was a positive relationship between the detection of CTCs and the expression of ALDH1A1 (p=0.001). The prognosis analysis also demonstrated that high ALDH1A1 expression was correlated with poor overall survival (p=0.006). Our study demonstrated a positive correlation between the CTCs and the expression of CSCs, both were positively correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis. These results indicated that the CTCs might indirectly reflect the expression of CSCs.

Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis.

Parasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.

The role of Glutathione-S-transferases in phoxim and chlorfenapyr tolerance in a major mulberry pest, Glyphodes pyloalis walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is a destructive pest on mulberry trees and poses a significant threat to the sericultural industry in China. Phoxim and chlorfenapyr are two commonly used insecticides in mulberry fields. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a multifunctional protein superfamily that plays important roles in the detoxification of insecticides and xenobiotic compounds in insects. However, whether GSTs participate in the tolerance of phoxim and chlorfenapyr in G. pyloalis is still unknown. To better understand the mechanism of insecticide tolerance in G. pyloalis, the enzymatic activity of GSTs was evaluated under phoxim and chlorfenapyr exposure, respectively. GST enzyme activity was significantly increased after 12, 36 and 48 h of phoxim treatment and 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of chlorfenapyr treatment. Subsequently, eighteen GST genes were identified from the larvae transcriptome of G. pyloalis. Among these, ten GpGSTs had GSH-binding sites and fifteen GpGSTs had variable hydrophobic substrate-binding sites. The expression levels of Delta-GpGST and Epsilon-GpGST genes were significantly influenced by phoxim and chlorfenapyr treatment, and by the time post insecticide application. Furthermore, after silencing GpGST-E4, the mortality rate of G. pyloalis larvae was increased when they were exposed to chlorfenapyr, but it did not significantly alter when the larvae were exposed to phoxim. Our results indicated the vital roles of GpGSTs in the tolerance of insecticides and this action depends on the categories of insecticides. The present study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating insecticide susceptibility and promotes functional research on GST genes in G. pyloalis.

The Key Role of Fatty Acid Synthase in Lipid Metabolism and Metamorphic Development in a Destructive Insect Pest, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key enzyme in the lipid synthesis pathway, however, its roles in insects remain largely unknown. Here, we firstly identified two FAS genes from the transcriptome dataset of the general cutworm Spodoptera litura, which is a destructive insect pest of many crops. Both SlFAS1 and SlFAS2 were highly expressed in third instar larvae and in their fat bodies. Then, we successfully silenced SlFAS1 in third instar larvae and the content of α-linolenic acid and triglyceride was significantly decreased. Besides that, the effect of FAS on the metamorphic development in S. litura was evaluated. The results indicate that after silencing SlFAS1, the survival rates of S. litura larvae decreased significantly compared to the control groups. Silencing SlFAS1 in fifth instar larvae resulted in more malformed pupae and adults, and the emergence rates were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the ecdysone content in the haemolymph of fifth instar larvae was significantly decreased after silencing SlFAS1. In addition, knocking down SlFAS1 significantly alters the expression of other key genes in the lipogenesis pathway, implying that FAS has an impact on the lipogenesis pathway. The present study deepens the understanding of FAS in insects and provides novel potential targets for managing insect pests.

A role of peptidoglycan recognition protein in mediating insecticide detoxification in Glyphodes pyloalis.

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker has become one of the most significant mulberry pests, and it has caused serious economic losses in major mulberry growing regions in China. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are responsible for initiating and regulating immune signalling pathways in insects. However, their roles responding to chemical pesticides is still less known. This study aimed to investigate the possible detoxication function of GpPGRP-S2 and GpPGRP-S3 in G. pyloalis in response to chlorfenapyr and phoxim. The chlorfenapyr and phoxim treatment significantly induced the expression level of GpPGRP-S3 at 48 h. In addition, the expression levels of GpPGRP-S2 and GpPGRP-S3 in the chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment group were significantly higher in midgut than those in the control group at 48 h. The results of the survival experiment showed that silencing either GpPGRP-S2 or GpPGRP-S3 would not influence the survival rate of G. pyloalis which treated with phoxim, however, silencing GpPGRP-S2 or GpPGRP-S3 would cause G. pyloalis to be more easily killed by chlorfenapyr. The expression of carboxylesterase GpCXE1 was significantly induced by chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment, while it was suppressed once silenced GpPGRP-S2 followed with chlorfenapyr treatment or silenced GpPGRP-S3 followed with phoxim treatment. These results might suggest that under the chlorfenapyr/phoxim treatment condition, the connection between GpPGRPs and detoxification genes in insect was induced to maintain physiological homeostasis; and these results may further enrich the mechanisms of insects challenged by insecticides.

Transcriptional response of detoxifying enzyme genes in Bombyx mori under chlorfenapyr exposure.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori) is an important economic insect which ingests mulberry leaves and products the silk in industry. Chlorfenapyr is a new halogenated pyrrole insecticide which has been promoted for the control of mulberry insect pests in China. However, the detoxification mechanism of the silkworm to chlorfenapyr has not been investigated yet. In the present study, we first estimated the LC30 dose of chlorfenapyr for 3rd instar B. mori larvae, and then, in order to characterise the chlorfenapyr detoxification mechanism, the transcriptomes of chlorfenapyr-treated and untreated 3rd instar B. mori larvae were compared using RNA-sequencing. In total, 146, 533, 126 and 148, 957, 676 clean reads were obtained from insecticide-treated and control silkworm larvae, respectively, and these reads generated 10, 954 genes. The transcriptional profile of silkworm larvae was significantly influenced by chlorfenapyr treatment. A total of 1196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in insecticide-treated and control B. mori larvae, in which 644 genes were upregulated and 552 genes were downregulated. Results showed that multiple DEGs were enriched in detoxication-related gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Eleven detoxifying enzyme genes which differentially expressed were screened, and their expression patterns were validated by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we successfully knocked down all differentially upregulated detoxifying enzyme genes, and a bioassay showed that the mortality of chlorfenapyr-treated silkworm larvae was significantly higher after silencing these genes than in groups injected with dsGFP. The present study reveals the molecular basis of silkworm detoxification to chlorfenapyr exposure, and provides new insights into the management of insecticide damage in the silkworm.

Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress.

Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose-mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC50 values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC30 was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.

Lithium migration pathways at the composite interface of LiBH4 and two-dimensional MoS2 enabling superior ionic conductivity at room temperature.

LiBH4 is one of the most promising solid electrolyte materials for use in solid-state batteries because its hexagonal phase above 110 °C offers Li-ion conductivity of almost 10-3 S cm-1. However, near room temperature, its orthorhombic phase delivers Li-ion conductivity of only 10-8 S cm-1, which considerably hampers its further applications. In the present study, a highly disordered interface between LiBH4 and two-dimensional MoS2 in the composite material was formed, yielding ionic conductivity of 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. LiBH4 and MoS2 are found to be in close contact without the formation of any intermediate phase at the interface. First-principles calculations employing density functional theory (DFT) and the nudged elastic band (NEB) method reveal that the migration energy barrier on three specific pathways could be established via microstructure analyses. It was found that the interface between the two phases yields the lowest Li-ion diffusion barrier among all the possible Li-ion pathways; further, the superior conductivity of the composite could be attributed to the interface with high Li-ion conductivity. This study proposes a new strategy for designing solid electrolytes and provides certain possibilities for two-dimensional materials to serve as superior solid electrolytes.

Benwamycins A-G, Trialkyl-Substituted Benzene Derivatives from a Soil-Derived Streptomyces.

Seven new trialkyl-substituted benzene derivatives named benwamycins A-G (1-7), together with three known congeners, 8-10, were isolated from culture broth of the soil-derived Streptomyces sp. KIB-H1471. Their structures were elucidated by using 1D and 2D NMR analyses in combination with HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of 1-9 were determined by chemical conversion and comparison of circular dichroism spectra and confirmed for 1 by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds 6 and 7 have a unique γ-pyrone-like ring on one side chain. Compounds 2 and 6 inhibited human T cell proliferation with IC50 values of 14.3 and 12.5 µM, respectively, without obvious cytotoxicity for naïve human T cells. Compounds 3 and 6 could weakly enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.

Identification, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Chitin Synthase Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) causes significant damage to mulberry every year, and we currently lack effective and environmentally friendly ways to control the pest. Chitin synthase (CHS) is a critical regulatory enzyme related to chitin biosynthesis, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. The function of CHS in G. pyloalis, however, has not been studied. In this study, two chitin synthase genes (GpCHSA and GpCHSB) were screened from our previously created transcriptome database. The complete coding sequences of the two genes are 5,955 bp and 5,896 bp, respectively. Expression of GpCHSA and GpCHSB could be detected throughout all developmental stages. Relatively high expression levels of GpCHSA occurred in the head and integument and GpCHSB was most highly expressed in the midgut. Moreover, silencing of GpCHSA and GpCHSB using dsRNA reduced expression of downstream chitin metabolism pathway genes and resulted in abnormal development and wings stretching, but did not affect normal pupating of larvae. Furthermore, the inhibitor of chitin synthesis diflubenzuron (DFB) was used to further validate the RNAi result. DFB treatment significantly improved expression of GpCHSA, except GpCHSB, and their downstream genes, and also effected G. Pyloali molting at 48 h (62% mortality rate) and 72 h (90% mortality rate), respectively. These results show that GpCHSA and GpCHSB play critical roles in the development and wing stretching in G. pyloalis adults, indicating that the genes are attractive potential pest control targets.

Lipid Dynamics, Identification, and Expression Patterns of Fatty Acid Synthase Genes in an Endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

In insect parasitoids, fatty acid synthases (FASs) have received less attention and their roles associated with lipogenesis loss are far from clear. Meteorus pulchricornis is a solitary endoparasitoid wasp of many larvae of lepidopteran pests. The lipid content during developmental stages of M. pulchricornis was measured; it was higher in the larval and pupal stages but declined from six-day-old pupae. Lipid accumulation constantly decreased in the adult stage, even after feeding on honey solutions. To investigate the roles of FASs in lipid synthesis in M. pulchricornis, four FAS genes (MpulFAS1~4) were identified from the transcriptome database of M. pulchricornis. All FAS genes included full-length open reading frames and shared 72-79% similarity with the sequences of Microplitis demolitor. qRT-PCR validation showed that all four FASs had the highest expression after the adult wasps were fed on honey diets. MpulFAS1 and MpulFAS2 reached their expression peaks at the adult stage but MpulFAS3 and MpulFAS4 peaked at the larval stage. To further study the function of FASs, dsRNA injection knocked down the expression of four MpulFASs and resulted in a significant decline of lipid content at the adult stage in M. pulchricornis. Results from this study suggest that M. pulchricornis adults cannot accumulate lipid content effectively and FASs may still contribute to lipid synthesis in the adult stage. This broadens the knowledge on the ability of lipid synthesis in parasitoid wasps and provides insight into the roles of FASs in insects with parasitic life-history traits.

Identification and Functional Study of Chitin Metabolism and Detoxification-Related Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Based on Transcriptome Analysis.

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) is a serious pest in the sericulture industry, which has caused damage and losses in recent years. With the widespread use of insecticides, the insecticide resistance of G. pyloalis has becomes increasingly apparent. In order to find other effective methods to control G. pyloalis, this study performed a transcriptome analysis of the midgut, integument, and whole larvae. Transcriptome data were annotated with KEGG and GO, and they have been shown to be of high quality by RT-qPCR. The different significant categories of differentially expressed genes between the midgut and the integument suggested that the transcriptome data could be used for next analysis. With the exception of Dda9 (GpCDA5), 19 genes were involved in chitin metabolism, most of which had close protein-protein interactions. Among them, the expression levels of 11 genes, including GpCHSA, GpCDA1, GpCDA2, GpCDA4, GPCHT1, GPCHT2a, GPCHT3a, GPCHT7, GpTre1, GpTre2, and GpRtv were higher in the integument than in the midgut, while the expression levels of the last eight genes, including GpCHSB, GpCDA5, GpCHT2b, GpCHT3b, GpCHT-h, GpPAGM, GpNAGK, and GpUAP, were higher in the midgut than in the integument. Moreover, 282 detoxification-related genes were identified and can be divided into 10 categories, including cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, aquaporin, chloride channel, methoprene-tolerant, serine protease inhibitor, sodium channel, and calcium channel. In order to further study the function of chitin metabolism-related genes, dsRNA injection knocked down the expression of GpCDA1 and GpCHT3a, resulting in the significant downregulation of its downstream genes. These results provide an overview of chitin metabolism and detoxification of G. pyloalis and lay the foundation for the effective control of this pest in the sericulture industry.