RESUMO
Type I interferon (IFN-I) has a well-known function in controlling viral infections, but its contribution in hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation remains unclear. Mice deficient in IFN-α receptor expression in whole mice or only in hepatocytes (Ifnar-/- and IfnarΔliver) were used to investigate the role of IFN-I signaling in cell proliferation and cancer formation in the liver. Ifnar-/- mice were resistant to chemical-induced HCC formation in the absence of infection. The results show that low grade of IFN-I and interferon-stimulated gene were expressed substantially in naïve mouse liver. The low level of IFN-I activation is constantly present in mouse liver after weaning and negatively modulates forkhead box O hepatic expression. The IFN-I signaling can be partially blocked by the clearance of lipopolysaccharide. Mice lacking IFN-I signaling have lower basal proliferation activity and delayed liver regeneration processes after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. The activation of IFN-I signaling on hepatocyte controls glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism to support proliferation potency and long-term tumorigenesis. Our results reveal a positive role of low-grade IFN-I singling to hepatocyte proliferation and HCC formation by modulating glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Regeneração Hepática/fisiologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Innate immune responses are important for pathogen elimination and adaptive immune response activation. However, excess inflammation may contribute to immunopathology and disease progression (e.g. inflammation-associated hepatocellular carcinoma). Immune modulation resulting from pattern recognition receptor-induced responses is a potential strategy for controlling immunopathology and related diseases. This study demonstrates that the mycotoxin patulin suppresses Toll-like receptor- and RIG-I/MAVS-dependent cytokine production through GSH depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, the activation of p62-associated mitophagy, and p62-TRAF6 interaction. Blockade of autophagy restored the immunosuppressive activity of patulin, and pharmacological activation of p62-dependent mitophagy directly reduced RIG-I-like receptor-dependent inflammatory cytokine production. These results demonstrated that p62-dependent mitophagy has an immunosuppressive role to innate immune response and might serve as a potential immunomodulatory target for inflammation-associated diseases.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Micotoxinas/farmacologia , Patulina/farmacologia , Proteína Sequestossoma-1/imunologia , Animais , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Mitofagia/imunologia , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent immune stimuli currently under investigation as antimicrobial agents for different species. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and TLR21 are the cellular receptors of CpG-ODN in mammals and chickens, respectively. The avian genomes lack TLR9, whereas mammalian genomes lack TLR21. Although fish contain both of these genes, the biological functions of fish TLR9 and TLR21 have not been investigated previously. In this study, we comparatively investigated zebrafish TLR9 (zebTLR9) and TLR21 (zebTLR21). The two TLRs have similar expression profiles in zebrafish. They are expressed during early development stages and are preferentially expressed in innate immune function-related organs in adult fish. Results from cell-based activation assays indicate that these two zebrafish TLRs are functional, responding to CpG-ODN but not to other TLR ligands. zebTLR9 broadly recognized CpG-ODN with different CpG motifs, but CpG-ODN with GACGTT or AACGTT had better activity to this TLR. In contrast, zebTLR21 responded preferentially to CpG-ODN with GTCGTT motifs. The distinctive ligand recognition profiles of these two TLRs were determined by their ectodomains. Activation of these two TLRs by CpG-ODN occurred inside the cells and was modulated by UNC93B1. The biological functions of these two TLRs were further investigated. The CpG-ODNs that activate both zebTLR9 and zebTLR21 were more potent than others that activate only zebTLR9 in the activation of cytokine productions and were more bactericidal in zebrafish. These results suggest that zebTLR9 and zebTLR21 cooperatively mediate the antimicrobial activities of CpG-ODN. Overall, this study provides a molecular basis for the activities of CpG-ODN in fish.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Receptor Toll-Like 9/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 9/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/agonistas , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacocinética , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacocinética , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Sequência de Bases , Galinhas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/imunologia , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacocinética , Receptor Toll-Like 9/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 9/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key RNA viral sensors for triggering antiviral immunity. The underlying mechanisms for RLRs to trigger antiviral immunity have yet to be explored. Here we report the identification of TAPE (TBK1-associated protein in endolysosomes) as a novel regulator of the RLR pathways. TAPE functionally and physically interacts with RIG-I, MDA5, and IPS-1 to activate the IFN-ß promoter. TAPE knockdown impairs IFN-ß activation induced by RLRs but not IPS-1. TAPE-deficient cells are defective in cytokine production upon RLR ligand stimulation. During RNA virus infection, TAPE knockdown or deficiency diminishes cytokine production and antiviral responses. Our data demonstrate a critical role for TAPE in linking RLRs to antiviral immunity.
Assuntos
RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas Repressoras/química , Animais , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Chlorocebus aethiops , Proteína DEAD-box 58 , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Sistema Imunitário , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Interferência de RNA , Receptores Imunológicos , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células VeroRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of interleukin (IL) 17A in chronic liver diseases had been extensively studied, but the function of IL-17F, which shares a high degree of homology with IL-17A, in the progression of chronic hepatic diseases is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between IL-17F and liver diseases including, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Hepatic tumor samples from both hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive and negative patients (without HBV and HCV, NBNC) were examined with quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry staining for inflammatory cytokine genes expression. In addition, 250 HCV patients naïve for interferon treatment were also subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for their serum cytokine concentrations. RESULTS: Serum IL-17F concentrations were significantly elevated in HCV patients with severe fibrosis stages. In accordance with serum data, IL-17F expression was also found higher in HCV-associated HCC tissues compared with NBNC HCC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that IL-17F might be used as a valuable biological marker than IL-17A during chronic fibrosis progression and HCC development in HCV patients.