RESUMO
A duplexed, functional multiaddition high throughput screen and subsequent iterative parallel synthesis effort identified the first highly selective and CNS penetrant glucagon-like peptide-1R (GLP-1R) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). PAM (S)-9b potentiated low-dose exenatide to augment insulin secretion in primary mouse pancreatic islets, and (S)-9b alone was effective in potentiating endogenous GLP-1R to reverse haloperidol-induced catalepsy.
Assuntos
Indóis/síntese química , Pirrolidinas/síntese química , Receptores de Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Catalepsia/induzido quimicamente , Catalepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Exenatida , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/farmacologia , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Haloperidol , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Indóis/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacocinética , Indóis/farmacologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Peçonhas/farmacologiaRESUMO
CYP2C9 substrates can exhibit both hyperbolic and atypical kinetic profiles, and their metabolism can be activated or inhibited depending on the effector studied. CYP2C9 genetic variants can also affect both substrate turnover and kinetic profile. The present study assessed whether analogs of the effector amiodarone differentially altered the atypical kinetic profile of the substrate naproxen and whether this effect was genotype-dependent. Amiodarone, desethylamiodarone, benzbromarone, and its dimethyl analog (benz(meth)arone) were incubated with naproxen and either CYP2C9.1 or CYP2C9.3. Amiodarone activated naproxen demethylation at lower concentrations, regardless of the CYP2C9 allele, and inhibited metabolism at higher concentrations without altering the kinetic profile. Desethylamiodarone was a potent inhibitor of naproxen demethylation, irrespective of the CYP2C9 allele. Benzbromarone altered naproxen demethylation kinetics from a biphasic profile to that of a hyperbolic form in CYP2C9.1 and CYP2C9.3, resulting in inhibition and activation, respectively. In contrast, benz(meth)arone activated naproxen demethylation in both CYP2C9.1 and CYP2C9.3. In addition, the kinetic profile of naproxen demethylation became more hyperbolic at lower concentrations of benz(meth)arone and then reverted back to biphasic as the benz(meth)arone was increased further. Equilibrium binding and multiple-ligand docking studies were used to propose how such similar compounds exerted very different effects on naproxen metabolism. In summary, effectors of CYP2C9 metabolism can alter not only the degree of substrate turnover (activation or inhibition) but also the kinetic profile of metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates through effects on substrate binding and orientation. In addition, these kinetics effects are concentration- and genotype-dependent.