Angiotensin II Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Activating TFEB-Mediated MuRF1 Expression.

RATIONALE: Skeletal muscle wasting with accompanying cachexia is a life threatening complication in congestive heart failure. The molecular mechanisms are imperfectly understood, although an activated renin-angiotensin aldosterone system has been implicated. Angiotensin (Ang) II induces skeletal muscle atrophy in part by increased muscle-enriched E3 ubiquitin ligase muscle RING-finger-1 (MuRF1) expression, which may involve protein kinase D1 (PKD1). OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ang II-induced skeletal muscle wasting. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cDNA expression screen identified the lysosomal hydrolase-coordinating transcription factor EB (TFEB) as novel regulator of the human MuRF1 promoter. TFEB played a key role in regulating Ang II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by transcriptional control of MuRF1 via conserved E-box elements. Inhibiting TFEB with small interfering RNA prevented Ang II-induced MuRF1 expression and atrophy. The histone deacetylase-5 (HDAC5), which was directly bound to and colocalized with TFEB, inhibited TFEB-induced MuRF1 expression. The inhibition of TFEB by HDAC5 was reversed by PKD1, which was associated with HDAC5 and mediated its nuclear export. Mice lacking PKD1 in skeletal myocytes were resistant to Ang II-induced muscle wasting. CONCLUSION: We propose that elevated Ang II serum concentrations, as occur in patients with congestive heart failure, could activate the PKD1/HDAC5/TFEB/MuRF1 pathway to induce skeletal muscle wasting.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM62 and inflammation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) complicates the disease course of critically ill patients. Inflammation and acute-phase response occur directly within myocytes and contribute to ICUAW. We observed that tripartite motif-containing 62 (TRIM62), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and modifier of inflammation, is increased in the skeletal muscle of ICUAW patients. We investigated the regulation and function of muscular TRIM62 in critical illness. METHODS: Twenty-six critically ill patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores ≥8 underwent two skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis at median days 5 and 15 in the ICU. Four patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery served as controls. TRIM62 expression and protein content were analyzed in these biopsies. The kinetics of Trim62, Atrogin1 and MuRF1 expression were determined in the gastrocnemius/plantaris and tibialis anterior muscles from mouse models of inflammation-, denervation- and starvation-induced muscle atrophy to differentiate between these contributors to ICUAW. Cultured myocytes were used for mechanistic analyses. RESULTS: TRIM62 expression and protein content were increased early and remained elevated in muscles from critically ill patients. In all three animal models, muscular Trim62 expression was early and continuously increased. Trim62 was expressed in myocytes, and its overexpression activated the atrophy-inducing activator protein 1 signal transduction pathway. Knockdown of Trim62 by small interfering RNA inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 expression. CONCLUSIONS: TRIM62 is activated in the muscles of critically ill patients. It could play a role in the pathogenesis of ICUAW by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ID: ISRCTN77569430 (registered 13 February 2008).

Dynamics of myosin degradation in intensive care unit-acquired weakness during severe critical illness.

IMPORTANCE: Intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired muscle wasting is a devastating complication leading to persistent weakness and functional disability. The mechanisms of this myopathy are unclear, but a disturbed balance of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) is implicated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate pathways of myosin turnover in severe critically ill patients at high risk of ICU-acquired weakness. DESIGN: Prospective, mechanistic, observational study. SETTING: Interdisciplinary ICUs of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores of at least 8 on three consecutive days within the first 5 days in ICU underwent two consecutive open skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis at median days 5 and 15. Control biopsy specimens were from healthy subjects undergoing hip-replacement surgery. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): Time-dependent changes in myofiber architecture, MyHC synthesis, and degradation were determined and correlated with clinical data. RESULTS: ICU-acquired muscle wasting was characterized by early, disrupted myofiber ultrastructure followed by atrophy of slow- and fast-twitch myofibers at later time points. A rapid decrease in MyHC mRNA and protein expression occurred by day 5 and persisted at day 15 (P < 0.05). Expression of the atrophy genes MuRF-1 and Atrogin1 was increased at day 5 (P < 0.05). Early MuRF-1 protein content was closely associated with late myofiber atrophy and the severity of weakness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Decreased synthesis and increased degradation of MyHCs contribute to ICU-acquired muscle wasting. The rates and time frames suggest that pathogenesis of muscle failure is initiated very early during critical illness. The persisting reduction of MyHC suggests that sustained treatment is required.

Inflammation-induced acute phase response in skeletal muscle and critical illness myopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Systemic inflammation is a major risk factor for critical-illness myopathy (CIM) but its pathogenic role in muscle is uncertain. We observed that interleukin 6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) expression was upregulated in muscle of critically ill patients. To test the relevance of these responses we assessed inflammation and acute-phase response at early and late time points in muscle of patients at risk for CIM. DESIGN: Prospective observational clinical study and prospective animal trial. SETTING: Two intensive care units (ICU) and research laboratory. PATIENTS/SUBJECTS: 33 patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores ≥ 8 on 3 consecutive days within 5 days in ICU were investigated. A subgroup analysis of 12 patients with, and 18 patients without CIM (non-CIM) was performed. Two consecutive biopsies from vastus lateralis were obtained at median days 5 and 15, early and late time points. Controls were 5 healthy subjects undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. A septic mouse model and cultured myoblasts were used for mechanistic analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Early SAA1 expression was significantly higher in skeletal muscle of CIM compared to non-CIM patients. Immunohistochemistry showed SAA1 accumulations in muscle of CIM patients at the early time point, which resolved later. SAA1 expression was induced by IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human and mouse myocytes in vitro. Inflammation-induced muscular SAA1 accumulation was reproduced in a sepsis mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle contributes to general inflammation and acute-phase response in CIM patients. Muscular SAA1 could be important for CIM pathogenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN77569430.