RESUMO
The aim of this study was to identify organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides levels in water samples collected in secondary water bodies in agricultural area planted with coffee and plantain. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A validated method for microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron microcapture detector (MAE-GC-µECD) was used to analyze pesticide residues in samples. The determinations were based on certified reference material, Organochlorine Pesticide Mix AB #3, Canadian Drinking Organophosphorus Pesticides Mix, and pentachloronitrobenzene (ISTD) Internal Standard Mix 508.1. Pesticide residues were found in 81.3% of the samples, including OCs: 4.4'-DDT (38%), endosulfan II (19.7%), endosulfan sulfate, and endrin (11.7% and 8.8%), and others identified as 4.4'-DDE, Delta-HCB, parathion, chlorpyrifos, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin ketone, and methoxychlor. Parathion and/or chlorpyrifos were found in 5.8-8% of samples; the water bodies most heavily affected were those in Filandia and Quimbaya in which 100% of samples were contaminated, followed by those in Calarcá, Córdoba, Pijao, and Génova, with contamination found in over 75% of samples. The results indicated that surface waters from Quindío municipalities are contaminated with pesticide residues hazardous to human health, which are still in use despite being either restricted or prohibited.
Assuntos
Coffea , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Organofosfatos/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Agricultura , Cromatografia Gasosa , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Humanos , PlantagoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To establish the correlation between hypothyroidism and blood pesticide levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in agricultural workers and their permanent partners in plantain and coffee producing municipalities as reference population. A representative sample was estimated and thyroid function tests were performed using ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus reader, at a wavelength of 450 nm. Organochlorine pesticide residuality was determined, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by sonication was implemented, and a gas chromatography-micro-electron capture detector (GC-pECD) was used for the analysis. RESULTS: 819 participants, 58.7% men and 41.3% women were included; their average age was 48.1 years. Prevalence of symptomatic hypothyroidism (1.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (6.7%) was observed, with a higher prevalence in people older than 60 years (2.6% and 8.9%, respectively). Non-causal association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and the organochlorine pesticides 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptachlor (sig.0,04), and Endosulfan I (sig.0,02). Antiperoxidase (Anti TPO) antibodies ≥60 lU/ml were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (OR 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the studied population is similar to that reported in the literature, and lower than in urban areas. In turn, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher and positive anti-TPO values are related to risk of progression to frank hypothyroidism, which is why follow-up is required in these patients. Three organochlorine pesticides were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH screening is recommended in people aged 40 and over, especially if they are exposed to the aforementioned agrochemicals.
OBJETIVOS: Determinar relación entre hipotiroidismo y plaguicidas en sangre. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de corte transversal, en agricultores y sus compañeros(as) permanentes en municipios productores de plátano y café. Se calculó muestra representativa. Se realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea, se utilizó un lector de ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus, en una longitud de onda 450 nm. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados, se implementó un método de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME) asistida por sonicación, y se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 819 participantes, 58,7% hombres y 41,3% mujeres; promedio de edad 48,1 años. Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto 1,2% y de hipotiroidismo subclínico 6,7%, mayor prevalencia en personas mayores de 60 años (2,6% y 8,9% respectivamente). Se encontró asociación no causal de hipotiroidismo subclínico con plaguicidas organoclorados 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptacloro (sig.0,04), y Endosulfán I (sig.0,02). Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (Anti TPO) ≥ 60 lU/ml se asociaron con h. subclínico, OR 2,6. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo hallada es similar a lo referido en la literatura, es menor que en áreas urbanas; la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico es mayor y con riesgo de progresión a hipotiroidismo franco cuando se relaciona con Anti-TPO positivos, razón por la cual se requiere seguimiento en estos pacientes. Se asociaron a h. subclínico 3 plaguicidas organoclorados. Se recomienda tamizaje de TSH en personas de 40 y más años sobre todo si están expuestas a los agroquímicos mencionados.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/induzido quimicamente , Café , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Hipotireoidismo/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Plantago , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/sangue , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/diagnóstico , Doenças Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Cromatografia Gasosa , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/diagnóstico , Hipotireoidismo/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Praguicidas/sangue , PrevalênciaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar relación entre hipotiroidismo y plaguicidas en sangre. Metodología Estudio de corte transversal, en agricultores y sus compañeros(as) permanentes en municipios productores de plátano y café. Se calculó muestra representativa. Se realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea, se utilizó un lector de ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus, en una longitud de onda 450 nm. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados, se implementó un método de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME) asistida por sonicación, y se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis. Resultados Se incluyeron 819 participantes, 58,7% hombres y 41,3% mujeres; promedio de edad 48,1 años. Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto 1,2% y de hipotiroidismo subclínico 6,7%, mayor prevalencia en personas mayores de 60 años (2,6% y 8,9% respectivamente). Se encontró asociación no causal de hipotiroidismo subclínico con plaguicidas organoclorados 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptacloro (sig.0,04), y Endosulfán I (sig.0,02). Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (Anti TPO) ≥ 60 lU/ml se asociaron con h. subclínico, OR 2,6. Conclusiones La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo hallada es similar a lo referido en la literatura, es menor que en áreas urbanas; la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico es mayor y con riesgo de progresión a hipotiroidismo franco cuando se relaciona con Anti-TPO positivos, razón por la cual se requiere seguimiento en estos pacientes. Se asociaron a h. subclínico 3 plaguicidas organoclorados. Se recomienda tamizaje de TSH en personas de 40 y más años sobre todo si están expuestas a los agroquímicos mencionados.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objectives To establish the correlation between hypothyroidism and blood pesticide levels. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study in agricultural workers and their permanent partners in plantain and coffee producing municipalities as reference population. A representative sample was estimated and thyroid function tests were performed using ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus reader, at a wavelength of 450 nm. Organochlorine pesticide residuality was determined, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by sonication was implemented, and a gas chromatography-micro-electron capture detector (GC-pECD) was used for the analysis. Results 819 participants, 58.7% men and 41.3% women were included; their average age was 48.1 years. Prevalence of symptomatic hypothyroidism (1.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (6.7%) was observed, with a higher prevalence in people older than 60 years (2.6% and 8.9%, respectively). Non-causal association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and the organochlorine pesticides 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptachlor (sig.0,04), and Endosulfan I (sig.0,02). Antiperoxidase (Anti TPO) antibodies ≥60 lU/ml were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (OR 2.6). Conclusions The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the studied population is similar to that reported in the literature, and lower than in urban areas. In turn, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher and positive anti-TPO values are related to risk of progression to frank hypothyroidism, which is why follow-up is required in these patients. Three organochlorine pesticides were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH screening is recommended in people aged 40 and over, especially if they are exposed to the aforementioned agrochemicals.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Disruptores Endócrinos , Inseticidas Organoclorados/efeitos adversos , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia , Endossulfano/sangue , Heptacloro/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its interrelationship with peroxidase antibodies and high urinary iodine levels as a means for devising a set of recommendations for health authorities regarding the consumption of iodised salt and the early detection of thyroid disease. METHODS: 437 people in the municipality of Armenia (Quindío) participated in the study. ELISA tests were performed for free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibodies; a photocolorimetric analysis was carried out to determine urinary iodine levels. RESULTS: Hypothyroidism prevalence was 18.5%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were positive in 28.9% of the study population, with significantly higher prevalence amongst those with levels > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone compared to 5.1 to 10 mIU/mL in those without it (OR 3.2) and smokers (O.R 3,4). Free thyroxine was normal in 98.2% of participants (> 5 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) and 92% in those in whom > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were found. The average iodine level was 565.1; levels above 300 µg/L were obtained in 81.8% of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Increased positive thyroid peroxidase antibody prevalence with increasing thyroid-stimulating hormone values could demonstrate a high risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism in Armenia; despite high iodine levels, a relationship with thyroid peroxidase antibodies or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels could not be established.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/epidemiologia , Iodo/urina , Tireoidite Autoimune/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/urina , Iodeto Peroxidase/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/sangue , Fumar/epidemiologia , Tireoidite Autoimune/sangue , Tireoidite Autoimune/urina , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Iodine nutritional status is measured by urinary iodine concentration thereby allowing risks involved in such deficiency or increase to be assessed. Studying the frequency of the risk of iodine deficiency disorders, or more than suitable iodine intake in schoolchildren from Quindío. METHODS: Urinary iodine concentration was measured in a casual urine sample taken from each subject; this study lasted from 2006 to 2007. RESULTS: Median urinary iodine was 272.4 microg/L in the 444 samples analysed. 11.9% of schoolchildren had normal urinary iodine, 28.8% had iodine deficiency and 11.5% of them had a severe deficit, 12.6% moderate deficit and 4.7% slight deficit. 59.3% presented a risk of excessive iodine intake. The range of iodine deficiency in boys was 31% and 26.6% in girls (no significant difference). No significant difference was found with age; however, there was a significant difference between economic levels 1 and 2 (p <0.000). Municipalities in rural areas had 100% iodine deficiency (median um < 100 microg/L) whilst those in the urban area (Armenia, Tebaida and The Caimo) had excessive iodine intake. CONCLUSIONS: The population being studied had severe iodine deficiencies (rural) and excessive intake (urban population), suggesting the absence or poor control of an iodization programme and additional exposure to factors causing iodine disorders. A programme is required for monitoring iodine disorders in the school population being studied.
Assuntos
Iodo/urina , Adolescente , Criança , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Determining intestinal parasite prevalence and their relationship with social and demographic risk factors, hygiene procedures and sanitation in pre-school children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n=220) of children aged 6 to 60 months, residing in social strata one, two and three type homes (N:1,993) from the urban area of the city of Calarcá. Both microscopic and macroscopic studies were carried out using Ritchie's test to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: 54.7% parasitism prevalence was found. Pathogenic parasites had the following prevalence frequencies: 36.4% Blastocystis hominis and 13% Giardia lamblia . Bivariate analysis found intestinal parasite association with lack of parasite control of domestic animals, having brothers and sisters and having received food different to milk from a baby's bottle. Anemia was studied in 209 children and 3.3% prevalence found. Low weight prevalence was 9.6% and 7.5% for obesity. CONCLUSIONS: A high Blastocystis prevalence was found in this group of preschool children residing in an urban setting and having good access to sanitary services. Controlling parasites on pets should be emphasized. This group of children should be submitted to periodical coprological analysis (once a year).
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivos Determinar la frecuencia de hipotiroidismo y su relación con anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y yoduria elevada, con la finalidad de realizar recomendaciones a las autoridades sanitarias sobre el consumo de sal yodada y detección temprana de enfermedad tiroidea. Métodos Participaron 437 personas de la población general de Armenia (Quindío). Se realizaron pruebas ELISA para Tiroxina-L, hormona estimulante de la tiroides, anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y análisis fotocolorimétrico para yoduria. Resultados La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo fue de 18,5 %. Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa fueron positivos en el 28,9 %, con prevalencia significativamente más alta entre aquellos con hormona estimulante de la tiroides mayor a 10 uUI/ml comparados con valores de 5,1 a 10 uUI/ml (O.R 3,2) y en fumadores (O.R 3,4). La Tiroxina-L fue normal en el 98,2 % de participantes con hormona estimulante de la tiroides mayor a 5 uUI/ml y en el 92 % de aquellos con valores mayores a 10 uUI/ml. El promedio de yoduria fue de 565,1; niveles por encima de 300 µg/l se obtuvieron en un 81,8 % de los participantes. Conclusiones El aumento en la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa positivo a medida que aumentan los valores de hormona estimulante de la tiroides podría evidenciar una elevado riesgo en Armenia de desarrollo de hipotiroidismo de origen autoinmune; a pesar de los elevados niveles de yoduria, no se logró establecer relación con los niveles de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa ni de hormona estimulante de la tiroides.
Objectives Determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its interrelationship with peroxidase antibodies and high urinary iodine levels as a means for devising a set of recommendations for health authorities regarding the consumption of iodised salt and the early detection of thyroid disease. Methods 437 people in the municipality of Armenia (Quindío) participated in the study. ELISA tests were performed for free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibodies; a photocolorimetric analysis was carried out to determine urinary iodine levels. Results Hypothyroidism prevalence was 18.5%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were positive in 28.9% of the study population, with significantly higher prevalence amongst those with levels > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone compared to 5.1 to 10 mIU/mL in those without it (OR 3.2) and smokers (O.R 3,4). Free thyroxine was normal in 98.2% of participants (> 5 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) and 92% in those in whom > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were found. The average iodine level was 565.1; levels above 300µg/L were obtained in 81.8% of the participants. Conclusions Increased positive thyroid peroxidase antibody prevalence with increasing thyroid-stimulating hormone values could demonstrate a high risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism in Armenia; despite high iodine levels, a relationship with thyroid peroxidase antibodies or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels could not be established.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/epidemiologia , Iodo/urina , Tireoidite Autoimune/epidemiologia , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/urina , Iodeto Peroxidase/imunologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/sangue , Fumar/epidemiologia , Tireoidite Autoimune/sangue , Tireoidite Autoimune/urina , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo Determinar prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal y su relación con factores de riesgo sociodemográficos, de saneamiento y prácticas de higiene. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio "cross sectional" en 220 niños entre 6 y 60 meses (N:1 993) asistentes a hogares infantiles de estrato uno y dos del área urbana de Calarcá (Colombia). Se estudió una muestra coprológica por método de concentración de Ritchie Resultados La prevalencia general de parasitismo entre los niños estudiados fue de un 54,7 por ciento. Se encontró una prevalencia de Blastocystis de 36,4 por ciento y de Giardia en 13,2 por ciento. Se encontraron como factores de riesgo asociados estadísticamente con el parasitismo: edad mayor a dos años, no desparasitar las mascotas, tener hermanos, y recibir alimentos en el tetero diferentes a la leche. Conclusiones Este estudio muestra una alta frecuencia de Blastocystis en niños preescolares de un centro urbano con buen acceso a servicios públicos. Es necesario hacer enfasís en los programas de control de zoonosis y la desparasitación de mascotas. Se recomienda la vigilancia periódica de parásitos por exámenes en estos niños.
Objectives Determining intestinal parasite prevalence and their relationship with social and demographic risk factors, hygiene procedures and sanitation in pre-school children. Material and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n=220) of children aged 6 to 60 months, residing in social strata one, two and three type homes (N:1,993) from the urban area of the city of Calarcá. Both microscopic and macroscopic studies were carried out using Ritchie's test to confirm the diagnosis. Results 54.7 percent parasitism prevalence was found. Pathogenic parasites had the following prevalence frequencies: 36.4 percent Blastocystis hominis and 13 percent Giardia lamblia . Bivariate analysis found intestinal parasite association with lack of parasite control of domestic animals, having brothers and sisters and having received food different to milk from a baby's bottle. Anemia was studied in 209 children and 3.3 percent prevalence found. Low weight prevalence was 9.6 percent and 7.5 percent for obesity. Conclusions A high Blastocystis prevalence was found in this group of preschool children residing in an urban setting and having good access to sanitary services. Controlling parasites on pets should be emphasized. This group of children should be submitted to periodical coprological analysis (once a year).
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo El estado nutricional de yodo se mide por la concentración de yodo urinario y permite evaluar los riesgos por deficiencia o aumento.Estudiar la frecuencia del riesgo de desordenes por deficiencia o por más de una adecuada ingesta de yodo en escolares del Quindío. Métodos La concentración de yodo urinario se midió en una muestra casual de orina tomada en cada sujeto entre el 2006-2007. Resultados En 444 muestras analizadas, la mediana de yoduria fue de 272,4 µg/L; 11,9 por ciento de los escolares tenían yoduria normal, 28,8 por ciento presentaron déficit de yodo, de estos 11,5 por ciento tenían déficit severo, 12,6 por ciento déficit moderado y 4,7 por ciento déficit leve. 59,3 por ciento presentaron riesgo por ingesta excesiva de yodo. El rango de déficit de yodo en los niños fue de 31 por ciento y en las niñas 26,6 por ciento sin diferencia significativa, tampoco se encontró diferencia significativa con la edad, pero si entre los estratos (p<0,000). Los municipios de las zonas rurales presentaron 100 por ciento de déficit de yodo (medianas <100 ug/L), mientras los de la zona urbana (Armenia, Tebaida y El Caimo) presentaron excesiva ingesta de yodo. Conclusiones: la población estudiada mostró severas deficiencias (zonas rurales) y excesiva ingesta de yodo (población urbana), sugiriendo ausencia o pobre control del programa de yodación y una exposición adicional a elementos causantes de desordenes de yodo. Se requiere un programa para el seguimiento de los desordenes de yodo en la población escolar estudiada.
Objective Iodine nutritional status is measured by urinary iodine concentration thereby allowing risks involved in such deficiency or increase to be assessed. Studying the frequency of the risk of iodine deficiency disorders, or more than suitable iodine intake in schoolchildren from Quindío. Methods Urinary iodine concentration was measured in a casual urine sample taken from each subject; this study lasted from 2006 to 2007. Results Median urinary iodine was 272.4 µg/L in the 444 samples analysed. 11.9 percent of schoolchildren had normal urinary iodine, 28.8 percent had iodine deficiency and 11.5 percent of them had a severe deficit, 12.6 percent moderate deficit and 4.7 percent slight deficit. 59.3 percent presented a risk of excessive iodine intake. The range of iodine deficiency in boys was 31 percent and 26.6 percent in girls (no significant difference). No significant difference was found with age; however, there was a significant difference between economic levels 1 and 2 (p <0.000). Municipalities in rural areas had 100 percent iodine deficiency (median um <100 ug/L) whilst those in the urban area (Armenia, Tebaida and The Caimo) had excessive iodine intake. Conclusions The population being studied had severe iodine deficiencies (rural) and excessive intake (urban population), suggesting the absence or poor control of an iodisation programme and additional exposure to factors causing iodine disorders. A programme is required for monitoring iodine disorders in the school population being studied.