A National Assessment of EMS Performance at the Response and Agency Level.

BACKGROUND: In 2019, the National EMS Quality Alliance (NEMSQA) established a suite of 11 evidence-based EMS quality measures, yet little is known regarding EMS performance on a national level. Our objective was to describe EMS performance at a response and agency level using the National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) dataset. METHODS: The 2019 NEMSIS research dataset of all EMS 9-1-1 responses in the United States was utilized to calculate 10 of 11 NEMSQA quality measures. Measure criteria and pseudocode was implemented to calculate the proportion meeting measure criteria and 95% confidence intervals across all encounters and for each anonymized agency. We omitted Pediatrics-03b because the NEMSIS national dataset does not report patient weight. Agency level analysis was subsequently stratified by call volume and urbanicity. RESULTS: Records from 9,679 agencies responding to 26,502,968 9-1-1 events were analyzed. Run-level average performance ranged from 12% for Safety-01 (encounter documented as initial response without the use of lights and siren to 82% for Pediatrics-02 (documented respiratory assessment in pediatric patients with respiratory distress) At the agency level, significant variation in measure performance existed by agency size and by urbanicity. At the individual agency performance analysis, Trauma-04 (trauma patients transported to trauma center) had the lowest agency-level performance with 47% of agencies reporting 0% of eligible runs with documented transport to a trauma center. CONCLUSION: There is a wide range of performance in key EMS quality measures across the United States that demonstrate a need to identify strategies to improve quality and equity of care in the prehospital environment, system performance and data collection.

Pandemic phase-related racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 positivity and outcomes among patients presenting to emergency departments during the first two pandemic waves in the USA.

BACKGROUND: In many countries including the USA, the UK and Canada, the impact of COVID-19 on people of colour has been disproportionately high but examination of disparities in patients presenting to ED has been limited. We assessed racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 positivity and outcomes in patients presenting to EDs in the USA, and the effect of the phase of the pandemic on these outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients tested for COVID-19 during, or 14 days prior to, the index ED visit in 2020. Data were obtained from the National Registry of Suspected COVID-19 in Emergency Care network which has data from 155 EDs across 27 US states. Hierarchical models were used to account for clustering by hospital. The outcomes included COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation at index visit, subsequent hospitalisation within 30 days and 30-day mortality. We further stratified the analysis by time period (early phase: March-June 2020; late phase: July-September 2020). RESULTS: Of the 26 111 adult patients, 38% were non-Hispanic White (NHW), 29% Black, 20% Hispanic/Latino, 3% Asian and 10% all others; half were female. The median age was 56 years (IQR 40-69), and 53% were diagnosed with COVID-19; of those, 59% were hospitalised at index visit. Of those discharged from ED, 47% had a subsequent hospitalisation in 30 days. Hispanic/Latino patients had twice (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.3; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.0) the odds of COVID-19 diagnosis than NHW patients, after adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities. Black, Asian and other minority groups also had higher odds of being diagnosed (compared with NHW patients). On stratification, this association was observed in both phases for Hispanic/Latino patients. Hispanic/Latino patients had lower odds of hospitalisation at index visit, but when stratified, this effect was only observed in early phase. Subsequent hospitalisation was more likely in Asian patients (aOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 8.7) in comparison with NHW patients. Subsequent ED visit was more likely in Blacks and Hispanic/Latino patients in late phase. CONCLUSION: We found significant differences in ED outcomes that are not explained by comorbidity burden. The gap decreased but persisted during the later phase in 2020.

Brief Risk Communication for Emergency Department Patients With Sustained Asymptomatic Hypertension.

INTRODUCTION: Sustained asymptomatic hypertension in ED patients is a powerful predictor of chronic uncontrolled hypertension. In this study, we assess the feasibility of using a storyboard video and communicating real-time cardiovascular imaging results on blood pressure control and primary care engagement. METHODS: This was a prospective observational exploratory sub-study. Following Institutional Review Board approval (#18-00197), 20 English-speaking adults in an urban emergency department with an initial blood pressure ≥160/100 mm Hg and a second blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg were enrolled. Patients watched a 60-second storyboard video about uncontrolled hypertension in the ED setting, featuring racially and ethnically diverse avatars. They then received a real-time bedside echocardiogram. Emergency nurses communicated the echocardiogram results using a standard script and advised follow-up within 2 weeks after discharge. Patient characteristics, blood pressure control, primary care engagement, and acceptability of the intervention were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks post-discharge. RESULTS: All 20 enrolled patients (mean age 55, 70% female, and 95% from underrepresented groups [30% Black, 50% Hispanic, and 15% Black and Hispanic]) exhibited subclinical heart disease on echocardiograms. Blood pressure control improved from baseline (systolic 166 mm Hg, diastolic 97 mm Hg) to 24 weeks (systolic 137 mm Hg, diastolic 78 mm Hg). Seventy percent of patients engaged with primary care post-discharge, and the intervention had high acceptability (94.8% approval). DISCUSSION: The Brief Risk Communication for ED patientswith sustained asymptomatic hypertension study demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of using a brief video and real-time cardiovascular imaging for risk communication in the emergency department. Future research will build on these findings with a larger, more comprehensive study.

Emergency Department Utilization Patterns in Patients with Opioid-Related Emergency Department Visits.

Opioid-related Emergency Department (ED) visits have surged over the past decade. There is limited data on ED utilization patterns of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). An improved understanding of utilization may underscore missed opportunities for screening, intervention and referral.This was a retrospective 2:1 matched case-control study conducted at a single urban ED. Cases were patients with an opioid-related index ED visit from June 1, 2017 to May 31, 2018. Controls were patients with a non-opioid related index ED visit from June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019. The primary outcome was the association between the number of ED visits in the 24-month period surrounding the index visit (12 months prior and 12 months following) and having an opioid-related index ED visit.There were a total of 224 cases. One or more visits preceding (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.26) and following the index visit (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.91, 3.78) was significantly associated with case status. Following adjustment, a higher number of visits preceding (aOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.43) and following the index visit (aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.57) remained significantly associated with case status.Patients with an opioid-related index ED visit had significantly higher rates of ED utilization 12 months before and after the index visit when compared to a matched control population. These findings suggest that there are significant opportunities for ED intervention and referral to treatment both prior to and following an opioid-related ED visit in this patient population.

AiRDose: Developing and Validating an Augmented Reality Smartphone Application for Weight Estimation and Dosing in Children.

OBJECTIVES: Inaccurate weight estimation is a contributing factor to medical error in pediatric emergencies, especially in the prehospital setting. Current American Heart Association guidelines recommend the use of length-based weight estimation tools such as the Broselow tape. We developed the AiRDose smartphone application that uses augmented reality to provide length-based weight estimates, as well as medication dosing, defibrillation energy, and equipment sizing recommendations; AiRDose was programmed to use Broselow conversions to obtain these estimates. The primary objective was to compare the length estimated by AiRDose with the actual length obtained by the standard tape measure. The secondary objectives were to compare the estimated weights and critical medication doses from AiRDose with current established methods. METHODS: In this prospective validation study, lengths and estimated weights were obtained for children presenting to 2 emergency departments using AiRDose, Broselow, and a standard tape measure; actual weight was recorded from the patient chart. Using the AiRDose estimated weights, hypothetical doses of epinephrine and lorazepam were calculated and compared with doses recommended via Broselow and to actual weight-based doses. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated. We defined an acceptable difference of 20% between AiRDose and standard measurements as clinically relevant. RESULTS: Five hundred forty-nine children (mean age, 4.8 years; standard deviation [SD], 2.9 years) were recruited. There were 99.6% of AiRDose lengths within a 20% difference of tape-measure lengths. There was a significant correlation between AiRDose and tape-measure length measurements (r = 0.989, P < 0.0001), and between AiRDose and Broselow weights (r = 0.983, P < 0.0001) and AiRDose and actual weights (r = 0.886, P < 0.0001). AiRDose lorazepam and epinephrine doses correlated significantly with Broselow lorazepam (r = 0.963, P < 0.0001) and epinephrine (r = 0.966, P < 0.0001) doses. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric estimates and medication dose recommendations provided by AiRDose strongly correlate with established techniques. Further study will establish the feasibility of using AiRDose to accurately obtain weight estimates and medication doses for pediatric patients in the prehospital setting.

Nontargeted Hepatitis C Screening in an Urban Emergency Department in New York City.

BACKGROUND: Previously the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended targeted hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening for adults born between 1945 and 1965 and individuals with HCV risk factors. In April 2020, the CDC updated their recommendations to now include all individuals 18 years of age and older in settings with HCV prevalence > 0.1%. Few emergency departments (EDs) currently employ this nontargeted screening approach. OBJECTIVES: We examined how a shift from targeted to nontargeted screening might affect HCV case identification. We hypothesized that nontargeted screening could improve HCV case identification in our ED. METHODS: Retrospective review of prospectively collected nontargeted screening data from June 6, 2018 to June 5, 2019 in a large urban academic ED. Patients 18 years of age and older, triaged to the adult or pediatric ED and able to provide consent for HCV testing, were eligible for study inclusion. RESULTS: There were 83,864 ED visits and 40,282 unique patients deemed eligible for HCV testing. Testing occurred in 10,630 (26.4%) patients, of which 638 (6%) had positive HCV antibody (Ab+) tests and 214 (2%) had a positive viral load (VL+). Birth cohort-targeted screening would have identified 48% of the patients with Ab+ tests and 47% of those who were VL+. Risk-based targeted screening would increase the number of Ab+ patients to 67% and VL+ to 72%. CONCLUSIONS: Nontargeted ED-based HCV screening can identify a large number of patients with HCV infection. A shift from targeted to nontargeted screening may result in fewer missed infections but requires further study.

System Level Informatics to Improve Triage Practices for Sickle Cell Disease Vaso-Occlusive Crisis: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute guidelines for the treatment of vaso-occlusive crisis among people with sickle cell disease in the emergency department recommend assigning an emergency severity index of 2 at triage. However, patients with sickle cell disease often do not receive guideline-concordant care at triage. To address this gap, a decision support tool was developed, in the form of a text banner on the triage page in the electronic health record system, visible to triage nurses. METHODS: A prospective quality improvement initiative was designed where the emergency severity index clinical decision support tool was deployed to a stratified random sample of emergency department triage nurses to receive the banner (n = 24) or not to receive the banner (n = 27), reminding them to assign the patient to emergency severity index category 2. The acceptability of the emergency severity index clinical decision support tool was evaluated with the Ottawa Acceptability of Decision Rules Instrument. Descriptive and bivariate (chi-square test) statistics were used to characterize the study's primary outcome, proportion of visits assigned an emergency severity index of 2 or higher. A generalized linear mixed model with clustering at the level of the triage nurse was performed to test the association between the banner intervention and triage practices. RESULTS: A total of 384 ED visits were included for analysis. Before study initiation, the percentage of sickle cell disease patients' visits with the proper emergency severity index assignment at triage was 37.04%. After initiation, the proportion of sickle cell disease patients' visits with an emergency severity index of 2 or higher triaged by nurses in the intervention group was markedly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (64.95% vs 35.05%; χ2 = 8.79, P ≤ .003). Accounting for clustering by nurse, the odds ratio for proper triage emergency severity index assignment was 3.22 (95% confidence interval 1.17-8.85; P ≤ .02) for the intervention versus control. Surveyed triage nurses reported the emergency severity index clinical decision support tool to be moderately acceptable (nurses' mean Ottawa Acceptability of Decision Rules Instrument scores ranged from 4.13 to 4.90 on the 6-point scale; n = 11). There were no differences in ED experience outcomes including time to first analgesic or length of stay between the control and intervention groups. CONCLUSION: Substantial improvements in triage guideline concordance were achieved and sustained without direct nursing education.

Prevalence of Intracranial Injury in Adult Patients With Blunt Head Trauma With and Without Anticoagulant or Antiplatelet Use.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We determine the prevalence of significant intracranial injury among adults with blunt head trauma who are receiving preinjury anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted from December 2007 to December 2015. Patients were enrolled in 3 emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. Adults with blunt head trauma who underwent neuroimaging in the ED were included. Use of preinjury aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin was recorded. Data on direct oral anticoagulants were not specifically recorded. The primary outcome was prevalence of significant intracranial injury on neuroimaging. The secondary outcome was receipt of neurosurgical intervention. RESULTS: Among 9,070 patients enrolled in this study, the median age was 53.8 years (interquartile range 34.7 to 74.3 years) and 60.7% were men. A total of 1,323 patients (14.6%) were receiving antiplatelet medications or warfarin, including 635 receiving aspirin alone, 109 clopidogrel alone, and 406 warfarin alone. Compared with that of patients without any coagulopathy, the relative risk of significant intracranial injury was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88 to 1.87) for patients receiving aspirin alone, 0.75 (95% CI 0.24 to 2.30) for those receiving clopidogrel alone, and 1.88 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.75) for those receiving warfarin alone. The relative risk of significant intracranial injury was 2.88 (95% CI 1.53 to 5.42) for patients receiving aspirin and clopidogrel in combination. CONCLUSION: Patients receiving preinjury warfarin or a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel were at increased risk for significant intracranial injury, but not those receiving aspirin alone. Clinicians should have a low threshold for neuroimaging when evaluating patients receiving warfarin or a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel.

Retrospective Cohort Study of Rates of Return Emergency Department Visits Among Patients Transported Home by Ambulance.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is an important resource that interacts with our most vulnerable patients during transport home after hospital discharge. EMS providers may be appropriately situated to support the transition of care to the home environment. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether patients transported home by ambulance experience higher rates of return emergency department (ED) visits and readmission compared with similar patients transported home by other means. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a U.S. tertiary care academic hospital. Patients aged 65 years and over transported home via ambulance after hospital discharge between January and March 2012 were included. Rates of 72-h and 30-day ED revisits and 30-day hospital readmissions were calculated. Odds ratios were calculated and revisit rates between groups were compared. RESULTS: There were 207 patients aged 65 and over transported home by ambulance. Matched controls were found for 162 patients. Compared with the matched controls, the exposed group experienced a statistically significant higher rate of 30-day ED returns (18.519% vs. 10.494%; odds ratio [OR] 1.939; p = 0.043). The exposed group also experienced a higher rate of 72-h ED returns (2.469% vs. 0.617%; OR 4.076) and 30-day readmissions (12.346% vs. 6.173%; OR 2.141), though results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that transport home via ambulance after hospital discharge could be predictive of a high risk of recidivism independent of established readmission risk factors. Programs that expand the role of EMS to include post-transport interventions may warrant further exploration.

Expanding Health Information Exchange Improves Identification of Frequent Emergency Department Users.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Frequent emergency department (ED) users are of interest to policymakers and hospitals. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of health information exchange size on the identification of frequent ED users. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from Healthix, a health information exchange in New York that previously included 10 hospitals and then grew to 31 hospitals. We divided patients into 3 cohorts: high-frequency ED users with 4 or more visits in any 30-day period, medium-frequency ED users with 4 or more visits in any year, and infrequent ED users with fewer than 4 visits in any year. For both the smaller (10-hospital) and larger (31-hospital) health information exchanges, we compared the identification rate of frequent ED users that was based on hospital-specific data with the corresponding rates that were based on health information exchange data. RESULTS: The smaller health information exchange (n=1,696,279 unique ED patients) identified 11.4% more high-frequency users (33,467 versus 30,057) and 9.5% more medium-frequency users (109,497 versus 100,014) than the hospital-specific data. The larger health information exchange (n=3,684,999) identified 19.6% more high-frequency patients (52,727 versus 44,079) and 18.2% more medium-frequency patients (222,574 versus 192,541) than the hospital-specific data. Expanding from the smaller health information exchange to the larger one, we found an absolute increase of 8.2% and 8.7% identified high- and medium-frequency users, respectively. CONCLUSION: Increasing health information exchange size more accurately reflects how patients access EDs and ultimately improves not only the total number of identified frequent ED users but also their identification rate.

Bouncing Back Elsewhere: Multilevel Analysis of Return Visits to the Same or a Different Hospital After Initial Emergency Department Presentation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Analyses of 72-hour emergency department (ED) return visits are frequently used for quality assurance purposes and have been proposed as a means of measuring provider performance. These analyses have traditionally examined only patients returning to the same hospital as the initial visit. We use a health information exchange network to describe differences between ED visits resulting in 72-hour revisits to the same hospital and those resulting in revisits to a different site. METHODS: We examined data from a 31-hospital health information exchange of all ED visits during a 5-year period to identify 72-hour return visits and collected available encounter, patient, and hospital variables. Next, we used multilevel analysis of encounter-level, patient-level, and hospital-level data to describe differences between initial ED visits resulting in different-site and same-site return visits. RESULTS: We identified 12,621,159 patient visits to the 31 study EDs, including 841,259 same-site and 107,713 different-site return visits within 72 hours of initial ED presentation. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the initial-visit characteristics' predictive relationship that any return visit would be at a different site: daytime visit (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.12), patient-hospital county concordance (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.36 to 1.44), male sex (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.24 to 1.30), aged 65 years or older (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.57), sites with an ED residency (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.43), sites at an academic hospital (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.15), sites with high density of surrounding EDs (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.68 to 1.77), and sites with a high frequency of same-site return visits (OR 0.10; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.11). CONCLUSION: This analysis describes how ED encounters with early revisits to the same hospital differ from those with revisits to a second hospital. These findings challenge the use of single-site return-visit frequency as a quality measure, and, more constructively, describe how hospitals can use health information exchange to more accurately identify early ED return visits and to support programs related to these revisits.

National Assessment of Quality Programs in Emergency Medical Services.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand the adoption of clinical quality measurement throughout the United States on an EMS agency level, the features of agencies that do participate in quality measurement, and the level of physician involvement. It also aims to barriers to implementing quality improvement initiatives in EMS. METHODS: A 46-question survey was developed to gather agency level data on current quality improvement practices and measurement. The survey was distributed nationally via State EMS Offices to EMS agencies nation-wide using Surveymonkey©. A convenience sample of respondents was enrolled between August and November, 2015. Univariate, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to describe demographics and relationships between outcomes of interest and their covariates using SAS 9.3©. RESULTS: A total of 1,733 surveys were initiated and 1,060 surveys had complete or near-complete responses. This includes agencies from 45 states representing over 6.23 million 9-1-1 responses annually. Totals of 70.5% (747) agencies reported dedicated QI personnel, 62.5% (663) follow clinical metrics and 33.3% (353) participate in outside quality or research program. Medical director hours varied, notably, 61.5% (649) of EMS agencies had <5 hours of medical director time per month. Presence of medical director time was correlated with tracking of QI measures. Air medical [OR 9.64 (1.13, 82.16)] and hospital-based EMS agencies [OR 2.49 (1.36, 4.59)] were more likely to track quality measures compared to fire-based agencies. Agencies in rural only environments were less likely to follow clinical quality metrics. (OR 0.47 CI 0.31 -0.72 p < 0.0004). For those that track QI measures, the most common are; Response Time (Emergency) (68.3%), On-Scene Time (66.4%), prehospital stroke screen (64.6%), aspirin administration (64.5%), and 12 lead ECG in chest pain patients (63.0%). CONCLUSIONS: EMS agencies in the United States have significant practice variability with regard to quality improvement resources, medical direction and specific clinical quality measures. More research is needed to understand the impact of this variation on patient care outcomes.

The role of reduced heart rate volatility in predicting disposition from the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: Heart rate volatility (HRVO) is a physiological parameter that is believed to reflect the sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system. We explored the utility of HRVO as a predictive tool for declining physiological states, hypothesising that patients admitted from the resuscitation area of the ED to a high-dependency unit (HDU) experience low HRVO compared with patients who did not. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed HR data recordings, medical charts and disposition decisions from the ED of patients who were admitted to the five resuscitation beds in our adult ED between 29 April 2014 and 30 May 2015. HRVO was calculated for each 5 min interval; it was measured as the SD of all HRs within that interval. Logistic regression was used to model the odds of admission to a HDU given low HRVO during ED stay. RESULTS: HR data from 2051 patients was collected and approximately 7 million HR data points were analysed. 402 patients experienced low HRVO. Patients who experienced low HRVO during their ED stay were twice as likely to be admitted to a HDU from the ED (OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.60; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our result provides additional evidence supporting previously published data indicating that autonomic nervous system measures such as HRVO could serve as important and useful clinical tools in the early triage of critically ill patients in the ED.

Iron depletion in HCT116 cells diminishes the upregulatory effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate on heme oxygenase-1.

Some of the health-promoting properties of cruciferous vegetables are thought to be partly attributed to isothiocyanates. These phytochemicals can upregulate the expression of certain cytoprotective stress genes, but it is unknown if a particular nutrient is involved. Herein, the objective was to ascertain if adequate iron is needed for enabling HCT116 cells to optimally express heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) when induced by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). PEITC increased HO-1 expression and also nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which is a transcription factor known to activate the HO-1 gene. However, in HCT116 cells that were made iron-deficient by depleting intracellular iron with deferoxamine (DFO), PEITC was less able to increase HO-1 expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. These suppressive effects of DFO were overcome by replenishing the iron-deficient cells with the missing iron. To elucidate these findings, it was found that PEITC-induced HO-1 upregulation can be inhibited with thiol antioxidants (glutathione and N-acetylcysteine). Furthermore, NADPH oxidase inhibitors (diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin) and a superoxide scavenger (Tiron) each inhibited PEITC-induced HO-1 upregulation. In doing so, diphenyleneiodonium was the most potent and also inhibited nuclear translocation of redox-sensitive Nrf2. Collectively, the results imply that the HO-1 upregulation by PEITC involves an iron-dependent, oxidant signaling pathway. Therefore, it is concluded that ample iron is required to enable PEITC to fully upregulate HO-1 expression in HCT116 cells. As such, it is conceivable that iron-deficient individuals may not reap the full health benefits of eating PEITC-containing cruciferous vegetables that via HO-1 may help protect against multiple chronic diseases.

Patient Perspectives on EMS Alternate Destination Models.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that a large number of ambulance transports to emergency departments (ED) could have been safely treated in an alternative environment, prompting interest in the development of more patient-centered models for prehospital care. We examined patient attitudes, perspectives, and agreement/comfort with alternate destinations and other proposed innovations in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) care delivery and determined whether demographic, socioeconomic, acuity, and EMS utilization history factors impact levels of agreement. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on a convenience sample of patients and caregivers presenting to an urban academic ED between July 2012 and May 2013. Respondents were surveyed on levels of agreement with 13 statements corresponding to various aspects of a proposed patient-centered emergency response system including increased EMS access to healthcare records, shared decision making with the patient and/or primary care physician, transport to alternative destinations, and relative importance of EMS assessment versus transportation. Information on demographic and socioeconomic factors, level of acuity, and EMS utilization history were also determined via survey and chart review. Responses were analyzed descriptively and compared across patient characteristics using chi-square and regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 621 patients were enrolled. The percentage of patients who agreed or strongly agreed with each of the 13 statements ranged from 48.2 to 93.8%. About 86% agreed with increased EMS access to healthcare records; approximately 72% agreed with coordinating disposition decisions with a primary physician; and about 58% supported transport to alternative destinations for low acuity conditions. No association was found between levels of agreement and the patient's level of acuity or EMS utilization history. Only Black or Hispanic race showed isolated associations with lower rates of agreement with some aspects of an innovative EMS care delivery model. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients surveyed in this cross sectional study agreed with a more patient-centered approach to prehospital care where a 9-1-1 call could be met with a variety of treatment and transportation options. Agreement was relatively consistent among a diverse group of patients with varying demographics, levels of acuity and EMS utilization history. MeSH Key words: emergency medical services; triage; telemedicine; surveys and questionnaires; transportation of patients.

Genotoxic effect of ethacrynic acid and impact of antioxidants.

It is known that ethacrynic acid (EA) decreases the intracellular levels of glutathione. Whether the anticipated oxidative stress affects the structural integrity of DNA is unknown. Therefore, DNA damage was assessed in EA-treated HCT116 cells, and the impact of several antioxidants was also determined. EA caused both concentration-dependent and time-dependent DNA damage that eventually resulted in cell death. Unexpectedly, the DNA damage caused by EA was intensified by either ascorbic acid or trolox. In contrast, EA-induced DNA damage was reduced by N-acetylcysteine and by the iron chelator, deferoxamine. In elucidating the DNA damage, it was determined that EA increased the production of reactive oxygen species, which was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine but not by ascorbic acid and trolox. Also, EA decreased glutathione levels, which were inhibited by N-acetylcysteine. But, ascorbic acid, trolox, and deferoxamine neither inhibited nor enhanced the capacity of EA to decrease glutathione. Interestingly, the glutathione synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoxime, lowered glutathione to a similar degree as EA, but no noticeable DNA damage was found. Nevertheless, buthionine sulfoxime potentiated the glutathione-lowering effect of EA and intensified the DNA damage caused by EA. Additionally, in examining redox-sensitive stress gene expression, it was found that EA increased HO-1, GADD153, and p21mRNA expression, in association with increased nuclear localization of Nrf-2 and p53 proteins. In contrast to ascorbic acid, trolox, and deferoxamine, N-acetylcysteine suppressed the EA-induced upregulation of GADD153, although not of HO-1. Overall, it is concluded that EA has genotoxic properties that can be amplified by certain antioxidants.

Effect of antioxidants on the genotoxicity of phenethyl isothiocyanate.

Isothiocyanates are plant-derived compounds that may be beneficial in the prevention of certain chronic diseases. Yet, by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), isothiocyanates can be genotoxic. Whether antioxidants influence isothiocyanate-induced genotoxicity is unclear, but this situation was clarified appreciably herein. In HCT116 cells, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) increased ROS production, which was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and deferoxamine (DFO) but not by ascorbic acid (ASC) and trolox (TRX) that were found to be more potent radical scavengers. Surprisingly, ASC and TRX each intensified the DNA damage that was caused by PEITC, but neither ASC nor TRX by themselves caused any DNA damage. In contrast, NAC and DFO each not only attenuated PEITC-induced DNA damage but also attenuated the antioxidant-intensified, PEITC-induced DNA damage. To determine if the DNA damage could be related to possible changes in the major antioxidant defence system, glutathione (GSH) was investigated. PEITC lowered GSH levels, which was prevented by NAC, whereas ASC, TRX and DFO neither inhibited nor enhanced the GSH-lowering effect of PEITC. The GSH synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulphoxime, intensified PEITC-induced DNA damage, although by itself buthionine sulphoxime did not directly cause DNA damage. The principal findings suggest that ASC and TRX make PEITC more genotoxic, which might be exploited in killing cancer cells as one approach in killing cancer cells is to extensively damage their DNA so as to initiate apoptosis.

Patient Factors Associated With Prolonged Length of Stay After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background For traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors, recovery can lead to significant time spent in the inpatient/rehabilitation settings. Hospital length of stay (LOS) after TBI is a crucial metric of resource utilization and treatment costs. Risk factors for prolonged LOS (PLOS) after TBI require further characterization. Methodology We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with diagnosed TBI at an urban trauma center. PLOS was defined as the 95th percentile of the LOS of the cohort. Patients with and without PLOS were compared using clinical/injury factors. Analyses included descriptive statistics, non-parametric analyses, and multivariable logistic regression for PLOS status. Results The threshold for PLOS was >24 days. In the cohort of 1,343 patients, 77 had PLOS. PLOS was significantly associated with longer mean intensive care unit (ICU) stays (16.4 vs. 1.5 days), higher mean injury severity scores (18.6 vs. 13.8), lower mean Glasgow coma scale scores (11.3 vs. 13.7) and greater mean complication burden (0.7 vs. 0.1). PLOS patients were more likely to have moderate/severe TBI, Medicaid insurance, and were less likely to be discharged home. In the regression model, PLOS was associated with ICU stay, inpatient disposition, ventilator use, unplanned intubation, and inpatient alcohol withdrawal. Conclusions TBI patients with PLOS were more likely to have severe injuries, in-hospital complications, and Medicaid insurance. PLOS was predicted by ICU stay, intubation, alcohol withdrawal, and disposition to inpatient/post-acute care facilities. Efforts to reduce in-hospital complications and expedite discharge may reduce LOS and accompanying costs. Further validation of these results is needed from larger multicenter studies.

A Decade in Review: Trends in Female Authorship in Peer-Reviewed Toxicology Journals.

BACKGROUND: Gender diversity in both emergency medicine and medical toxicology has grown over the last decade. However, disparities in promotion, awards, and speakership still exist. No studies have examined gender disparities in authorship in medical toxicology journals. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Does the proportion of female first authors and female senior authors in medical toxicology publications increase over time? What factors predict female authorship in the first author or last author positions in two major medical toxicology journals? METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all non-abstract publications in two medical toxicology journals, Clinical Toxicology and Journal of Medical Toxicology, between 2011 and 2020. We collected author names, number of authors, publication type, and publication year. Author names were used to identify author gender using Gender-API integrative tool. Data on the percentages of female medical toxicology fellows and medical toxicologists was provided by the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM). RESULTS: A total of 2212 publications were reviewed and 2171 (97.9%) were included in the dataset. Overall, 31.7% of first authors were identified as female and 67.0% were identified as male by the Gender-API tool. There were 46.8% male-male author dyads, 24.2% female-male author dyads, 12.1% male-female author dyads, and 5.7% female-female author dyads. Predictors of female first authorship included research and case report articles, and percentage of ABEM female toxicologists. Predictors of female senior authorship included number of authors and percentage of ABEM female toxicologists. The proportion of female authorship in both categories increased over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of female authorship in the first author position has grown over the last decade and is associated with increasing female representation in medical toxicology and specific manuscript subtypes, specifically research manuscripts.

Substance Use among Youth Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to determine the frequency and type of substance use in youth presenting to our pediatric ED (PED). Our secondary objective was to identify characteristics associated with higher-risk substance use. METHODS: We conducted a tablet-based, anonymous, self-administered screening for substance use using a modified version of the Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI) tool among a convenience sample of 383 patients 12-21 years presenting to an urban, academic PED from February to July 2023. Patients' attitudes toward ED screening and interventions for substance use also were collected. The frequency and type of substance use was analyzed by age group. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with higher-risk use (monthly or more substance use) and lower-risk use (past year use), as compared to no past year use. RESULTS: Among 14-17-year-olds (n = 144), 38% reported substance use in the past year; 25% had higher-risk use. Among 18-21-year-olds (n = 172), 67% reported substance use in the past year; 48% had higher-risk use. Alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco were most commonly used. Substance use was rare for 12-13-year-olds. Compared to youth 14-17 years, youth 18-21 years were more likely to have either higher-risk use (aOR 3.81, 95% CI (2.24-6.47)) or lower-risk use (aOR 2.74 (1.41-5.35)), rather than no use. Compared to Asian patients, Non-Hispanic White patients (aOR 5.23 (1.07-25.66)) and Hispanic patients (aOR 3.18 (1.06-9.58)) were more likely to have higher-risk use than no use. Most patients reported that it was important for youth to be asked about substance use in the ED and to be offered help for substance use. CONCLUSION: Youth substance use was common in this urban, academic PED, and many patients reported higher-risk use. These findings support future research to determine the best practices for ED substance use screening and ED-based interventions for youth.