Global Study of Social Odor Awareness.

Olfaction plays an important role in human social communication, including multiple domains in which people often rely on their sense of smell in the social context. The importance of the sense of smell and its role can however vary inter-individually and culturally. Despite the growing body of literature on differences in olfactory performance or hedonic preferences across the globe, the aspects of a given culture as well as culturally universal individual differences affecting odor awareness in human social life remain unknown. Here, we conducted a large-scale analysis of data collected from 10 794 participants from 52 study sites from 44 countries all over the world. The aim of our research was to explore the potential individual and country-level correlates of odor awareness in the social context. The results show that the individual characteristics were more strongly related than country-level factors to self-reported odor awareness in different social contexts. A model including individual-level predictors (gender, age, material situation, education, and preferred social distance) provided a relatively good fit to the data, but adding country-level predictors (Human Development Index, population density, and average temperature) did not improve model parameters. Although there were some cross-cultural differences in social odor awareness, the main differentiating role was played by the individual differences. This suggests that people living in different cultures and different climate conditions may still share some similar patterns of odor awareness if they share other individual-level characteristics.

Automatic processes moderate the association between reflective processes and movement behavior: A cross-sectional study.

Dual-process theories postulate that both reflective and automatic processes regulate health behavior. Further research is required to test the basic postulates of dual-process theories. We investigated the direct associations and moderating effect between automatic processes and multiple indicators of reflective processes on various levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior assessed using accelerometry in adults who were not participating in regular physical exercise programs. This cross-sectional study included 257 adults. Each participant completed a computerized test for automatic associations, a set of questions assessing reflective processes, a seven-day assessment using accelerometers to determine their levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior. The results showed a direct relationship between perceived benefits (B = 15.90, p = 0.043), perceived cons (B = -12.81, p = 0.034), decisional intention (B = -0.07, p = 0.049) with light physical activity, and self-efficacy with daily steps (B = 485.71, p = 0.008). There was a positive association between intention strength and daily steps when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 623.36, LLCI = 79.09, ULCI = 1167.62, p = 0.025); a negative association between self-efficacy and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored sedentary behavior (b = -25.73, LLCI = -49.77, ULCI = -1.70, p = 0.035); and a positive association between intention strength and sedentary behavior when implicit associations favored physical activity (b = 34.18, LLCI = 8.81, ULCI = 59.56, p = 0.008). These findings underscore the importance of considering the interplay between reflective and automatic processes in shaping movement behavior.

Individual differences guide mate choice in the fighting fish (Betta splendens).

Individual differences in behavior are observed in the variety of ways animals respond to environmental challenges, interact in a social group, take risks to access a resource, and so forth. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral reactions of male and female Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) in different contexts and how they affect female mate choice. A total of 100 females and 50 males were classified according to boldness, sociability, and aggression, and then female mate choice was observed based on male profile and body color. Our results showed sex-related differences in Siamese fighting fish behavioral profiles: Males exhibited a higher correlation with aggression and females with boldness. Both male and female behavioral profile affected female mate choice. Females preferred bold red and nonaggressive red males. Sex-related differences in behavioral profiles may reflect ecological differences between male and female Siamese fighting fish. Female mate choice could be related to behavioral profiles that indicate better parental care, as male features may influence parental care decisions and the development of offspring behavioral profiles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Eating Behavior-A Longitudinal Study.

As social animals, humans need to live in groups. This contact with conspecifics is essential for their evolution and survival. Among the recommendations to reduce transmission of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 are social distancing and home confinement. These measures may negatively affect the social life and, consequently, the emotional state and eating behavior of individuals. We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety, premenstrual symptoms, and eating behavior of young women. Data collection was conducted in person (prepandemic-from March to December 2019) and online (during the pandemic-August 2020). A total of 71 participants, average age of 21.26 years (SD = 0.41), took part in the study. Trait anxiety during the pandemic was significantly lower than in the prepandemic period. Investigation of the "anxiety/stress" symptom of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) revealed that this symptom was more severe before the pandemic. There was a decline in the desire for sweet and fatty foods during the pandemic. However, craving for traditional foods rose significantly in the same period. Uncontrolled and emotional eating were significantly lower during the pandemic. The results suggest that the pandemic may have had a positive impact on anxiety and eating behavior of the participants, which may be due to differences between urban and rural populations and the latter living with their families. These findings are important for raising a discussion regarding the effects of the current environment on the regulation of cognitive and dietary adaptations.

Male Mating Expectations in Brazilian and American Samples.

This study aims to investigate assortative mating based on mate value from male perspective. Male participants (132 Brazilian and 106 American) evaluated hypothetical "stimulus" males described in terms of physical attractiveness, social skills, and social status (each varied in high or low levels). Participants rated each stimulus and each stimulus' preferred mating partner on nine traits. The results showed that (1) positive assortative mating was expected in romantic relationships; (2) the stimulus ratings did not vary independently, suggesting that mate value is the result of the interaction of the characteristics of individuals; and (3) that participants expected physically attractive and healthier female partners to pair with high-status male stimuli. The American and Brazilian mating expectations were similar, minor differences indicate that Brazilian participants considered men with high levels of social skills to be more ambitious and intelligent; American participants expected men of high status to be healthier; Brazilians expect men of high status to have more attractive faces, while Americans expected these men to possess more attractive bodies; and Brazilian participants assigned more attractive bodies to men of lower status. These differences reflect the influence of economic and cultural factors on the local environment. The study contributes to the understanding of the construction of market value and reveals that male expectations are in line with human mating preferences. The investigation of mating expectations can be a rich approach to investigate socio-cultural aspects that are related to mating in different cultures.

The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study.

OBJECTIVE: Theories about how couples help each other to cope with stress, such as the systemic transactional model of dyadic coping, suggest that the cultural context in which couples live influences how their coping behavior affects their relationship satisfaction. In contrast to the theoretical assumptions, a recent meta-analysis provides evidence that neither culture, nor gender, influences the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, at least based on their samples of couples living in North America and West Europe. Thus, it is an open questions whether the theoretical assumptions of cultural influences are false or whether cultural influences on couple behavior just occur in cultures outside of the Western world. METHOD: In order to examine the cultural influence, using a sample of married individuals (N = 7973) from 35 nations, we used multilevel modeling to test whether the positive association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies across nations and whether gender might moderate the association. RESULTS: RESULTS reveal that the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies between nations. In addition, results show that in some nations the association is higher for men and in other nations it is higher for women. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural and gender differences across the globe influence how couples' coping behavior affects relationship outcomes. This crucial finding indicates that couple relationship education programs and interventions need to be culturally adapted, as skill trainings such as dyadic coping lead to differential effects on relationship satisfaction based on the culture in which couples live.

Corrigendum: The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study.

[This corrects the article on p. 1106 in vol. 7, PMID: 27551269.].

Nível Socioeconômico e Autopercepção como Parceiro Romântico no Ambiente Universitário / Nivel Económico y Auto-Percepción como una Pareja Romántica en el Ámbito Universitario / Socioeconomic Level and Self-Perception as a Romantic Partner in a University Setting

Resumo De acordo com a perspectiva da Psicologia Evolucionista, existem diferentes padrões de preferência sexual para homens e mulheres. Sabe-se que essas preferências são moduladas pela autopercepção dos indivíduos e que o contexto, por sua vez, pode afetar a mesma. O presente trabalho buscou verificar se o contexto econômico, indicado pelo poder aquisitivo, afeta a autopercepção como parceiro romântico. Para isso, 316 universitários responderam um questionário indicando sua classificação socioeconômica e autopercepção como parceiro romântico. Os resultados indicaram que a autopercepção da condição financeira diferiu de acordo com o nível socioeconômico. Contudo, diferença com relação à percepção da atratividade geral foi maior em homens de classe A comparado a mulheres da mesma classe, enquanto que para a característica determinado/trabalhador houve diferença entre sexos, na qual mulheres avaliaram-se melhor que homens. Os resultados dão suporte à Teoria do Pluralismo Estratégico ao indicar que o ambiente pode influenciar o processo de seleção de parceiros por aumentar a atratividade geral percebida de homens de maior nível socioeconômico em relação aos outros grupos da amostra. Além disso, os resultados sugerem a desigualdade entre os sexos na autopercepção como parceiro romântico.

Resumen De acuerdo con la perspectiva de la Psicología Evolutiva, hay diferentes estándares de preferencias sexuales para hombres y mujeres. Se sabe que estas preferencias son moduladas por la autopercepción de la persona y el contexto, a su vez, puede afectar a la autopercepción. Este estudio buscó determinar si el contexto económico, indicado por el poder adquisitivo afecta a la autopercepción como pareja romántica. Para tal, 316 estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario indicando su clasificación socioeconómica y la autopercepción como pareja romántica. Los resultados indicaron que la autopercepción de la condición financiera difiere según el nivel socioeconómico. Sin embargo, las diferencias en cuanto a la percepción del atractivo general fue mayor en hombres de classe A en comparación con las mujeres de la misma clase, mientras que para la característica determinado/trabajador hubo diferencias entre los sexos, en la que mujeres calificaron a sí mismas mejor que los hombres. Los resultados dan soporte a la Teoría del Pluralismo Estratégico al indicar que el ambiente puede influenciar el proceso de selección de parejas por aumentar el atractivo general percibido de hombres de mayor nivel socioeconómico en relación a los otros grupos de la muestra. Además, los resultados sugieren la desigualdad entre los sexos en la autopercepción como pareja romántica.

Abstract From an Evolutionary Psychology perspective, men and women exhibit different sexual preferences. These preferences are modulated by the self-perception of individuals, which may also be affected by context. The present study sought to determine whether economic context, as indicated by purchasing power, affects self-perception as a romantic partner. To that end, 316 university students completed a questionnaire containing questions on socioeconomic status and self-perception as a romantic partner. The results indicated that self-perceived financial situation differed according to socioeconomic level. However, the difference in perceived general attractiveness was higher in class A men than in women from the same economic class, while for the determined/hardworking trait, there was a difference between sexes, in which women perceived that they were better than men. The results support the theory of strategic pluralism, showing that the environment can influence the partner selection process by increasing the general attractiveness perceived by men in the highest economic class (A) compared to the other groups in the sample. Moreover, the results suggest inequality between the sexes in terms of self-perception as a romantic partner.

Influência da formação acadêmica em Nutrição na expressão da neofobia alimentar / Influence of academic training in nutrition on the incidence of neophobic feeding behavior

Resumo O estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da formação acadêmica em Nutrição na expressão do comportamento alimentar neofóbico. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 247 universitários de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 24,6 ± 6,8 anos, matriculados no primeiro e no último ano de graduação em Nutrição e em outros cursos superiores da área de ciência da saúde. Foi avaliado o grau de neofobia alimentar através da Escala de Neofobia Alimentar associada a uma medida comportamental, obtida a partir da escolha entre alimentos conhecidos ou desconhecidos. De acordo com os resultados, os estudantes que estavam o início do curso de Nutrição apresentaram maiores escores de neofobia alimentar do que os do final do curso. No entanto, essa diferença não foi observada quando se comparou com os estudantes ingressantes e concluintes de outros cursos de graduação. Já na avaliação comportamental, foi visto que a maior parte dos estudantes concluintes do curso de Nutrição escolheu a preparação desconhecida, enquanto que nos demais grupos a maioria optou pela conhecida. Os resultados sugerem que a formação acadêmica em Nutrição pode ter influência sobre a expressão da neofobia alimentar.

Abstract This study sought to evaluate the influence of academic training in nutrition on the incidence of neophobic feeding behavior. It is a cross-sectional study conducted with 247 students, of both sexes and mean age of 24.6 ± 6.8 years, enrolled in the first and last year of the undergraduate course in nutrition and other higher education courses in the area of health science. The level of food neophobia was evaluated through the Food Neophobia Scale associated with a behavioral measure obtained from the choice between known or unknown food. In accordance with the results, the students who were embarking on the nutrition course had higher food neophobia scores than the students nearing the end of the course. However, this difference was not observed when compared with freshmen and seniors studying in other courses. In the behavioral assessment, it was seen that most of the seniors from the nutrition course chose the unknown preparation, while in the other groups the majority chose the known preparation. The results suggest that academic training in Nutrition may have an influence on the incidence of food neophobia.

Evidências de Validade da Versão Brasileira da Escala Amor do Marriage and Relationships Questionnaire (MARQ) / Validity Evidences of Brazilian Version of the Love Scale of Marriage and Relationships Questionnaire (MARQ) / Evidencias de Validez de la Versión Brasileña de la Escala Amor del Marriage and Relationships Questionnaire (MARQ)

Resumo O amor romântico é um sentimento relacionado à criação e manutenção de laços afetivos. Entre os instrumentos desenvolvidos para aferi-lo, destaca-se o Marriage and Relationships Questionnaire por sua abrangência e replicabilidade em diversas culturas. Ele contém 12 escalas, entre as quais, uma afere o nível de vínculo emocional entre parceiros em relacionamento amoroso: a Escala Amor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo buscar evidências de validade da versão adaptada para o Brasil da Escala Amor. Participaram da pesquisa 176 pessoas em relacionamento estável. Realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória e verificou-se adequação da estrutura unifatorial do instrumento, além de satisfatória consistência interna e relações com questões critério, conforme hipotetizadas. A escala foi capaz de detectar maiores níveis de vínculo emocional entre as pessoas que nunca pensaram em se separar de seus parceiros, quando comparadas àquelas que pensaram com maior frequência. Considera-se que o instrumento adaptado se mostrou adequado para utilização no Brasil.

Abstract Love is a feeling that includes different emotions and is responsible for the creation and maintenance of attachment bonds. Among the instruments developed to measure love, the Marriage and Relationship Questionnaire is noteworthy by its scope and replicability in different cultures. This questionnaire has 12 scales, of which the Love Scale was developed to assess the level of emotional attachment between partners in a romantic relationship. Our goal was to validate the Love Scale as an alternative measure of emotional attachment for Brazilian population. In this study, 176 individuals in a stable relationship participated. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and verified one factor with high internal consistency, and relations with criteria questions as hypothesized. The scale was able to detect higher levels of emotional attachments between people who never thought to divorce compared to the ones who thought it more frequently. The adapted instrument showed satisfactory psychometrics properties for use in Brazil.

Resumen El amor romántico es un sentimiento relacionado a la creación y mantenimiento de lazos afectivos. Entre los instrumentos desarrollados para evaluarlo, se destaca el Marriage and Relationships Questionnaire por su amplitud y replicabilidad en diversas culturas. Este instrumento contiene 12 escalas, incluyendo una que chequea el nivel de vínculo emocional entre los individuos en una relación amorosa: la Escala Amor. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo buscar evidencias de validez de la versión adaptada de la Escala Amor para Brasil. Participaron 176 personas que estaban en una relación estable. A partir del análisis factorial exploratorio, se verificó la adecuación de la estructura unifactorial del instrumento, además de satisfactoria consistencia interna y relaciones con cuestiones criterio, que se tenían como hipótesis. La escala fue capaz de detectar niveles elevados de vínculos afectivos entre las personas que nunca han pensado en separarse de sus parejas, comparadas con las que pensaban con mayor frecuencia. Se considera que el instrumento adaptado se mostró adecuado para su utilización en Brasil.

A perspectiva evolucionista sobre relações românticas / The evolutionary perspective on romantic relationships / La perspectiva de la evolución en las relaciones románticas / La perspective évolutionniste sur les relations romantiques

As relações românticas possuem um forte impacto no nosso cotidiano. Todavia, a compreensão do motivo pelo qual alguns relacionamentos românticos duram mais do que outros se torna mais consistente integrando perspectivas biológicas e sociais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar de forma crítica os conceitos sobre Amor, Teoria do Apego e as Estratégias Sexuais a partir de uma perspectiva evolucionista, a fim de contribuir com a revisão para a literatura no Brasil. As lacunas observadas sobre a temática conjuntamente com resultados obtidos em algumas pesquisas em nosso país são encorajadores para a manutenção da integração teórica na área de pesquisa, que pode ser aplicada na orientação de casais, contribuindo para a satisfação dentro dos relacionamentos românticos.

Romantic relationships have a strong impact in our lives. However, an integrative approach of biological and social perspectives on this subject can lead to a better comprehension of the reasons for long or short relationships. This work aimed to contribute to Brazilian literature about this topic with a review on concepts about Love, Attachment Theory and Sexual Strategies based on an evolutionary perspective. The observed gaps on the topic and the results obtained by some research in our country are encouraging to maintain this theoretical integration at this research field that could be applied in couples counseling, contributing to satisfaction within romantic relationships.

Las relaciones amorosas tienen un fuerte impacto en nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, la integración de los factores biológicos y sociales nos ayudan a entender, de modo consistente, por qué algunas relaciones duran más que otras. El objetivo de este presente estudio es revisar críticamente los conceptos de Amor, Teoría del Apego y Estrategias Sexuales desde una perspectiva evolutiva, a fin de contribuir con esta revisión para la literatura en Brasil. Las lagunas observadas en la temática, bien como los resultados de algunas investigaciones en nuestro país, apuntan para el mantenimiento de la integración teórica en esta área de investigación, que puede ser aplicada junto a parejas, contribuyendo para la satisfacción en las relaciones románticas.

Les relations amoureuses ont un fort impact sur nos vies quotidiennes. Cependant, pour comprendre pourquoi certaines relations amoureuses durent plus longtemps que d'autres, nous devrons intégrer les informations biologiques et sociales. Ce texte vise examiner de façon critique les concepts d'amour, de la théorie de l'attachement et des stratégies sexuelles du point de vue de l'évolution naturelle, en attendant contribuer à la littérature scientifique en Brésil. Les lacunes sur le thème, associées aux résultats de recherche dans notre pays sont encourageantes pour la maintenance de l'intégration théorique dans ce domaine de recherche qui peut être appliquée aux orientations psychologiques des couples, contribuant à la satisfaction des relations amoureuses.

Mate choice in adolescence: idealizing romantic partners / Escolha de parceiro na adolescência: idealizando parceiros românticos / Selección de pareja en la adolescencia: idealizando las parejas románticas

A number of studies suggest a universal pattern for mate choice preferences in humans, with striking sex differences. Filling a gap in the study of mate choice, we identified relevant characteristics in potential mates during adolescence and assessed their level of importance. Our samples were made up of 467 Brazilian students, and by using an open questionnaire and a Likert scale, we observed sex differences and the assessments of the degree of importance for some factors. However, similarities between the sexes also emerged in our analysis. The use of an open questionnaire allowed us to update the list of traits considered important by adolescents during mate choice, as well as to adapt the instrument that evaluates the importance of these traits to the vocabulary and preferences of adolescents, thus contributing to the understanding of adolescent reproductive behavior...

Vários estudos sugerem um padrão universal para as preferências na escolha de parceiros em humanos e diferenças sexuais marcantes. Preenchendo uma lacuna no estudo da escolha de parceiros, nós identificamos características relevantes em parceiros em potencial durante a adolescência e avaliamos o nível de importância das mesmas. Nossas amostras foram compostas por 467 estudantes brasileiros e, através do uso de um questionário aberto e de uma escala Likert, nós observamos as diferenças sexuais e as avaliações do grau de importância para alguns fatores. No entanto, similaridades entre os sexos também emergiram durante as análises. O uso de um questionário aberto permitiu uma atualização na lista de traços considerados importantes pelos adolescentes durante a escolha de parceiro, e adaptar o instrumento que avalia a importância desses traços ao vocabulário e à preferências dos adolescentes, contribuindo com a compreensão do comportamento reprodutivo dos mesmos...

Varios estudios sugieren un criterio universal de preferencias en la selección de pareja en humanos y marcadas diferencias entre los sexos. Llenando un vacío en el estudio de la selección de pareja, identificamos las características relevantes de las parejas potenciales durante la adolescencia y evaluamos el nivel de importancia de las mismas. Nuestras muestras se han compuesto por 467 estudiantes brasileños, y mediante el uso de un cuestionario abierto y una escala Likert, observamos diferencias entre los sexos y las evaluaciones del grado de importancia atribuida a algunos factores. Sin embargo, similitudes entre los sexos también surgieron durante el análisis. El uso de un cuestionario abierto permitió una actualización en la lista de características consideradas importantes por los adolescentes durante la selección de pareja, y adaptar el instrumento para la evaluación de la importancia de estos rasgos en el vocabulario y hacia las preferencias de los adolescentes, contribuyendo a la comprensión del comportamiento reproductivo de los mismos...

Evidências de validade do Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) Inventory para o Brasil / Validate evidences of Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) Inventory to Brazil / Evidencias de validez del Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) Inventory a Brasil

Instrumentos que aferem apego adulto fundamentam-se na noção de que os padrões de vinculação estabelecidos na primeira infância transpõem-se para relacionamentos amorosos na vida adulta. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar evidências de validade de um instrumento para aferir apego adulto, traduzido e adaptado para o Brasil: Experience in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Para tanto, realizaram-se dois estudos consecutivos. No primeiro, traduziu-se o ECR e aplicou-se em 230 estudantes universitários. A partir dos resultados, modificaram-se itens e aplicou-se a escala em uma amostra de 618 pessoas das cinco regiões do Brasil. Os resultados indicaram uma estrutura bidimensional, ansiedade e evitação relacionada ao apego, para o ECR-Brasil, bem como, adequados índices de precisão. Encontraram-se correlações consonantes com a teoria do construto para as duas dimensões avaliadas, níveis de amor e sociossexualidade. O instrumento também diferenciou pessoas em relacionamento compromissado e não compromissado. Considera-se que ECR-Brasil mostrou satisfatórias evidências de validade e precisão.

Instruments that assess adult attachment are based on the notion that patterns of bonding established in early childhood transpose to romantic relationships in adult life. The aim of this research was to seek validity evidences of an instrument to assess adult attachment, translated and adapted to Brazil: Experience in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Two consecutive studies were performed. In the first the ECR was translated and responded by 230 college students. From the results, items were changed and the scale was responded by 618 people from five regions of Brazil. The results indicated a two-dimensional structure to ECR-Brazil, attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, as well as appropriate indices of reliability. Correlations in line with the theory have been found among the two-dimensional construct, levels of love and sociosexuality. The instrument also differentiated people in committed and non-committed relationship. We consider that ECR-Brazil showed satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability.

Instrumentos para evaluar apego adulto se basan en la idea de que los patrones de vinculación establecidos en la primera infancia transponen a las relaciones amorosas en la vida adulta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue buscar evidencias de validez de un instrumento para evaluar el apego adulto, traducido y adaptado a Brasil: Experience in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Se realizaron dos estudios consecutivos. En el primero el ECR se tradujo y se respondió con 230 estudiantes universitarios. A partir de los resultados, ítems fueron cambiados y 618 personas de cinco regiones de Brasil respondieron la escala. Los resultados indicaron una estructura de dos dimensiones para ECR-Brasil, así como índices apropiados de confiabilidad. Se han encontrado correlaciones en consonancia con la teoría entre la construcción de dos dimensiones, la ansiedad y la evitación, y los niveles de amor y sociosexualidad. El instrumento también diferenció las personas en una relación comprometida y no comprometida. Consideramos que la ECR-Brasil mostró evidencia satisfactoria de validez y confiabilidad.

Do people adjust career choices according to socioeconomic conditions?: an evolutionary analysis of future discounting

The ability to process environmental cues and make advantageous choices has been fundamental during human evolution. Discounting future rewards is a capacity of our evolved mind and could be useful for understanding career decisions. This paper investigated the relationship between real-life plans, career choices, and income indicators based on an evolutionary approach of future discounting. Study 1 analyzed the plans of 200 senior high school students, and Study 2 analyzed a database of 46,649 applicants to a Brazilian public university. The results demonstrated that lower income subjects made career decisions with quicker returns and smaller investments. They included a job in immediate plans more frequently than higher income students who planned to go to a university. Analyzing the applicants' choices, higher income subjects sought courses with greater entrance difficulty. We suggest that individuals adjust career plans and choices according to their socioeconomic conditions and assume different discounting rates by considering risks of failure and future gains...

Comer ou não comer, eis a questão: diferenças de gênero na neofobia alimentar / Eating or not eating, that's the question: gender differences on food neophobia

A neofobia alimentar é um comportamento de cautela quanto à ingestão de alimentos desconhecidos. Homens e mulheres apresentam diferenças comportamentais, embora as pesquisas sobre a resposta neofóbica apontem controvérsias. Neste estudo, 266 indivíduos realizaram uma tarefa de escolha entre dois alimentos, um familiar e outro não-familiar, e responderam a uma escala de neofobia, a fim de investigar as diferenças de gênero. Os resultados indicaram que as mulheres são mais neofóbicas que os homens, o que corrobora os dados anteriores sobre o comportamento alimentar e pode estar relacionado ao papel feminino de seleção e preparo do alimento no âmbito familiar.

Razão, emoção e ação em cena: a mente humana sob um olhar evolucionista / Reason, emotion and action in scene: human mind from an evolutionary perspective

O conhecimento científico da mente humana tem avançado desde a fundação da Psicologia. Aspectos biológicos e culturais, psicológicos e neurológicos, emocionais e racionais foram privilegiados separadamente em diferentes épocas e perspectivas - a visão de mente foi por vezes focalizada e por vezes relegada à caixa preta da ciência psicológica. Contemporaneamente, assiste-se a buscas de integração entre mente e comportamento humanos. A mente é vista como objeto da ciência e produto da seleção natural na evolução da espécie do Homo sapiens sapiens. Este trabalho visa apresentar uma breve história das principais transformações na concepção da mente, e de modelos evolucionistas de mente que contemplem a razão, a emoção e as ações humanas. Busca-se integrar e discutir as evidências das pesquisas de diversas disciplinas (Antropologia, Etologia, Primatologia, Psicologia, etc) oferecendo uma compreensão evolucionista da mente humana, de sua filogênese e ontogênese. Comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos serão discutidos a partir dessas perspectivas.