Is the evidence of breast feeding protection against coeliac disease real?

Many recent studies discredit breastfeeding protection against coeliac disease. We will try to answer the question: "Is the evidence of breast feeding protection against coeliac disease real?"

Cytokine cascade in Kawasaki disease versus Kawasaki-like syndrome.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a medium vessel systemic vasculitis that predominantly occurs in children below five years of age. It is an acute febrile condition in which coronary artery aneurysms and myocarditis are the most common cardiovascular complications. It is most often characterized by hypercytokinemia. The etiopathogenesis of KD is not fully understood. The present review synthesizes the recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment options of KD. According to different studies, the genetic, infections and autoimmunity factors play a major role in pathogenesis. Several susceptibility genes (e.g. caspase 3) and cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) have been identified in KD. Patients with high cytokine levels are predisposed to KD shock syndrome. The importance of respiratory viruses in the pathogenesis of the disease is unclear. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may induce in children and adults an abnormal systemic inflammatory response. This syndrome shares characteristics with KD. It has been called by many terms like MIS-C (Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children), PIMS-TS (pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2), hyperinflammatory shock syndrome, cytokine storm (cytokine release syndrome) or simply, Kawasaki-like syndrome. The cytokine's role in the development of KD or Kawasaki-like syndrome being triggered by COVID-19 is controversial. The presences of the antiendothelial cell autoantibodies (AECAs) together with the newly developed hypothesis of immunothrombosis are considered potential pathogenic mechanisms for KD. In consequence, the diagnosis and treatment of KD and Kawasaki-like syndrome, one of the most common causes of acquired heart disease in developed countries, are challenging without a clearly defined protocol.

Tuning the coordination properties of phenothiazine by regioselective introduction of diphenylphosphanyl groups.

The palladium and platinum complexes of the newly synthesized 1-(diphenylphosphino)-10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine (1) and the previously reported 3-(diphenylphosphino)-10-alkyl-10H-phenothiazine [alkyl = Me (2), Et (3)] and 4-(diphenylphosphino)-10-ethyl-10H-phenothiazine (4) were prepared. Density functional calculations were carried out to explain the electronic properties of compounds 1, 3 and 4. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 can interact with DNA, as was observed in agarose gel electrophoresis experiments. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the platinum complexes of ligands 2 and 4 towards breast, colorectal and hepatocarcinoma cell lines was studied.

[Cellular immunity in patients with gonorrhea and gonorrhea-chlamydia infection during treatment with pefloxacin in combination with thymogen]. / Osobennosti kletochnogo immuniteta u bol'nykh gonoreinoi i gonoreino-khlamidinoi infektsiei pri lechenii pefloksatsinom v sochetanii s timogenom.

The ultrastructural analysis showed that under the effect of abaktal (pefloxacin) the incomplete phagocytic reaction completed, the phagocytosis being of the multistage character. The morphometric analysis of the blood leukoconcentrate revealed an increase in the polymorph digestion function after the exposure to combinations of immunomodulators with abaktal which was in favour of the abaktal recommendation for the treatment of gonorrheal-chlamydial infection.

[Fluoroquinolones in the therapy of gonorrheal-chlamydial infection (a clinical and electron microscopic study)]. / Ftorkhinolony v terapii gonoreino-khlamidiinoi infektsii (kliniko-élektronnomikroskopicheskoe issledovanie).

Highly efficient methods for the treatment of gonorrheal and gonorrheal-chlamydial infections with fluorquinolones were developed and introduced into medical practice. The methods are pathogenetically substantiated. The etiological recovery in the patients treated with tarivid, quintorom and abaktal amounted to 97.8, 96 and 95.6 per cent respectively. The subcellular examinations of ultrathin sections of the pathological material from the patients with gonorrheal-chlamydial infection showed that the association of gonococcus and Chlamydia resulted in hyperproduction of drop-like formations that had a toxic action on leukocytes in the infection foci.