Experimental Characterization and Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fibers Composites with Different Fiber Orientation Produced by FFF Process.

The development of 3D printed composites showing increased stiffness and strength thanks to the use of continuous carbon fibers has offered new prospects for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. This work aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed CCF/PA composites with various layups, and also to apply predictive models. The mechanical properties of the printed parts were directly related to the adopted laminate layup as well as to the microstructure and defects induced by the FFF process. The highest stiffness and strength were reported for longitudinal composites, where the fibers are unidirectionally aligned in the loading direction. In addition, it was found that the reduction in tensile properties obtained for cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminate layups can be described by using the Angle Minus Longitudinal. A step-like failure with extensive fibers breakage and pull-out was observed for the longitudinal composites. By contrast, the rupture mode of the quasi-isotropic laminates mainly exhibited debonding between beads. Moreover, the predictions obtained using the Volume Average Stiffness method and Classical Laminate Theory were in good agreement with the tensile test results. This work could help engineers to design complex laminates with specific mechanical requirements by tailoring the orientation of continuous carbon fibers.

Process Phenomena and Material Properties in Selective Laser Sintering of Polymers: A Review.

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a powder bed fusion technology that uses a laser source to melt selected regions of a polymer powder bed based on 3D model data. Components with complex geometry are then obtained using a layer-by-layer strategy. This additive manufacturing technology is a very complex process in which various multiphysical phenomena and different mechanisms occur and greatly influence both the quality and performance of printed parts. This review describes the physical phenomena involved in the SLS process such as powder spreading, the interaction between laser beam and powder bed, polymer melting, coalescence of fused powder and its densification, and polymer crystallization. Moreover, the main characterization approaches that can be useful to investigate the starting material properties are reported and discussed.