The Impact of Praise on Cooperative Behavior in Three-Player Public Goods Games and Its Gender Differences.

Previous research has primarily focused on static factors influencing cooperative behavior in social dilemmas, with less attention given to dynamic factors within group social interactions, such as positive feedback received during interactions, i.e., praise. This study, through a between-subjects online experiment with a single-factor, two-level design (praise: public praise/no praise), investigates the impact of praise on cooperative behavior changes across two rounds of a three-player public goods problem. Results revealed the following: (1) A positive correlation between individuals' contributions across two rounds and a negative correlation with the number of correct answers in rule comprehension questions were evident; for men, a correlation between rule comprehension and first-round contributions was observed. (2) Multilevel model results showed that praise, role, and rule comprehension significantly positively affected contribution changes across two rounds; gender did not significantly affect contribution changes. Specifically, under public-praise conditions, contribution changes were greater. Publicly praised individuals showed positive or negative behavior changes, while those not praised in the same group showed positive changes. Men contributed significantly more in the first round than women, with no gender difference found in contribution changes. Rule comprehension positively predicted contribution changes, indicating that more correct answers led to greater positive changes in contributions. These results not only support the inferential social learning perspective, suggesting that through praise, individuals can infer external world perceptions and self-evaluations, affecting both the praised (positively or negatively) and positively influencing non-praised individuals in the same group, but also provide a theoretical basis and intervention strategies for team and organizational management in groups.

Two masked prime arrows simultaneously affect a response to a target: Revealing of an additive unconscious priming effect.

Since there are many sources of unconscious information in our minds, there is a possibility that multiple channels of unconscious information can affect a response at the same time. However, this question has been largely ignored by researchers. In the present study, we presented two opposite pointing arrows as the masked primes followed by a target arrow. The results suggested that the two directions in which the two prime arrows are pointing influenced the response to the target simultaneously and additively, that is, the overall priming effect caused by the two opposite pointing prime arrows was equal to the net effect of the individual congruent effect elicited by the same pointing prime arrow and the individual incongruent priming effect induced by the prime arrow poitning in the opposite direction. In addition, in Experiment 1, a biased delayed response to the target was observed when the target arrow and the opposite pointing prime arrow were closely positioned in space due to Gestalt continuity and closure grouping. According to these results, the "independent unconscious influence" and "reverse unconscious selection" hypotheses are proposed.

A comprehensive physiological and -Omic analysis of trypsin-mediated protection of green pepper fruits from chilling injury.

Chilling injury (CI) in green pepper fruits during low-temperature storage causes a significant decline in quality. The present study utilized physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses to idneitfy the mechanisms by which trypsin mitigates CI in green peppers stored at 4 °C for 8 days, followed by 3 days of shelf life. Results indicated that the trypsin treatment significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and the CI index in peppers, effectively extending their shelf life and preserving postharvest quality. After 4 days of storage, comparative -omic analyses identified 2514 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 397 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) between trypsin-treated and control peppers. The trypsin treatment induced changes in sugar metabolism, modulating the expression of HK, SUS, INV, and GLGC, which affected the abundance of metabolites such as CDP-glucose and α-D-p-glucose. Trypsin also enhanced carotenoid metabolism, altering the abundance of rhodopinal glucoside, 1'-hydroxyl-γ-carotene glucoside, and farnesyl 1-PP, and influencing the expression of PDS, CRTH, CRTB, and LUT5. Notably, the trypsin treatment activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that plays an integral role in the signal transduction of abiotic stress. Differential expression of FLS2, ELF18, PTO, PR1, PTI5, WPKY, MEKK1, and MPK6 genes in the MAPK pathway was observed, which was correlated with CI mitigation in green peppers during cold storage. In conclusion, trypsin is an effective treatment for reducing CI in green peppers during cold storage. The present study provides valuable insights into its physiological and molecular impact on green pepper fruit.

Watching eyes effect: the impact of imagined eyes on prosocial behavior and satisfactions in the dictator game.

The concept of the watching eyes effect suggests that the presence of eye or eye-like cues can influence individual altruistic behavior. However, few studies have investigated the effects of imagined eyes on altruistic behaviors and the psychological measures of dictators and recipients in the dictator game. This study used a 2 (Presentation Mode: Imagined/Visual) 2 (Cue Type: Eye/Flower) between-subject design and measured the effects of recipients' psychological variables and the communication texts between the dictator and the recipient. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between Presentation Mode and Cue Type. In the imagined condition, the dictator exhibited more altruistic behavior than in the visual condition. However, there was no significant difference in altruistic behavior between the Imagined Eye and Imagined Flower conditions. In addition, the study found that the Cue Type had a significant main effect on the recipients' satisfaction with the allocation outcome. Notably, in the Visual Flower condition, the dictator used more egoistic norm words when communicating with the recipient than other conditions. This study provides novel evidence on the effect of imagined social cues on individual behavior in the dictator game, and to some extent validates the robustness of the watching eyes effect under manipulation of higher-level verbal cognitive processes. At the same time, the study is the first to explore the impacts on recipients' psychological variables and the communication texts. These efforts offer new insights into the psychological and cognitive mechanisms underlying the watching eyes effect.

The electrophysiological effect of working memory load on involuntary attention in an auditory-visual distraction paradigm: an ERP study.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the electrophysiological effect of working memory (WM) load on involuntary attention caused by a task-irrelevant sound in an auditory-visual distraction paradigm. The different WM loads were manipulated by requiring subjects to remember the order of either three digits (low-load condition) or seven digits (high-load condition), and the irrelevant auditory stimuli consisted of repetitive standard sounds (80%) and environmental novel sounds (20%). We found that the difference waves (novel-minus-standard) showed significant MMN and Novelty-P3 components in the two WM load conditions. The amplitude of MMN increased with increasing the WM load, which indicated a more engaged change detection process under high-load condition. Then, the amplitude of Novelty-P3 was attenuated under high-load condition, which indicated a much reduced involuntary orienting of attention to novel sounds when increasing the WM load. These results indicated the top-down control of involuntary attention might be mainly active at the early change detection stage and the control of the later involuntary orienting of attention might be passive.

The Relationships Between Trait Creativity and Resting-State EEG Microstates Were Modulated by Self-Esteem.

Numerous studies find that creativity is not only associated with low effort and flexible processes but also associated with high effort and persistent processes especially when defensive behavior is induced by negative emotions. The important role of self-esteem is to buffer negative emotions, and individuals with low self-esteem are prone to instigating various forms of defensive behaviors. Thus, we thought that the relationships between trait creativity and executive control brain networks might be modulated by self-esteem. The resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) microstates can be divided into four classical types (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4), which can reflect the brain networks as well as their dynamic characteristic. Thus, the Williams Creative Tendency Scale (WCTS) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) were used to investigate the modulating role of self-esteem on the relationships between trait creativity and the RS-EEG microstates. As our results showed, self-esteem consistently modulated the relationships between creativity and the duration and contribution of MS2 related to visual or imagery processing, the occurrence of MS3 related to cingulo-opercular networks, and transitions between MS2 and MS4, which were related to frontoparietal control networks. Based on these results, we thought that trait creativity was related to the executive control of bottom-up processing for individuals with low self-esteem, while the bottom-up information from vision or visual imagery might be related to trait creativity for individuals with high self-esteem.

Brain Structures Associated With Individual Differences in Somatic Symptoms and Emotional Distress in a Healthy Sample.

Stress-related psychosomatic responses are viewed as important risks to our physical health. Growing evidence from structural imaging studies has implicated that stress and trauma exposures have negative effects on brain structural alterations. However, whether stress-related emotional distress and somatic symptoms are related to the structure of brain systems remains unclear. Also, stress-related somatic symptoms have adverse effects on emotional distress. In turn, emotional distress may influence somatic symptom reports via negative cognitive bias. However, whether this relationship is mediated by specific brain morphology remains poorly understood. First, we used voxel-based morphometric approaches to investigate the neuroanatomical basis underlying somatic symptoms and emotional distress in a large sample of healthy subjects (ages 18-27 years). We found that relatively high stress-related somatic symptoms were associated with reduced gray matter volumes (GMVs) in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior insula, somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Furthermore, a moderator analysis was performed to investigate the impact of recent stressful life events (moderators) on the association between specific GMVs (independent variables) and emotional distress (dependent variables). Interestingly, high levels of emotional distress were associated with small volumes of the vmPFC, anterior insula, hippocampus, and amygdala in participants with experience with more recent stressful life events. Finally, we performed mediation analyses to investigate the specific brain areas that mediate the association between emotional distress and somatic symptoms. The results showed that the effect of emotional distress on somatic symptoms is mediated by reductions in the volume of the hippocampus, the impact of somatic symptoms on emotional distress is mediated by the volume of the vmPFC. These results provided evidence that higher stress-related somatic symptoms are associated with smaller volume in prefrontal, insula, and limbic regions involved in emotion, interoception, and memory processing. The vmPFC and hippocampus play different roles in the relationship between emotional distress and somatic symptoms.

Identification of genes and pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a metastatic malignant tumor originating from nasopharyngeal epithelium. Lacking or nonspecific symptoms of patients with early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma have significantly reduced the accuracy of diagnosing and predicting nasopharyngeal carcinoma development. This study aimed to identify gene signatures of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and uncover potential mechanisms. Two gene expression profiles (GSE12452 and GSE13597) containing 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 13 normal control samples were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes. In total, 179 up-regulated genes and 238 down-regulated genes were identified. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. Subsequently, the top 10 hub genes, TOP2A (topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha), CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), MAD2L1 (mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 1), BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog), CCNB2 (cyclin B2), AURKA (aurora kinase A), CCNA2 (cyclin A2), CDC6 (cell division cycle 6 homolog), were identified from protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, Module analysis revealed that the ten hub genes except TOP2A were belonged to module 1, indicating the upregulation of these hub genes associated molecular pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma might activate nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study indicated that the identified differentially expressed genes and hub genes enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which could eventually translate into additional biomarkers to facilitate the early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.

The effect of different negative emotional context on involuntary attention: an ERP study.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the different negative emotional contexts on involuntary attention, induced by a task-irrelevant sound, in an auditory-visual distraction paradigm. The emotional contexts comprised sad, fearful and neutral, and the irrelevant auditory stimuli consisted of repetitive standard sounds (80%) and environmental novel sounds (20%). The present results revealed that there were apparently different mismatch negativity (MMN) and Novelty-P3 components among these emotional contexts. Specifically, the amplitude of MMN showed no significant difference, indicating that the early stage of involuntary attention was not affected by the emotional context. Then, the amplitude of Novelty-P3, indicating the involuntary orienting of attention to novel sounds, attenuated greatest in the sad context. This pattern of results was more likely due to the competition for attention resources between affective processing and the novel sounds. That is to say, sad inhibit the involuntary attention to some extent, whereas perceiving fear cues facilitated novelty detection.

[Down-regulation of CD147 expression induces SiHa cell apoptosis through the Bcl-2 pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in SiHa cell apoptosis after inhibition of CD147 expression. METHODS: RNA interference (RNAi) technique was used to down-regulate CD147 expression in SiHa cells, and RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect expression of CD147, Bcl-2, Bim and caspase-3; the percentage of cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: SiRNA sequence 1, 2 inhibited CD147 expression in SiHa cells effectively (P<0.05), resulting also in down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 (P<0.05) and up-regulated expression of caspase-3 and Bim(P<0.05). The percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly, and early apoptosis was the most obvious in the cells (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Silencing of CD147 expression induces SiHa cell apoptosis partially through the Bcl-2 pathway .

Spatiotemporal cortical activation underlying self-referencial processing evoked by self-hand.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the electrophysiological correlates of self-referencial processing when subjects were asked to judge whether the stimuli (their hands) were their own or not. ERP results showed that: first, own hand elicited a greater positive component (P350-500) than did other hand in the time window of 350-500 ms, and the generator of P350-500 was localized in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which might be related to retrieval and identification of self-referencial information due to their sensitivity to self-hand. Second, own hand elicited a more positive component (LPC) than did other hand in the later time window. Dipole analysis revealed that the generators were localized in the parahippocampal gyrus and the medial frontal gyrus, which might be involved in making a self-referencial decision based on retrieval of self-hand information.