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ABSTRACT The use of bromethalin rodenticides has risen since 2011, and in some states, it is the most common rodenticide ingestion reported to poison control. Although intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has been previously reported to lower serum desmethylbromethalin levels in an asymptomatic dog, and repeated mannitol has been investigated in a laboratory setting, there are no published reports of successful treatment of symptomatic bromethalin toxicosis in dogs. A 9 yr old castrated male Norwich terrier was evaluated for obtunded mentation, seizures, cranial nerve deficits, and tetraparesis secondary to bromethalin toxicosis. The patient was treated with ILE, mannitol, and ginkgo biloba and returned to normal neurological function. Bromethalin exposure was confirmed by serum desmethylbromethalin levels. Previous literature indicates that the prognosis for patients who suffer from symptomatic bromethalin toxicosis is poor to grave, and the return to normal neurological function after severe toxicosis has not been reported. ILE, mannitol, and ginkgo biloba are readily available and relatively inexpensive, and in combination may be of benefit in symptomatic bromethalin intoxication.
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Compostos de Anilina/intoxicação , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Intoxicação/veterinária , Rodenticidas/intoxicação , Animais , Diuréticos Osmóticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Cães , Ginkgo biloba , Masculino , Manitol/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Intoxicação/tratamento farmacológico , Intoxicação/patologiaRESUMO
Thoracic radiographs are used as a screening tool for dogs and cats with a variety of disorders that have no clinical signs associated with thoracic structures. However, this practice has never been supported by an evidence-based study. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine if certain canine and feline populations have a higher proportion of radiographic abnormalities, and whether any of these abnormalities are associated with patient hospitalization and outcome. Patients were excluded if current or previous examinations revealed evidence of primary respiratory or cardiac disease, malignant neoplasia, or an abnormal breathing pattern consistent with pulmonary pathology. Any notable thoracic change in the radiology report was considered important and evaluated in this study. One hundred and sixty-six of these included patients were dogs and 65 were cats. Of the 166 dog radiographs evaluated, 120 (72.3%) had normal thoracic radiographs, while 46 (27.7%) had radiographic abnormalities. Of the sixty-five cats included, 36 (55.4%) had normal radiographs, while 29 (44.6%) had abnormal radiographs. Canine patients with abnormal radiographs had a significantly higher lactate level (P-value 0.0348) and feline patients with abnormal radiographs had a significantly lower packed cell volume (P-value 0.012). A large proportion of patients that had screening thoracic radiographs (32.5%) had documented abnormalities, but a relatively low percentage (6.5%) of our total population had their clinical plan changed as a consequence of detection of these abnormalities. Findings indicated that abnormal screening thoracic radiographs are more likely in dogs with an elevated lactate and cats with anemia, or a low normal hematocrit.
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Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Hospitais Veterinários , Programas de Rastreamento/veterinária , Radiografia Torácica/veterinária , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Feminino , Hospitalização , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of abdominal thrusts as a synergistic procedure to IV apomorphine administration on the occurrence and rate of onset of successful induction of emesis in dogs. ANIMALS: 31 client-owned dogs. METHODS: Dogs in which induction of emesis via IV apomorphine was prescribed by the attending clinician were prospectively randomized to either receive abdominal thrusts performed by a nurse or clinician or to have no physical interventions performed following IV apomorphine administration. Data collected included signalment, weight, reason for emesis, time from suspected ingestion to presentation, time from the dog's last meal to presentation, dose of apomorphine administered in milligrams, and time from apomorphine administration to emesis. RESULTS: Emesis induction was successful in 14 of 14 (100%) of the dogs in the abdominal thrust group and 13 of 17 (76.5%) in the control group (P = .02). In dogs with successful emesis, median time to emesis was 90.5 seconds (range, 36 to 348 seconds) in the abdominal thrust group and 106 seconds (range, 37 to 360 seconds) in the control group (P = .29). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Abdominal thrusts were associated with an increased frequency of successful emesis in dogs following IV apomorphine, but did not shorten the rate of onset of emesis in dogs that vomited. Application of abdominal thrusts may be beneficial in dogs in which emesis is indicated and that do not have a clear contraindication.
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Apomorfina , Doenças do Cão , Vômito , Animais , Cães , Vômito/veterinária , Apomorfina/administração & dosagem , Apomorfina/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Masculino , Eméticos/uso terapêutico , Eméticos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of a point-of-care coagulation analyzer (POCCA) with a reference laboratory coagulation analyzer (LabCA) and to evaluate for confounding factors that could alter the performance of the POCCA. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Two university veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: Forty-three client-owned dogs undergoing coagulation testing between April 2020 and June 2021. METHODS: Samples were obtained from dogs undergoing coagulation testing as part of a diagnostic workup. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were measured on the POCCA and on the LabCA. PCV, platelet count, total plasma protein, hyperbilirubinemia, hemolysis, lipemia, and autoagglutination were recorded. RESULTS: Moderate correlation was seen for PT and strong correlation was seen for aPTT between the POCCA and the LabCA (PT: 0.59, P < 0.0001; aPTT: 0.71, P < 0.0001). The POCCA results were consistent with normal or hypocoagulable samples for 30 of 38 PT and 33 of 37 aPTT results, as identified by the LabCA. Samples with PCV of 30%-55% were moderately correlated (PT: 0.63, P = 0.0004; aPTT: 0.63, P = 0.0003), but those outside that range were more likely to register an error message on the POCCA or provide disparate results. When hemolysis was present, there was a weak correlation between the POCCA and the LabCA for PT (rho: 0.38 [95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.76], P = 0.18) and a strong correlation for aPTT (rho: 0.86 [95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.95], P < 0.0001). Samples with hyperbilirubinemia were strongly correlated for PT (0.97, P = 0.002) but not for aPTT. Lipemia and autoagglutination were not observed. CONCLUSION: There was an acceptable correlation in patients with PCV within the manufacturer's recommended reference range; however, measurements on samples with PCV outside the reference range were inconsistent with the LabCA. Caution should be used when using the POCCA in patients with coagulopathy and anemia or other potential confounders.
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OBJECTIVES: To develop a novel illness severity scoring system to identify canine patients with infection that are at higher risk of mortality. KEY FINDINGS: Mentation (Modified Glasgow Coma Scale and the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation mentation score), heart rate, pH, Pvco2, potassium, and total plasma protein were found to be associated with mortality on univariate analysis. Logistic regression found that mentation, heart rate, and Pvco2 combined to form the following score: [(100 × mentation score) + (3 × heart rate) + (10 × Pvco2], which was predictive of mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.88). A cutoff of 900 provided a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 80%. If the cutoff was changed to 800, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 50%. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel scoring system was developed to predict mortality in hospitalized dogs with confirmed or suspected infection. Further prospective evaluation in a larger patient cohort is necessary to validate this score.
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Doenças do Cão , Cães , Animais , Doenças do Cão/mortalidade , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Masculino , Feminino , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
A 4-year-old male neutered Boston Terrier was presented with status epilepticus. He was diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and hospitalized with supportive care. During hospitalization, the patient developed both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias as well as focal left ventricular dyskinesis. Cardiac troponin I was significantly increased, which was supportive of myocardial damage. Neurogenic stunned myocardium was suspected, and the patient was treated and responded to esmolol. Follow-up echocardiography demonstrated the resolution of the ventricular dyskinesia. This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment, management, and outcome of the first reported case of naturally occurring neurogenic stunned myocardium in a dog. Electrocardiogram monitoring, cardiac troponin I, and echocardiography should be considered in patients presenting with seizure activity, especially when exhibiting cluster seizures or in status epilepticus.
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BACKGROUND: Nonhemorrhagic ascites (NHA) can be caused by cardiac diseases (cNHA) and noncardiac diseases (ncNHA). N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), and point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may differentiate between cNHA and ncNHA. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: We compared NT-proBNP and cTnI concentrations as well as POCUS findings in dogs presented with cNHA and ncNHA. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 60) were enrolled based on identification of NHA with an effusion packed cell volume < 10%. METHODS: Blood samples were collected and POCUS was performed on all dogs. Dogs were diagnosed with cNHA (n = 28) or ncNHA (n = 32) based on echocardiography. The cNHA group was subdivided into cardiac non-pericardial disease (n = 17) and pericardial disease (n = 11). RESULTS: The NT-proBNP concentration (median; range pmol/L) was significantly higher in the cNHA group (4510; 250-10 000) compared to the ncNHA group (739.5; 250-10 000; P = .01), with a sensitivity of 53.8% and specificity of 85.7% using a cut-off of 4092 pmol/L. The NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in the cardiac non-pericardial disease group (8339; 282-10 000) compared with the pericardial disease group (692.5; 250-4928; P = .002). A significant difference in cTnI concentration (median; range ng/L) between the cNHA group (300; 23-112 612) and ncNHA group (181; 17-37 549) was not detected (P = .41). A significantly higher number of dogs had hepatic venous and caudal vena cava distension in the cNHA group compared to the ncNHA group, respectively (18/28 vs 3/29, P < .0001 and 13/27 vs 2/29, P < .001). Gall bladder wall edema was not significantly different between groups (4/28 vs 3/29, P = .74). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: NT-proBNP concentration and POCUS help distinguish between cNHA and ncNHA.
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Doenças do Cão , Cardiopatias , Cães , Animais , Troponina I , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico , Ascite/diagnóstico por imagem , Ascite/veterinária , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/veterinária , Fragmentos de Peptídeos , Biomarcadores , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Sepsis is currently defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis may occur secondary to infection anywhere in the body, and its pathogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Variations in the host immune response result in diverse clinical manifestations, which complicates clinical recognition and fluid therapy both in humans and veterinary species. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Although septic shock is a form of distributive shock, septic patients frequently present with hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock as well, further complicating fluid therapy decisions. The goals of this review are to discuss the clinical recognition of sepsis in dogs and cats, the basic mechanisms of its pathogenesis as it affects hemodynamic function, and considerations for fluid therapy. Important pathophysiologic changes, such as cellular interaction, microvascular alterations, damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, hypoalbuminemia, and immune paralysis will be also reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of treatment with crystalloids, natural and synthetic colloids, and blood products will be discussed. Current recommendations for evaluating fluid responsiveness and the timing of vasopressor therapy will also be considered. Where available, the veterinary literature will be used to guide recommendations.
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OBJECTIVE: To document the clinical and clinicopathological changes in cats presenting with vehicular trauma (VT) and to determine whether the calculated animal trauma triage (ATT) score was associated with any clinicopathological abnormalities. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study conducted between 1998 and 2009. SETTING: University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Seventy-five client-owned cats that presented for VT to an urban veterinary hospital. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pertinent history, physical examination findings, results of biochemical testing, and outcome were extracted from medical records. ATT score was calculated based on physical examination. Patients were classified as having either a low (<5) ATT (n = 30) or a high (≥5) ATT (n = 45) score. Male cats were overrepresented (60.0%), and a majority of cats had outdoor access (65.3%). Low PCV (P = 0.024), low total plasma protein concentration (P = 0.032), low venous blood pH (P = 0.047), high plasma lactate concentration (P = 0.047), low plasma bicarbonate concentration (P = 0.047), low base excess (P = 0.047), and high plasma glucose concentration (P = 0.047) were associated with higher ATT scores. In addition, low noninvasive blood pressure measurements (P = 0.008) were associated with higher ATT scores. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between lower PCV, lower total plasma protein concentration, lower venous blood pH, higher plasma lactate concentration, lower plasma bicarbonate concentration, lower base excess, higher whole blood glucose concentration, and lower noninvasive blood pressure and higher ATT scores at presentation in feline patients suffering from VT. Prospective evaluation of these values may prove useful in furthering understanding of the pathophysiology of trauma in cats.
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Doenças do Gato/classificação , Hospitais Veterinários , Triagem , Ferimentos e Lesões/veterinária , Acidentes de Trânsito , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ferimentos e Lesões/classificação , Ferimentos e Lesões/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To document the clinical and clinicopathologic changes in cats presenting with trauma from bite wounds, identify common abnormalities associated with bite wounds, and to determine whether the calculated animal trauma triage (ATT) score is related to any clinicopathologic abnormalities. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study. SETTING: University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Forty-three client-owned cats that presented for bite wounds to a large, urban, veterinary hospital between 1998 and 2009. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pertinent history, physical examination findings, results of biochemical testing, and outcome were extracted from medical records. Animal triage trauma score was calculated based on the physical examination at presentation in cats with adequate available information. Patients were classified as having either a low (<5) ATT (n = 20) or a high (≥5) ATT (n = 23) score. Male cats were overrepresented (65.1%), and a majority of cats had outdoor access (53.4%). Low venous blood pH (P = 0.047), high plasma lactate concentration (P = 0.018), and low ionized calcium concentration (P = 0.004) were associated with higher ATT scores. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between low venous blood pH, high plasma lactate concentration, and low ionized calcium concentration and higher ATT scores at presentation in cats suffering from bite wounds. Early recognition of these abnormalities may help to identify more severely injured patients.