Direct mailing of HPV self-sampling kits to women aged 50-65 non-participating in cervical screening in the Czech Republic.

BACKGROUND: A population-based cervical cancer screening programme is implemented in the Czech Republic. However, participation is insufficient among women over 50 years. This study aimed to estimate the potential improvement in participation through directly mailed HPV self-sampling kits (HPVssk) compared with standard invitation letters in women aged 50-65 non-participating in screening. METHODS: The study recruited 1564 eligible women (no cervical cancer screening in the last 3 years or more, no previous treatment associated with cervical lesions or cervical cancer). Eight hundred women were mailed with an HPVssk (HPVssk group), and 764 women were sent a standard invitation letter (control group) inviting them to a routine screening (Pap test). The primary outcome was a comparison of the overall participation rate between study groups using a binominal regression model. RESULTS: The participation rate in the HPVssk group was 13.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.2-15.9%; 7.4% of women returned the HPVssk and 6.0% attended gynaecological examination] and 5.0% (95% CI 3.6-6.8%) in the control group. Using the binominal regression model, the difference between the groups was estimated as 7.6% (95% CI 5.0-10.2%; P < 0.001). In the HPVssk group, 22% of women who returned HPVssk had a positive result and 70% of them underwent a follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with traditional invitation letters, the direct mailing of the HPVssk achieved a significantly higher participation rate, along with a notable HPV positivity rate among HPVssk responders. This approach offers a potentially viable method for engaging women who have not yet attended a cervical screening programme.

Post-vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity against severe cases of COVID-19 and long COVID after infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, Czechia, December 2021 to August 2023.

BackgroundCOVID-19 remains a major infectious disease with substantial implications for individual and public health including the risk of a post-infection syndrome, long COVID. The continuous changes in dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate a careful study of the effect of preventative strategies.AimWe aimed to estimate the effectiveness of post-vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity against severe cases requiring oxygen support caused by infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants BA1/2 and BA4/5+, and against long COVID in the infected population and their changes over time.MethodsWe used a Cox regression analysis with time-varying covariates and calendar time and logistic regression applied to national-level data from Czechia from December 2021 until August 2023.ResultsRecently boosted vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity provide significant protection against a severe course of COVID-19, while unboosted vaccination more than 10 months ago has a negligible protective effect. The post-vaccination immunity against the BA1/2 or BA4/5+ variants, especially based on the original vaccine types, appears to wane rapidly compared with post-infection and hybrid immunity. Once infected, however, previous immunity plays only a small protective role against long COVID.ConclusionVaccination remains an effective preventative measure against a severe course of COVID-19 but its effectiveness wanes over time thus highlighting the importance of booster doses. Once infected, vaccines may have a small protective effect against the development of long COVID.

Coverage by examinations associated with early detection of colorectal neoplasia in the Czech Republic.

BACKGROUND: Coverage by examinations is a crucial indicator of the future impact on the burden of colorectal cancer (CRC). The study aimed to evaluate coverage by examinations associated with CRC screening and early cancer detection of CRC in the Czech Republic. The burden of CRC was also assessed. METHODS: The novel nationwide administrative registry with individual data (period 2010-19) was used to evaluate coverage by examinations for screening faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. In the second step, additional examinations for early CRC detection were included in the coverage calculation (complete coverage). Age-specific trends in CRC incidence (period 1977-2018) were investigated using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Coverage by screening examinations within recommended interval was around 30%. Complete coverage reached >37% and >50% at the 3-year interval. The coverage by examinations for the non-screening population aged 40-49 years was almost 4% and 5% (most of them were colonoscopies) at the 3-year interval. In age groups aged ≥50 years, we observed a significant annual decline, especially in the 50-69 age group, with recent annual decreases reaching up to 5-7%. The change in trend and the recent decline were also observed in the age group 40-49. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the target screening population was covered by examinations potentially associated with early detection and subsequent treatment of colorectal neoplasms. The substantial coverage by potentially prophylactic examinations might be an explanation for the considerable decrease in CRC incidence.

CD14 Polymorphism Is Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Central European Population.

A 2021 in silico study highlighted an association between the CD14 polymorphism rs2569190 and increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of our study was to confirm this finding. We analysed the CD14 polymorphism (C→T; rs2569190) in 516 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, with differing disease severity (164 asymptomatic, 245 symptomatic, and 107 hospitalized). We then compared these patients with a sample from the general population consisting of 3,037 individuals using a case-control study design. In comparison with carriers of the C allele, TT homozygotes accounted for 21.7 % of controls and 20.5 % in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals (P = 0.48; OR; 95 % CI - 0.92; 0.73-1.16). No significant differences in the distribution of genotypes were found when considering co-dominant and recessive genetic models or various between-group comparisons. The CD14 polymorphism is unlikely to be an important predictor of COVID-19 in the Caucasian population in Central Europe.

Possible effect of OAS1 and TMPRSS6 but not DPP4 and ZNF335 polymorphisms on COVID-19 severity in the Czech population.

OBJECTIVES: The acute respiratory syndrome, known as COVID-19, is characterised by high morbidity and increased mortality. Genetic factors may partially explain the differences in susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19. METHODS: We have analysed common functional polymorphisms within the OAS1 (rs4767027), TMPRSS6 (rs855791), DPP4 (rs3788979), and ZNF335 (rs3848719) genes in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects (n = 521, different disease severity) and in population controls (n = 2,559 subjects, COVID-19 status unknown). RESULTS: Neither DPP4 nor ZNF335 were associated with disease susceptibility or severity in the Czech population in any of the models used for calculation. T allele carriers of the OAS1 polymorphism seem to be protective against symptomatic COVID-19 (p = 0.002 calculated for trend; asymptomatic, symptomatic, hospitalised). Similarly, within the TMPRSS6, minor TT homozygotes associated with lower plasma Fe concentrations were underrepresented in the overall patient group (p = 0.044; OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.59-0.99), and the difference was mainly driven by the severe COVID-19 subjects. In general, risky homozygotes of these two polymorphisms were less frequent than expected in the group of hospitalised COVID-19 survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Common variants within OAS1 (rs4767027) and TMPRSS6 (rs855791) play some role in COVID-19 pathology in the Czech Caucasian population. Whether the depletion of minor allele carriers of these two variants is associated with increased COVID-19 mortality, needs to be analysed in an external confirmatory study.

Protection by Vaccines and Previous Infection Against the Omicron Variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

BACKGROUND: The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) evades immunity conferred by vaccines and previous infections. METHODS: We used a Cox proportional hazards model and a logistic regression on individual-level population-wide data from the Czech Republic to estimate risks of infection and hospitalization, including severe states. RESULTS: A recent (≤2 months) full vaccination reached vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42%-44%) against infection by Omicron compared to 73% (95% CI, 72%-74%) against Delta. A recent booster increased VE to 56% (95% CI, 55%-56%) against Omicron infection compared to 90% (95% CI, 90%-91%) for Delta. The VE against Omicron hospitalization of a recent full vaccination was 45% (95% 95% CI, 29%-57%), with a recent booster 87% (95% CI, 84%-88%). The VE against the need for oxygen therapy due to Omicron was 57% (95% CI, 32%-72%) for recent vaccination, 90% (95% CI, 87%-92%) for a recent booster. Postinfection protection against Omicron hospitalization declined from 68% (95% CI, 68%-69%) at ≤6 months to 13% (95% CI, 11%-14%) at >6 months after a previous infection. The odds ratios for Omicron relative to Delta were 0.36 (95% CI, .34-.38) for hospitalization, 0.24 (95% CI, .22-.26) for oxygen, and 0.24 (95% CI, .21-.28) for intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSIONS: Recent vaccination still brings substantial protection against severe outcome for Omicron.

Control Centre for Intensive Care as a Tool for Effective Coordination, Real-Time Monitoring, and Strategic Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In the Czech Republic, the strategic data-based and organizational support for individual regions and for providers of acute care at the nationwide level is coordinated by the Ministry of Health. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the country needed to very quickly implement a system for the monitoring, reporting, and overall management of hospital capacities. The aim of this viewpoint is to describe the purpose and basic functions of a web-based application named "Control Centre for Intensive Care," which was developed and made available to meet the needs of systematic online technical support for the management of intensive inpatient care across the Czech Republic during the first wave of the pandemic in spring 2020. Two tools of key importance are described in the context of national methodology: one module for regular online updates and overall monitoring of currently free capacities of intensive care in real time, and a second module for online entering and overall record-keeping of requirements on medications for COVID-19 patients. A total of 134 intensive care providers and 927 users from hospitals across all 14 regions of the Czech Republic were registered in the central Control Centre for Intensive Care database as of March 31, 2021. This web-based application enabled continuous monitoring and decision-making during the mass surge of critical care from autumn 2020 to spring 2021. The Control Center for Intensive Care has become an indispensable part of a set of online tools that are employed on a regular basis for crisis management at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Identification of tumors with NRG1 rearrangement, including a novel putative pathogenic UNC5D-NRG1 gene fusion in prostate cancer by data-drilling a de-identified tumor database.

The fusion genes containing neuregulin-1 (NRG1) are newly described potentially actionable oncogenic drivers. Initial clinical trials have shown a positive response to targeted treatment in some cases of NRG1 rearranged lung adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma. The cost-effective large scale identification of NRG1 rearranged tumors is an open question. We have tested a data-drilling approach by performing a retrospective assessment of a de-identified molecular profiling database of 3263 tumors submitted for fusion testing. Gene fusion detection was performed by RNA-based targeted next-generation sequencing using the Archer Fusion Plex kits for Illumina (ArcherDX Inc., Boulder, CO). Novel fusion transcripts were confirmed by a custom-designed RT-PCR. Also, the aberrant expression of CK20 was studied immunohistochemically. The frequency of NRG1 rearranged tumors was 0.2% (7/3263). The most common histologic type was lung adenocarcinoma (n = 5). Also, renal carcinoma (n = 1) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (n = 1) were found. Identified fusion partners were of a wide range (CD74, SDC4, TNC, VAMP2, UNC5D), with CD74, SDC4 being found twice. The UNC5D is a novel fusion partner identified in prostate adenocarcinoma. There was no co-occurrence with the other tested fusions nor KRAS, BRAF, and the other gene mutations specified in the applied gene panels. Immunohistochemically, the focal expression of CK20 was present in 2 lung adenocarcinomas. We believe it should be considered as an incidental finding. In conclusion, the overall frequency of tumors with NRG1 fusion was 0.2%. All tumors were carcinomas. We confirm (invasive mucinous) lung adenocarcinoma as being the most frequent tumor presenting NRG1 fusion. Herein novel putative pathogenic gene fusion UNC5D-NRG1 is described. The potential role of immunohistochemistry in tumor identification should be further addressed.

Colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution in European countries in the colorectal cancer screening era: an international population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer screening programmes and uptake vary substantially across Europe. We aimed to compare changes over time in colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution in relation to colorectal cancer screening implementation in European countries. METHODS: Data from nearly 3·1 million patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed from 2000 onwards (up to 2016 for most countries) were obtained from 21 European countries, and were used to analyse changes over time in age-standardised colorectal cancer incidence and stage distribution. The WHO mortality database was used to analyse changes over time in age-standardised colorectal cancer mortality over the same period for the 16 countries with nationwide data. Incidence rates were calculated for all sites of the colon and rectum combined, as well as the subsites proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in incidence and mortality were estimated and relevant patterns were descriptively analysed. FINDINGS: In countries with long-standing programmes of screening colonoscopy and faecal tests (ie, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany), colorectal cancer incidence decreased substantially over time, with AAPCs ranging from -2·5% (95% CI -2·8 to -2·2) to -1·6% (-2·0 to -1·2) in men and from -2·4% (-2·7 to -2·1) to -1·3% (-1·7 to -0·9) in women. In countries where screening programmes were implemented during the study period, age-standardised colorectal cancer incidence either remained stable or increased up to the year screening was implemented. AAPCs for these countries ranged from -0·2% (95% CI -1·4 to 1·0) to 1·5% (1·1 to 1·8) in men and from -0·5% (-1·7 to 0·6) to 1·2% (0·8 to 1·5) in women. Where high screening coverage and uptake were rapidly achieved (ie, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Slovenia), age-standardised incidence rates initially increased but then subsequently decreased. Conversely, colorectal cancer incidence increased in most countries where no large-scale screening programmes were available (eg, Bulgaria, Estonia, Norway, and Ukraine), with AAPCs ranging from 0·3% (95% CI 0·1 to 0·5) to 1·9% (1·2 to 2·6) in men and from 0·6% (0·4 to 0·8) to 1·1% (0·8 to 1·4) in women. The largest decreases in colorectal cancer mortality were seen in countries with long-standing screening programmes. INTERPRETATION: We observed divergent trends in colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution across European countries, which appear to be largely explained by different levels of colorectal cancer screening implementation. FUNDING: German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Complex Reporting of the COVID-19 Epidemic in the Czech Republic: Use of an Interactive Web-Based App in Practice.

BACKGROUND: The beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic dates back to December 31, 2019, when the first cases were reported in the People's Republic of China. In the Czech Republic, the first three cases of infection with the novel coronavirus were confirmed on March 1, 2020. The joint effort of state authorities and researchers gave rise to a unique team, which combines methodical knowledge of real-world processes with the know-how needed for effective processing, analysis, and online visualization of data. OBJECTIVE: Due to an urgent need for a tool that presents important reports based on valid data sources, a team of government experts and researchers focused on the design and development of a web app intended to provide a regularly updated overview of COVID-19 epidemiology in the Czech Republic to the general population. METHODS: The cross-industry standard process for data mining model was chosen for the complex solution of analytical processing and visualization of data that provides validated information on the COVID-19 epidemic across the Czech Republic. Great emphasis was put on the understanding and a correct implementation of all six steps (business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modelling, evaluation, and deployment) needed in the process, including the infrastructure of a nationwide information system; the methodological setting of communication channels between all involved stakeholders; and data collection, processing, analysis, validation, and visualization. RESULTS: The web-based overview of the current spread of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic has been developed as an online platform providing a set of outputs in the form of tables, graphs, and maps intended for the general public. On March 12, 2020, the first version of the web portal, containing fourteen overviews divided into five topical sections, was released. The web portal's primary objective is to publish a well-arranged visualization and clear explanation of basic information consisting of the overall numbers of performed tests, confirmed cases of COVID-19, COVID-19-related deaths, the daily and cumulative overviews of people with a positive COVID-19 case, performed tests, location and country of infection of people with a positive COVID-19 case, hospitalizations of patients with COVID-19, and distribution of personal protective equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The online interactive overview of the current spread of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic was launched on March 11, 2020, and has immediately become the primary communication channel employed by the health care sector to present the current situation regarding the COVID-19 epidemic. This complex reporting of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Czech Republic also shows an effective way to interconnect knowledge held by various specialists, such as regional and national methodology experts (who report positive cases of the disease on a daily basis), with knowledge held by developers of central registries, analysts, developers of web apps, and leaders in the health care sector.

Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) declines among subjects aged 50 years and above. An opposite trend appears among younger adults. In Europe, data on CRC incidence among younger adults are lacking. We therefore aimed to analyse European trends in CRC incidence and mortality in subjects younger than 50 years. DESIGN: Data on age-related CRC incidence and mortality between 1990 and 2016 were retrieved from national and regional cancer registries. Trends were analysed by Joinpoint regression and expressed as annual percent change. RESULTS: We retrieved data on 143.7 million people aged 20-49 years from 20 European countries. Of them, 187 918 (0.13%) were diagnosed with CRC. On average, CRC incidence increased with 7.9% per year among subjects aged 20-29 years from 2004 to 2016. The increase in the age group of 30-39 years was 4.9% per year from 2005 to 2016, the increase in the age group of 40-49 years was 1.6% per year from 2004 to 2016. This increase started earliest in subjects aged 20-29 years, and 10-20 years later in those aged 30-39 and 40-49 years. This is consistent with an age-cohort phenomenon. Although in most European countries the CRC incidence had risen, some heterogeneity was found between countries. CRC mortality did not significantly change among the youngest adults, but decreased with 1.1%per year between 1990 and 2016 and 2.4% per year between 1990 and 2009 among those aged 30-39 years and 40-49 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: CRC incidence rises among young adults in Europe. The cause for this trend needs to be elucidated. Clinicians should be aware of this trend. If the trend continues, screening guidelines may need to be reconsidered.

Low-grade screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ progresses more slowly than high-grade lesions: evidence from an international multi-centre study.

PURPOSE: Nuclear grade is an important indicator of the biological behaviour of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). De-escalation of treatment has been suggested for low-grade DCIS. Our aim is to estimate the relative rate of progression of DCIS by nuclear grade by analysing the distribution of nuclear grade by detection at initial or subsequent screening. METHODS: We asked International Cancer Screening Network sites to complete, based on their screening and clinical databases, an aggregated data file on DCIS detection, diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: Eleven screening programs reported 5068 screen-detected pure DCIS in nearly 7 million screening tests in women 50-69 years of age. For all programs combined, low-grade DCIS were 20.1% (range 11.4-31.8%) of graded DCIS, intermediate grade 31.0% and high grade 48.9%. Detection rates decreased more steeply from initial to subsequent screening in low compared to high-grade DCIS: the ratios of subsequent to initial detection rates were 0.39 for low grade, 0.51 for intermediate grade, and 0.75 for high grade (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the duration of the preclinical detectable phase is longer for low than for high-grade DCIS. The findings from this large multi-centre, international study emphasize that the management of low-grade DCIS should be carefully scrutinized in order to minimize overtreatment of screen-detected slow-growing or indolent lesions. The high variation by site in the proportion of low grade suggests that further pathology standardization and training would be beneficial.

The legal framework for European cervical cancer screening programmes.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive legal framework needs to be developed to run the health services and to regulate the information systems required to manage and to ensure the quality of cancer screening programmes. The aim of our study was to document and to compare the status of legal basis for cervical screening registration in European countries. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire including questions on governance, decision-making structures and legal framework was developed. The primary responses were collected by September 2016. RESULTS: We sent the questionnaire to representatives of 35 European countries (28 countries of the EU, with the United Kingdom included as 4 countries; 4 EFTA member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland); responses were collected from 33 countries. The legal framework makes it possible to personally invite individuals in 29 countries (88%). Systematic screening registration in an electronic registry is legally enshrined in 23 countries (70%). Individual linkage of records between screening and cancer registries is allowed in 19 of those countries. Linkage studies involving cancer and screening registries have been conducted in 15 countries. CONCLUSION: Although the majority of EU/EFTA countries have implemented population-based screening, only half of them have successfully performed record linkage studies, which are nevertheless a key recommendation for quality assurance of the entire screening process. The European legislation is open to the possibility of using health data for these purposes; however, member states themselves must recognize the public interest to create a legal basis, which would enable all the necessary functions for high-quality cancer screening programmes.

The detection of DNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes in cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: A prospective cytological-histological correlation study of 70 cases.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation has been suggested as one of the epigenetic changes promoting carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the methylation status of CADM 1, MAL and hsa-miR-124 genes in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples with a histological correlation. METHODS: Seventy histologically confirmed cases of HSIL paired with prior screening LBC diagnosis of HSIL within a 3-month interval were selected. Histologically, the lesions were reviewed and assessed including: (a) number of blocks harbouring dysplastic squamous epithelium; (b) number of blocks containing glandular extension of dysplastic epithelium; and (c) the depth of glandular extension (which was assessed semi-quantitatively as graded 1-3). Human papillomavirus (HPV) subtyping was performed from residual LBC materials using the LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test and in-house polymerase chain reaction targeting the HPV E1 gene. The detection of methylation silencing of tumour suppressor genes CADM1, MAL and hsa-miR-124 was performed by multiplex methylation-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A positive methylation status was detected in 41 cases (58.6%). The number of blocks with HSIL varied from one to 13. Glandular extension was seen in 44 cases with the number of blocks involved ranging from one to 10. The depth of HSIL glandular extension varied. CONCLUSION: The DNA methylation test allows HSIL lesions to be divided into two distinct groups of methylated HSIL in significantly older patients and unmethylated HSIL in younger patients. This study was not able to prove that methylation status in cervical HSIL correlates with the size of the lesion (measured by the number of blocks involved) or with HSIL propensity for endocervical glandular extension, nor with HPV type or multi-infection.

Evaluation of the personalized invitation of Czech citizens to screening programs.

The Czech population has high burden of malignant tumors, and screening programs are therefore an essential part of cancer control policy. At the beginning of 2014 personalized invitation of Czech citizens for cancer screening programs was launched to promote higher coverage by screening. The aim of the paper is to present the up-to-date results of the personalized invitation. The data from health insurance companies were used to evaluate the volume of invitations for cancer screening programs and the participation rate after invitation in 2014-2017. During the first four years of the project, over 6 million invitations were sent (approximately 3 million individuals were invited). Participation rates after the first invitation in the breast, colorectal and cervical screening were 22.3%, 21.7% and 15.5%. However, the effect of personalized invitations decreases with repeated invitations to participate. Personalized invitation contributed to screening in hundreds of thousands citizens, but a large proportion of invited people still do not participate. It is necessary to encourage personalized invitation and discuss other strategies to motivate the public to participate in screening programs.

Second cancers in Hodgkin's lymphoma long-term survivals: A 60-year single institutional experience with real-life cohort of 871 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Appropriate surveillance guidelines for patients after successful treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) are needed to reduce mortality of iatrogenic secondary cancers (SC). This large single institutional retrospective study analyses the risk of SC in HL patients treated outside of clinical trials over past decades. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive series of HL patients were analysed with median follow-up 12 years. Standardised incidence ratio (SIR) and absolute excess risk (AER) were calculated for site-specific risk of SC. RESULTS: In total of 871 patients (491 men; median age 34 years), chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy alone, and combined treatment underwent 36%, 40%, and 24% patients. 154 SC were found with significantly increased SIR = 2.9 and AER = 80.8 for all cancers except of nonmelanoma-skin cancer. SC-related death occurred in 71 patients (15% of those who died, 8% of whole cohort). The most common SC were lung (17.5% of all malignancies, SIR = 3.2), breast carcinoma (15.6%, SIR = 4.4), and haematological malignancy (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma SIR = 13.1; leukaemia SIR = 5.8). For SC within radiation field, the highest AER was in breast (AER = 46.9), colorectal (AER = 22.8), and lung cancer (AER = 17). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HL are generally at great risk of developing SC, which is significantly increased especially by the use of radiotherapy. We suggested special follow-up schema for patients after initial HL treatment suitable for daily real-world clinical practice. The system depends on gender, form of HL treatment and especially the form of radiation therapy in terms of location of radiation fields.

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Czech Republic and possibilities of its prevence.

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix belongs to significant malignancy in the Czech Republic. The goal of organized national cervical cancer screening program is to decrease incidence and mortality of this disease. Discovery of casual relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer together with modern examinations methods pushed forward possibilities of primary and secondary prevention worldwide. In the article, there are mentioned basic statistical data of cervical cancer screening in the Czech Republic (the annual coverage of the target population, incidence, prevalence, mortality etc.), types of different screening strategies, evaluation of gynecologic cytology according to the Bethesda system, HPV vaccination and more information related to this topic. Keywords: cervix - carcinoma - screening - HPV - vaccination - cytology - Bethesda system.

[Population colorectal cancer screening in the Czech Republic]. / Populacní screening kolorektálního karcinomu v Ceské republice.

UNLABELLED: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant disease in developed countries and its incidence is steadily growing. This trend has a stable character despite the fact that CRC is among the best prevention influenced malignancies. National CRC screening program in the Czech Republic, which was established in year 2000, follows the world trends resulting from evidence based medicine. Currently, the basic tools of screening program are immunochemical fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy in case of their positivity or screening colonoscopy. Stagnation of participating population resulted to initiation of address invitation of the target population in January 2014, in which citizens are regularly invited to attend the screening program and their response is subsequently evaluated. Screening that impacts whole target group is called population screening. KEY WORDS: colorectal cancer, population screening program, colonoscopy, fecal occult blood tests, address invitation.

Oncological outcomes of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to review the oncologic outcomes of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) in cervical cancer and to compare them with those of standard conventional radical hysterectomy (CRH). METHODS: A search of the MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases for studies published to March 3, 2014 was performed using the search term "nerve sparing or radical hysterectomy and cervical cancer." The main outcome measure was the recurrence rate after NSRH. The hazard ratio for recurrence was used to compare NSRH and CRH. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies reported data on oncologic outcomes of NSRH. The recurrence rate after NSRH was reported to be 0 to 19.6 %. Of the 21 studies, 10 comparing outcomes between NSRH and CRH were assessed for their eligibility to be included in a meta-analysis. However, the scarcity and heterogeneity of effect estimates in these comparison trials precluded performance of a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the evidence addressing the oncologic safety of NSRH over that of CRH in cervical cancer is neither adequate nor statistically relevant. A properly designed, prospective randomized noninferiority trial is needed to assess the oncologic outcomes of NSRH before this surgical approach is adopted as the standard of care for patients with tumors that have unfavorable prognostic features. Until then, NSRH should be considered primarily for patients with small tumors due to the very low risk of parametrial and lymph node involvement, with maximum benefit conferred to the patient from autonomic nerve preservation without any requirement for adjuvant treatment.