Completely Non-Fused Low-Cost Acceptor Enables Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 17 % Efficiency.

To meet the industrial requirements of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, it is imperative to accelerate the development of cost-effective materials. Thiophene-benzene-thiophene central unit-based acceptors possess the advantage of low synthetic cost, while their power conversion efficiency (PCE) is relatively low. Here, by incorporating a para-substituted benzene unit and 1st-position branched alkoxy chains with large steric hindrance, a completely non-fused non-fullerene acceptor, TBT-26, was designed and synthesized. The narrow band gap of 1.38 eV ensures the effective utilization of sunlight. The favorable phase separation morphology of TBT-26-based blend film facilitates the efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport in corresponding OPV cell. Therefore, the TBT-26-based small-area cell achieves an impressive PCE of 17.0 %, which is the highest value of completely non-fused OPV cells. Additionally, we successfully demonstrated the scalability of this design by fabricating a 28.8 cm2 module with a high PCE of 14.3 %. Overall, our work provides a practical molecular design strategy for developing high-performance and low-cost acceptors, paving the way for industrial applications of OPV technology.

Optimizing Molecular Packing via Steric Hindrance for Reducing Non-Radiative Recombination in Organic Solar Cells.

Innovative molecule design strategy holds promise for the development of next-generation acceptor materials for efficient organic solar cells with low non-radiative energy loss (ΔEnr). In this study, we designed and prepared three novel acceptors, namely BTP-Biso, BTP-Bme and BTP-B, with sterically structured triisopropylbenzene, trimethylbenzene and benzene as side chains inserted into the shoulder of the central core. The progressively enlarged steric hindrance from BTP-B to BTP-Bme and BTP-Biso induces suppressed intramolecular rotation and altered the molecule packing mode in their aggregation states, leading to significant changes in absorption spectra and energy levels. By regulating the intermolecular π-π interactions, BTP-Bme possesses relatively reduced non-radiative recombination rate and extended exciton diffusion lengths. The binary device based on PB2 : BTP-Bme exhibits an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.5 % with a low ΔEnr of 0.19 eV. Furthermore, the ternary device comprising PB2 : PBDB-TF : BTP-Bme achieves an outstanding PCE of 19.3 %. The molecule design strategy in this study proposed new perspectives for developing high-performance acceptors with low ΔEnr in OSCs.

Achieving High Fill Factor in Organic Photovoltaic Cells by Tuning Molecular Electrostatic Potential Fluctuation.

In the field of organic photovoltaics (OPVs), significant progress has been made in tailoring molecular structures to enhance the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current density. However, there remains a crucial gap in the development of coordinated material design strategies focused on improving the fill factor (FF). Here, we introduce a molecular design strategy that incorporates electrostatic potential fluctuation to design organic photovoltaic materials. By reducing the fluctuation amplitude of IT-4F, we synthesized a new acceptor named ITOC6-4F. When using PBQx-TF as a donor, the ITOC6-4F-based cell shows a markedly low recombination rate constant of 0.66×10-14 cm3 s-1 and demonstrates an outstanding FF of 0.816, both of which are new records for binary OPV cells. Also, we find that a small fluctuation amplitude could decrease the energetic disorder of OPV cells, reducing energy loss. Finally, the ITOC6-4F-based cell creates the highest efficiency of 16.0 % among medium-gap OPV cells. Our work holds a vital implication for guiding the design of high-performance OPV materials.

Design of a Fully Non-Fused Bulk Heterojunction toward Efficient and Low-Cost Organic Photovoltaics.

To modulate the miscibility between donor and acceptor materials both possessing fully non-fused ring structures, a series of electron acceptors (A4T-16, A4T-31 and A4T-32) with different polar functional substituents were synthesized and investigated. The three acceptors show good planarity, high conformational stability, complementary absorption and energy levels with the non-fused polymer donor (PTVT-BT). Among them, A4T-32 possesses the strongest polar functional group and shows the highest surface energy, which facilitates morphological modulation in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blend. Benefiting from the proper morphology control method, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approaching 16.0 % and a superior fill factor over 0.795 are achieved in the PTVT-BT : A4T-32-based organic photovoltaic cells with superior photoactive materials price advantage, which represent the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused blend films. Notably, this cell maintains ≈84 % of its initial PCE after nearly 2000 h under the continuous simulated 1-sun-illumination. In addition, the flexible PTVT-BT : A4T-32-based cells were fabricated and delivered a decent PCE of 14.6 %. This work provides an effective molecular design strategy for the non-fused non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) from the aspect of bulk morphology control in fully non-fused BHJ layers, which is crucial for their practical applications.

Impact of Electrostatic Interaction on Bulk Morphology in Efficient Donor-Acceptor Photovoltaic Blends.

Bulk heterojunctions comprising mixed donor (D) and acceptor (A) materials have proven to be the most efficient device structures for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The bulk morphology of such cells plays a key role in charge generation, recombination, and transport, thus determining the device performance. Although numerous studies have discussed the morphology-performance relationship of these cells, the method of designing OPV materials with the desired morphology remains unclear. Herein, guided by molecular electrostatic potential distributions, we have established a connection between the chemical structure and bulk morphology. We show that the molecular orientation at the D-A interface and the domain purity in the blend can be effectively modulated by modifying the functional groups. Enhancing the D-A interaction is beneficial for charge generation. However, the resulting low domain purity and increased charge transfer ratio in its hybridization with the local excitation states lead to severe charge recombination. Fine-tuning the bulk morphology can give balanced charge generation and recombination, which is crucial for further boosting the efficiency of the OPV cells.

Efficient charge generation at low energy losses in organic solar cells: a key issues review.

Light absorption generates strongly bound excitons in organic solar cells (OSCs). To obtain efficient charge generation, a large driving force is required, which causes a large energy loss (E loss) and severely hinders the improvement in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs. Recently, the development of non-fullerene OSCs has seen great success, and the resulting OSCs can yield highly efficient charge generation with a negligible driving force, which raises a fundamental question about how the excitons split into free charges. From a chemical structure perspective, the molecular electrostatic potential differences between donors and acceptors may play a critical role in facilitating charge separation. Although the E loss caused by charge generation has been suppressed, charge recombination, particularly via non-radiative pathways, severely limits further improvements in the PCEs. In OSCs with negligible driving forces, the lowest excited state, a hybrid local exciton-charge transfer state, is believed to have a strong association with the non-radiative E loss. This review discusses the efficient charge generation at low E loss values in highly efficient OSCs and highlights the issues that should be tackled to further improve the PCEs to new levels (∼20%).

Tuning the Hybridization of Local Exciton and Charge-Transfer States in Highly Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells.

Decreasing the energy loss is one of the most feasible ways to improve the efficiencies of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Recent studies have suggested that non-radiative energy loss ( E non - rad loss ) is the dominant factor that hinders further improvements in state-of-the-art OPV cells. However, there is no rational molecular design strategy for OPV materials with suppressed E non - rad loss . Herein, taking molecular surface electrostatic potential (ESP) as a quantitative parameter, we establish a general relationship between chemical structure and intermolecular interactions. The results reveal that increasing the ESP difference between donor and acceptor will enhance the intermolecular interaction. In the OPV cells, the enhanced intermolecular interaction will increase the charge-transfer (CT) state ratio in its hybridization with the local exciton state to facilitate charge generation, but simultaneously result in a larger E non - rad loss . These results suggest that finely tuning the ESP of OPV materials is a feasible method to further improve the efficiencies of OPV cells.

Rapid Simultaneous Removal of Toxic Anions [HSeO3]-, [SeO3]2-, and [SeO4]2-, and Metals Hg2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ by MoS42- Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide.

We demonstrate fast, highly efficient concurrent removal of toxic oxoanions of Se(VI) (SeO42-) and Se(IV) (SeO32-/HSeO3-) and heavy metal ions of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ by the MoS42- intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (MgAl-MoS4-LDH, abbr. MoS4-LDH). Using the MoS4-LDH as a sorbent, we observe that the presence of Hg2+ ions greatly promotes the capture of SeO42-, while the three metal ions (Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+) enable a remarkable improvement in the removal of SeO32-/HSeO3-. For the pair Se(VI)+Hg2+, the MoS4-LDH exhibits outstanding removal rates (>99.9%) for both Hg2+ and Se(VI), compared to 81% removal for SeO42- alone. For individual SeO32- (without metal ions), 99.1% Se(IV) removal is achieved, while ≥99.9% removals are reached in the presence of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+. Simultaneously, the removal rates for these metal ions are also >99.9%, and nearly all concentrations of the elements can be reduced to <10 ppb, a limit acceptable for drinking water. The maximum sorption capacities for individual Se(VI) and Se(IV) are 85 and 294 mg/g, respectively. The 294 mg/g capacity for Se(IV) reaches a record value, placing the MoS4-LDH among the highest-capacity selenite adsorbing materials described to date. More interestingly, the presence of metal ions extremely accelerates the capture of the selenium oxoanions because of the reactions of the metal ions with the interlayer MoS42- anions. The sorptions of Se(VI)+Hg and Se(IV)+M (M = Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+) are exceptionally rapid, showing >99.5% removals for Hg2+ within 1 min and ∼99.0% removal for Se(VI) within 30 min, as well as >99.5% removals for pairs Cu2+ and Se(IV) within 10 min, and Cd2+ and Se(IV) within 30 min. During the sorption of SeO32-/HSeO3-, reduction of Se(IV) occurs to Se0 caused by the S2- sites in MoS42-. Sorption kinetics for the oxoanions follows a pseudo-second-order model consistent with chemisorption. The intercalated material of MoS4-LDH is very promising as a highly effective filter for decontamination of water with toxic Se(IV)/Se(VI) oxoanions along with heavy metals such as Hg2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+.

Highly Selective and Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals by Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with the MoS4(2-) Ion.

The MoS4(2-) ion was intercalated into magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-NO3-LDH) to produce a single phase material of Mg0.66Al0.34(OH)2(MoS4)0.17·nH2O (MgAl-MoS4-LDH), which demonstrates highly selective binding and extremely efficient removal of heavy metal ions such as Cu(2+), Pb(2+), Ag(+), and Hg(2+). The MoS4-LDH displays a selectivity order of Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+) < Cd(2+) ≪ Pb(2+) < Cu(2+) < Hg(2+) < Ag(+) for the metal ions. The enormous capacities for Hg(2+) (∼500 mg/g) and Ag(+) (450 mg/g) and very high distribution coefficients (Kd) of ∼10(7) mL/g place the MoS4-LDH at the top of materials known for such removal. Sorption isotherm for Ag(+) agrees with the Langmuir model suggesting a monolayer adsorption. It can rapidly lower the concentrations of Cu(2+), Pb(2+), Hg(2+), and Ag(+) from ppm levels to trace levels of ≤1 ppb. For the highly toxic Hg(2+) (at ∼30 ppm concentration), the adsorption is exceptionally rapid and highly selective, showing a 97.3% removal within 5 min, 99.7% removal within 30 min, and ∼100% removal within 1 h. The sorption kinetics for Cu(2+), Ag(+), Pb(2+), and Hg(2+) follows a pseudo-second-order model suggesting a chemisorption with the adsorption mechanism via M-S bonding. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples after adsorption demonstrate the coordination and intercalation structures depending on the metal ions and their concentration. After the capture of heavy metals, the crystallites of the MoS4-LDH material retain the original hexagonal prismatic shape and are stable at pH ≈ 2-10. The MoS4-LDH material is thus promising for the remediation of heavy metal polluted water.

Efficient uranium capture by polysulfide/layered double hydroxide composites.

There is a need to develop highly selective and efficient materials for capturing uranium (normally as UO2(2+)) from nuclear waste and from seawater. We demonstrate the promising adsorption performance of S(x)-LDH composites (LDH is Mg/Al layered double hydroxide, [S(x)](2-) is polysulfide with x = 2, 4) for uranyl ions from a variety of aqueous solutions including seawater. We report high removal capacities (q(m) = 330 mg/g), large K(d)(U) values (10(4)-10(6) mL/g at 1-300 ppm U concentration), and high % removals (>95% at 1-100 ppm, or ∼80% for ppb level seawater) for UO2(2+) species. The S(x)-LDHs are exceptionally efficient for selectively and rapidly capturing UO2(2+) both at high (ppm) and trace (ppb) quantities from the U-containing water including seawater. The maximum adsorption coeffcient value K(d)(U) of 3.4 × 10(6) mL/g (using a V/m ratio of 1000 mL/g) observed is among the highest reported for U adsorbents. In the presence of very high concentrations of competitive ions such as Ca(2+)/Na(+), S(x)-LDH exhibits superior selectivity for UO2(2+), over previously reported sorbents. Under low U concentrations, (S4)(2-) coordinates to UO2(2+) forming anionic complexes retaining in the LDH gallery. At high U concentrations, (S4)(2-) binds to UO2(2+) to generate neutral UO2S4 salts outside the gallery, with NO3(-) entering the interlayer to form NO3-LDH. In the presence of high Cl(-) concentration, Cl(-) preferentially replaces [S4](2-) and intercalates into LDH. Detailed comparison of U removal efficiency of S(x)-LDH with various known sorbents is reported. The excellent uranium adsorption ability along with the environmentally safe, low-cost constituents points to the high potential of S(x)-LDH materials for selective uranium capture.

Characteristics of Medical Quality in Tertiary Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals by TOPSIS and RSR Methods.

Performance evaluation is important for improving medical quality and services. But, there is a lack of research for medical quality in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals. This study examines the medical quality and various indicators of tertiary public traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in Gansu Province, to establish a foundation for improving the medical and management standards of these hospitals. This study collected performance assessment data from 10 tertiary TCM hospitals in Gansu Province from 2019 to 2022. Thirteen indicators with TCM characteristics were selected and categorized into 3 aspects: control of medical costs, internal operational dimensions, and comprehensive management. The level of medical quality in different hospitals and in different years were determined using the TOPSIS method for ranking and the RSR method for grading. Firstly, in terms of TCM characteristic indicators, hospital H had the highest control of medical costs and comprehensive management among different hospitals, with 45.87% and 24.20% respectively. The highest values for control of medical costs and comprehensive management were observed in 2020, with 40.65% and 18.69% respectively among different years. When evaluating the medical quality of different hospitals using the TOPSIS method, it was found that hospital H had the highest ranking from 2020 to 2022, with Ci values of 0.725, 0.778, and 0.667 respectively. Additionally, the RSR method indicated that hospital H had a high level of grading from 2020 to 2022, with Pi values of 0.687, 0.690, and 0.723 respectively. These findings suggest that the medical quality of hospital H is at a high and stable level of development. Based on the TOPSIS method to evaluate the performance appraisal results and ranking of different hospitals from 2019 to 2022. The results showed that the highest ranking was hospital B(Ci = 0.913) in 2019. The highest ranking was hospital C(Ci = 0.809)in 2020. The highest ranking was hospital D(Ci = 0.689) in 2021. The highest ranking was hospital J(Ci = 0.865) in 2022. The RSR method indicated that high grading level were hospitals B(Pi = 0.899),F(Pi = 0.795) in 2019. The highest grading level was hospital C(Pi = 0.809) in 2020. The highest grading level were hospitals A(Pi = 0.868), D(Pi = 0.813), E(Pi = 0.689), G(Pi = 0.873), J(Pi = 0.813), K(Pi = 0.842) in 2022. Based on the above results indicate that there is a large variation in the medical quality profile of different hospitals from 2019 to 2022. By comparing the results of TOPSIS and RSR method from 2019 to 2022, we found that the hospitals with identical ranking were D and J, and the hospitals with ≤2 difference in ranking was A,B,C,E in 2019, the hospitals with >2 ranking was A, F in 2020, the hospitals with >2 ranking were C, G in 2021, and the hospitals with identical ranking results were B,D,E,G,J in 2022. Comparing the ranking results of TOPSIS and RSR methods, showed that the hospitals with identical rankings were B, F from 2019 to 2022. The difference in ranking results ≤2 were A, C, D, E, G, H, J, K, indicating that high consistency between TOPSIS and RSR methods and credible results. The findings reveal significant fluctuations in medical quality across different years, while the overall level of medical quality remains relatively stable among the various hospitals. It is recommended that TCM hospitals focus on improving management efficiency, optimizing hospital operations, enhancing the utilization of medical resources, and fostering the efficient development of hospitals.

Molecular Design for Vertical Phase Distribution Modulation in High-Performance Organic Solar Cells.

Component distribution within the photoactive layer dictates the morphology and electronic structure and substantially influences the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, a molecular design strategy is introduced to manipulate component and energetics distribution by adjusting side-chain polarity. Two non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), ITIC-16F and ITIC-E, are synthesized by introducing different polar functional substituents onto the side chains of ITIC. The alterations result in different distribution tendencies in the bulk heterojunction film: ITIC-16F with intensified hydrophobicity aligns predominantly with the top surface, while ITIC-E with strong hydrophilicity gravitates toward the bottom. This divergence directly impacts the vertical distribution of the excitation energy levels, thereby influencing the excitation kinetics over extended time periods and larger spatial ranges including enhanced diffusion-mediated exciton dissociation and stimulated charge carrier transport. Benefitting from the favorable energy distribution, the device incorporating ITIC-E into the PBQx-TF:eC9-2Cl blend showcases an impressive power conversion efficiency of 19.4%. This work highlights side-chain polarity manipulation as a promising strategy for designing efficient NFA molecules and underscores the pivotal role of spatial energetics distribution in OSC performance.

Design of Chlorinated Indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene Acceptors toward Efficient Organic Photovoltaics.

Chlorinated modifications have been extensively employed to modulate the optoelectronic properties of π-conjugated materials. Herein, the Cl substitution in designing nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) with various bandgaps is studied. Four narrow-bandgap electron acceptors (GS-40, GS-41, GS-42, and GS-43) were synthesized by tuning the electrostatic potential distributions of the molecular conjugated backbones. The optical absorption onset of these NFAs ranges from 900 to 1030 nm. Compared to the nonchlorinated analogue, the introduction of Cl atoms on the core of indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b'] dithiophene (IDT) and π spacer results in an upward shift of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels and induces a blue shift in the absorption spectra of the NFAs. This alteration facilitates achieving appropriate energy-level alignment and favorable bulk heterojunction morphology when blended with the widely used donor PBDB-TF. The PBDB-TF:GS-43-based solar cells show an optimal power conversion efficiency of 13.3%. This work suggests the potential of employing chlorine-modified IDT and thiophene units as fundamental building blocks for developing high-performance photoactive materials.

High-Efficiency and Mechanically Robust All-Polymer Organic Photovoltaic Cells Enabled by Optimized Fibril Network Morphology.

All-polymer organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells possessing high photovoltaic performance and mechanical robustness are promising candidates for flexible wearable devices. However, developing photoactive materials with good mechanical properties and photovoltaic performance so far remains challenging. In this work, a polymer donor PBDB-TF with a high weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) is introduced to enable highly efficient all-polymer OPV cells featuring excellent mechanical reliability. By incorporating the high-Mw PBDB-TF as a third component into the PBQx-TF:PY-IT blend, the bulk heterojunction morphology is finely tuned with a more compact π-π stacking distance, affording efficient pathways for charge transport as well as mechanical stress dissipation. Hence, all-polymer OPV cells based on the ternary blend film demonstrate a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.2% with an outstanding fill factor of 0.796. The flexible OPV cell delivers a decent PCE of 16.5% with high mechanical stability. These results present a promising strategy to address the mechanical properties and boost the photovoltaic performance of all-polymer OPV cells.

Large Steric Hindrance Enhanced Molecular Planarity for Low-Cost Non-Fused Electron Acceptors.

Designing efficient non-fused ring electron acceptors is of great importance in decreasing the material cost of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). It is a challenge to construct a planar molecular skeleton in non-fused molecules as there are many torsions between adjacent units. Here, we design two non-fused electron acceptors based on bithieno[3,2-b]thiophene units as core structures and study the impact of steric hindrance of substituents on molecular planarity. We use 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl and 4-hexylphenyl groups to prepare ATTP-1 and ATTP-2, respectively. Our results suggest that the enhanced steric hindrance is beneficial for obtaining a more planar molecular configuration, which significantly increases the optical absorption and charge transport properties. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PBDB-TF:ATTP-1 combination (11.3%) is superior to that of PBDB-TF:ATTP-2 combination (3.7%). In addition, an impressive PCE of 10.7% is recorded in ATTP-1-based devices when a low-cost polythiophene donor PDCBT is used, which is an outstanding value in OPVs fabricated by non-fused donor/acceptor combinations. Our work demonstrates that modulation of the steric hindrance effect is of great significance to control the molecular planarity and thus obtain excellent photovoltaic performance of low-cost non-fused electron acceptors.

Influence of Large Steric Hinderance Substituent Position on Conformation and Charge Transfer Process for Non-Fused Ring Acceptors.

To obtain stable and planar molecular geometry in non-fused electron acceptors, A4T-25 and A4T-26 are designed and synthesized by introducing the bulk 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl side groups onto different positions of the central two thiophene units. A4T-25 and A4T-26 both show a narrow-bandgap of 1.39 and 1.46 eV, with highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels of -5.56/-3.81 and -5.65/-3.83 eV, respectively, and the electrostatic potential distributions imply that they have strong electron-accepting capability. The single crystal structure analysis and the transfer integral calculation demonstrate that the much more compact π-π stacking in A4T-26 can promote efficient charge transportation compared to that in A4T-25. Therefore, the electron mobility of A4T-26 is obviously higher and more balanced than that of A4T-25. When blending the two acceptors with the same polymer donor PBDB-TF, the photovoltaic cell based on PBDB-TF:A4T-25 has an inadequate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.83%, while the PBDB-TF:A4T-26-based one yields an enhanced PCE of 12.1%. Overall, this study offers an insight into the relationship between the fine-tuning of the molecular structure of non-fused ring acceptors and the corresponding charge transfer process in organic solar cells.

A New Polymer Donor Enables Binary All-Polymer Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 18% Efficiency and Excellent Mechanical Robustness.

The development of polymerized small-molecule acceptors has boosted the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all-polymer organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells to 17%. However, the polymer donors suitable for all-polymer OPV cells are still lacking, restricting the further improvement of their PCEs. Herein, a new polymer donor named PQM-Cl is designed and its photovoltaic performance is explored. The negative electrostatic potential and low average local ionization energy distribution of the PQM-Cl surface enable efficient charge generation and transfer process. When blending with a well-used polymer acceptor, PY-IT, the PQM-Cl-based devices deliver an impressive PCE of 18.0% with a superior fill factor of 80.7%, both of which are the highest values for all-polymer OPV cells. The relevant measurements demonstrate that PQM-Cl-based films possess excellent mechanical and flexible properties. As such, PQM-Cl-based flexible photovoltaic cells are fabricated and an excellent PCE of 16.5% with high mechanical stability is displayed. These results demonstrate that PQM-Cl is a potential candidate for all-polymer OPV cells and provide insights into the design of polymer donors for high-efficient all-polymer OPV cells.

Completely non-fused electron acceptor with 3D-interpenetrated crystalline structure enables efficient and stable organic solar cell.

Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) based on non-fused conjugated structures have more potential to realize low-cost organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are much lower than those of the fused-ring NFAs. Herein, a new bithiophene-based non-fused core (TT-Pi) featuring good planarity as well as large steric hindrance was designed, based on which a completely non-fused NFA, A4T-16, was developed. The single-crystal result of A4T-16 reveals that a three-dimensional interpenetrating network can be formed due to the compact π-π stacking between the adjacent end-capping groups. A high PCE of 15.2% is achieved based on PBDB-TF:A4T-16, which is the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused NFAs. Notably, the device retains ~84% of its initial PCE after 1300 h under the simulated AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW cm-2). Overall, this work provides insight into molecule design of the non-fused NFAs from the aspect of molecular geometry control.

Design of ultra-high luminescent polymers for organic photovoltaic cells with low energy loss.

Here, new polymers named PBTT-Cn (n = 3, 4, or 5) have been designed based on carboxylate-functionalized thieno[3,2-b]thiophene units. The electroluminescence external quantum efficiencies (EQEEL) of pristine PBTT-C4 and C5 films are over 1 × 10-2, which are among the highest results for OPV materials. Through combination with BTP-eC9, the PBTT-C4-based film showed a high EQEEL of 6 × 10-4 and the Vnon-radloss is 0.19 eV. As a result, a high open-circuit voltage of 0.89 V and a satisfactory PCE of 15% were recorded in the PBTT-C4-based OPV cells.

A New Conjugated Polymer that Enables the Integration of Photovoltaic and Light-Emitting Functions in One Device.

Exploring the intriguing bifunctional nature of organic semiconductors and investigating the feasibility of fabricating bifunctional devices are of great significance in realizing various applications with one device. Here, the design of a new wide-bandgap polymer named PBQx-TCl (optical bandgap of 2.05 eV) is reported, and its applications in photovoltaic and light-emitting devices are studied. By fabricating devices with nonfullerene acceptors BTA3 and BTP-eC9, it is shown that the devices exhibit a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.0% under air mass 1.5G illumination conditions and an outstanding PCE of 28.5% for a 1 cm2 device and 26.0% for a 10 cm2 device under illumination from a 1000 lux light-emitting diode. In addition, the PBQx-TCl:BTA3-based device also demonstrates a moderate organic light-emitting diode performance with an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency approaching 0.2% and a broad emission range of 630-1000 nm. These results suggest that the polymer PBQx-TCl-based devices exhibit outstanding photovoltaic performance and potential light-emitting functions.