Interfacial Polarization Locked Flexible ß-Phase Glycine/Nb2CTx Piezoelectric Nanofibers.

Biomolecular piezoelectric materials show great potential in the field of wearable and implantable biomedical devices. Here, a self-assemble approach is developed to fabricating flexible ß-glycine piezoelectric nanofibers with interfacial polarization locked aligned crystal domains induced by Nb2CTx nanosheets. Acted as an effective nucleating agent, Nb2CTx nanosheets can induce glycine to crystallize from edges toward flat surfaces on its 2D crystal plane and form a distinctive eutectic structure within the nanoconfined space. The interfacial polarization locking formed between O atom on glycine and Nb atom on Nb2CTx is essential to align the ß-glycine crystal domains with (001) crystal plane intensity extremely improved. This ß-phase glycine/Nb2CTx nanofibers (Gly-Nb2C-NFs) exhibit fabulous mechanical flexibility with Young's modulus of 10 MPa, and an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient of 5.0 pC N-1 or piezoelectric voltage coefficient of 129 × 10-3Vm N-1. The interface polarization locking greatly improves the thermostability of ß-glycine before melting (≈210°C). A piezoelectric sensor based on this Gly-Nb2C-NFs is used for micro-vibration sensing in vivo in mice and exhibits excellent sensing ability. This strategy provides an effective approach for the regular crystallization modulation for glycine crystals, opening a new avenue toward the design of piezoelectric biomolecular materials induced by 2D materials.

Self-Adhesive and Self-Sustainable Bioelectronic Patch for Physiological Feedback Electronic Modulation of Soft Organs.

Bionic electrical stimulation (Bio-ES) aims to achieve personalized therapy and proprioceptive adaptation by mimicking natural neural signatures of the body, while current Bio-ES devices are reliant on complex sensing and computational simulation systems, thus often limited by the low-fidelity of simulated electrical signals, and failure of interface information interaction due to the mechanical mismatch between soft tissues and rigid electrodes. Here, the study presents a flexible and ultrathin self-sustainable bioelectronic patch (Bio-patch), which can self-adhere to the lesion area of organs and generate bionic electrical signals synchronized vagal nerve envelope in situ to implement Bio-ES. It allows adaptive adjustment of intensity, frequency, and waveform of the Bio-ES to fully meet personalized needs of tissue regeneration based on real-time feedback from the vagal neural controlled organs. With this foundation, the Bio-patch can effectively intervene with excessive fibrosis and microvascular stasis during the natural healing process by regulating the polarization time of macrophages, promoting the reconstruction of the tissue-engineered structure, and accelerating the repair of damaged liver and kidney. This work develops a practical approach to realize biomimetic electronic modulation of the growth and development of soft organs only using a multifunctional Bio-patch, which establishes a new paradigm for precise bioelectronic medicine.

Surface Functional Modification by Ti3 C2 Tx MXene on PLLA Nanofibers for Optimizing Neural Stem Cell Engineering.

Optimizing cell substrates by surface modification of neural stem cells (NSCs), for efficient and oriented neurogenesis, represents a promising strategy for treating neurological diseases. However, developing substrates with the advanced surface functionality, conductivity, and biocompatibility required for practical application is still challenging. Here, Ti3 C2 Tx MXene is introduced as a coating nanomaterial for aligned poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers (M-ANF) to enhance NSC neurogenesis and simultaneously tailor the cell growth direction. Ti3 C2 Tx MXene treatment provides a superior conductivity substrate with a surface rich in functional groups, hydrophilicity, and roughness, which can provide biochemical and physical cues to support NSC adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, Ti3 C2 Tx MXene coating significantly promotes NSC differentiation into both neurons and astrocytes. Interestingly, Ti3 C2 Tx MXene acts synergistically with the alignment of nanofibers to promote the growth of neurites, indicating enhanced maturation of these neurons. RNA sequencing analysis further reveals the molecular mechanism by which Ti3 C2 Tx MXene modulates the fate of NSCs. Notably, surface modification by Ti3 C2 Tx MXene mitigates the in vivo foreign body response to implanted PLLA nanofibers. This study confirms that Ti3 C2 Tx MXene provides multiple advantages for decorating the aligned PLLA nanofibers to cooperatively improve neural regeneration.

Advances in applications of piezoelectronic electrons in cell regulation and tissue regeneration.

Bioelectricity plays a significant role in major biological processes and electrical stimulation is an effective and non-invasive way to promote cellular growth, differentiation and tissue regeneration. In tissue engineering, piezoelectric materials not only act as modulators to regulate behaviors and functions of cells and tissues, but are also used as scaffolds to regulate and guide cell growth and matrix synthesis, thus promoting the formation of new tissue. Piezoelectronic electrons are produced from piezoelectric materials upon mechanical stimuli and have similar effects on cells as an external electrical field. Devices based on piezoelectronics have been widely applied in bioelectronics and biomedical fields. In this review, the effects of piezoelectronic electrons on cells and their possible mechanisms are briefly introduced. Then, we overview the applications of piezoelectronic electrons in cell regulation and tissue regeneration according to the type of cells and tissues. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are also provided.

Biofeedback electrostimulation for bionic and long-lasting neural modulation.

Invasive electrical stimulation (iES) is prone to cause neural stimulus-inertia owing to its excessive accumulation of exogenous charges, thereby resulting in many side effects and even failure of nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Here, a wearable neural iES system is well designed and built for bionic and long-lasting neural modulation. It can automatically yield biomimetic pulsed electrical signals under the driven of respiratory motion. These electrical signals are full of unique physiological synchronization can give biofeedback to respiratory behaviors, self-adjusting with different physiological states of the living body, and thus realizing a dynamic and biological self-matched modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels on the cell membrane. Abundant cellular and animal experimental evidence confirm an effective elimination of neural stimulus-inertia by these bioelectrical signals. An unprecedented nerve regeneration and motor functional reconstruction are achieved in long-segmental peripheral nerve defects, which is equal to the gold standard of nerve repair -- autograft. The wearable neural iES system provides an advanced platform to overcome the common neural stimulus-inertia and gives a broad avenue for personalized iES therapy of nerve injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

The properties of Ge quantum rings deposited by pulsed laser deposition.

SiGe ring-shape nanostructures have attracted much research interest because of the interesting morphology, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties. In this paper, we present the planar Ge nanorings with well-defined sharp edges self-assembled on Si (100) matrix prepared with pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in the present of Ar gas. The transforming mechanism of the droplets is discussed, which a dynamic deformation model has been developed to simulate the self-transforming process of the droplets. The rings were found to be formed in two steps: from droplets to cones and from cones to rings via an elastic self-deforming process, which were likely to be driven by the lateral strain of Ge/Si layers and the surface tension.

Labeling patterned DNA molecules using CdS fluorescence nanoparticles.

We present the detection of patterned DNA molecules fixed on quartz substrates using CdS florescence quantum dots, and the linear assembly of CdS nanoparticles based on DNA templates. The detection and the assembling processes were recognized by the bright spots arraying in grid patterns resulting from the fluorescence of CdS nanoparticles by means of dark optical microscopy, which attribute to the complementation process of DNA molecules and the electrostatic interaction between the DNA with positive charges and CdS nanocrystals with negative charges. In addition, the photoluminescence (PL) emission characteristics of temperature dependence and decay of DNA-CdS samples are analyzed.

Effects of heavy metal Cd pollution on microbial activities in soil.

Heavy metal contamination of soil occurs when heavy metals are introduced to soil through human activities, leading to the gradual deterioration of the ecology and environment. Microorganism activity reflects the intensity of various biochemical reactions in soil, and changes in it reflect the level of heavy metal pollution affecting the soil. The effects were studied of heavy metal Cd on the microbial activity of soil at different concentrations by investigating the respiratory intensity, urease activity, and catalase activity in forest soil and garden soil. The results showed that the respiratory intensity, urease and catalase activities in the garden soil were all higher than in the forest soil. Cd has obvious inhibitory effects on microbial activities. The three parameters exhibited a downward trend with increasing concentrations of Cd. Catalase activity increased when the mass concentration of Cd reached 1.0 mg/kg, indicating that low concentrations of Cd can promote the activity of some microorganisms. Respiratory intensity and urease activity also increased when the concentration reached 10.0 mg/kg, showing that respiratory intensity and urease activity have strong response mechanisms to adverse conditions. The effective state of Cd in soil, as well as inhibition of microbial activity, decreased with incubation time.

Improving the Photoelectric Characteristics of MoS2 Thin Films by Doping Rare Earth Element Erbium.

We investigated the surface morphologies, crystal structures, and optical characteristics of rare earth element erbium (Er)-doped MoS2 (Er: MoS2) thin films fabricated on Si substrates via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The surface mopography, crystalline structure, light absorption property, and the photoelectronic characteristics of the Er: MoS2 films were studied. The results indicate that doping makes the crystallinity of MoS2 films better than that of the undoped film. Meanwhile, the electron mobility and conductivity of the Er-doped MoS2 films increase about one order of magnitude, and the current-voltage (I-V) and the photoelectric response characteristics of the Er:MoS2/Si heterojunction increase significantly. Moreover, Er-doped MoS2 films exhibit strong light absorption and photoluminescence in the visible light range at room temperature; the intensity is enhanced by about twice that of the undoped film. The results indicate that the doping of MoS2 with Er can significantly improve the photoelectric characteristics and can be used to fabricate highly efficient luminescence and optoelectronic devices.

Fabrication and electrical properties of MoS2 nanodisc-based back-gated field effect transistors.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an attractive alternative semiconductor material for next-generation low-power nanoelectronic applications, due to its special structure and large bandgap. Here, we report the fabrication of large-area MoS2 nanodiscs and their incorporation into back-gated field effect transistors (FETs) whose electrical properties we characterize. The MoS2 nanodiscs, fabricated via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), are homogeneous and continuous, and their thickness of around 5 nm is equal to a few layers of MoS2. In addition, we find that the MoS2 nanodisc-based back-gated field effect transistors with nickel electrodes achieve very high performance. The transistors exhibit an on/off current ratio of up to 1.9 × 105, and a maximum transconductance of up to 27 µS (5.4 µS/µm). Moreover, their mobility is as high as 368 cm2/Vs. Furthermore, the transistors have good output characteristics and can be easily modulated by the back gate. The electrical properties of the MoS2 nanodisc transistors are better than or comparable to those values extracted from single and multilayer MoS2 FETs.

Fabrication and investigation of the optoelectrical properties of MoS2/CdS heterojunction solar cells.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) heterojunction solar cells were successfully synthesized via chemical bath deposition (CBD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The as-grown CdS film on a fluorine tin oxide (FTO) substrate deposited by CBD is continuous and compact. The MoS2 film deposited by CVD is homogeneous and continuous, with a uniform color and a thickness of approximately 10 nm. The optical absorption range of the MoS2/CdS heterojunction covers the visible and near-infrared spectral regions of 350 to 800 nm, which is beneficial for the improvement of solar cell efficiency. Moreover, the MoS2/CdS solar cell exhibits good current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and pronounced photovoltaic behavior, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.66 V and a short-circuit current density of 0.227 × 10(-6) A/cm(2), comparable to the results obtained from other MoS2-based solar cells. This research is critical to investigate more efficient and stable solar cells based on graphene-like materials in the future.

Fabrication of graphene films with high transparent conducting characteristics.

We present a study on the transparent conducting characteristics of graphene-based films prepared by means of rapid chemical vapor deposition. The graphene films were grown on quartz slides with a CH4/Ar mixed gas under a constant flow at 950°C and then annealed at 1,000°C. It was found that the graphene films present excellent electrical conductivity with high transparency. The conductivity is up to 1,240 S/cm, the sheet resistance is lower than 1 kΩ/sq, and the transparency is well over 85% in the visible wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm, showing that the graphene films have very low resistivity and superior transparency and completely satisfy the need for transparent conductors. These properties can be used in many applications, such as transparent conductor films for touch panels. PACS: 61.48.+c, 78.67.Pt, 68.37.Hk, 68.65.Ac.

Synthesis and characterization of ZnS:Mn/ZnS core/shell nanoparticles for tumor targeting and imaging in vivo.

Fluorescence imaging technique has been used for imaging of biological cells and tissues in vivo. The Cd-free luminescent quantum dots conjugating with a cancer targeting ligand has been taken as a promising biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity system for targeted cancer imaging. This work reports the synthesis of fluorescent-doped core/shell quantum dots of water-soluble manganese-doped zinc sulfide. Quantum dots of manganese-doped zinc sulfide were prepared by nucleation doping strategy, with 3-mercaptopropionic acid as stabilizer at 90 in aqueous solution. The manganese-doped zinc sulfide nanoparticles exhibit strong orange fluorescence under UV irradiation, resistance to photo-bleaching, and low-cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. The structure and optical properties of nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy. Manganese-doped zinc sulfide nanoparticles conjugated with folic acid using 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)-bis-(ethylamine) as the linker. The covalent binding of both 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)-bis-(ethylamine) and folic acid on the surface of manganese-doped zinc sulfide nanoparticles probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detection. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of manganese-doped zinc sulfide-folic acid probes use HeLa cells. The obtained fluorescent probes (manganese-doped zinc sulfide) were used for tumor targeting and imaging in vivo. The manganese-doped zinc sulfide-folic acid fluorescent probes which targeting the tumor cells in the body of nude mouse tumor model would emit orange fluorescence, when exposed to a 365 nm lamp. We investigate the biodistribution of the manganese-doped zinc sulfide-folic acid fluorescent probes in tumor mouse model by measuring zinc concentration in tissues. These studies demonstrate the practicality of manganese-doped zinc sulfide-folic acid fluorescent probes as promising platform for tumor targeting and imaging in vivo.

Investigation of electronic properties of graphene/Si field-effect transistor.

We report a high-performance graphene/Si field-effect transistor fabricated via rapid chemical vapor deposition. Oligolayered graphene with a large uniform surface acts as the local gate of the graphene transistors. The scaled transconductance, gm, of the graphene transistors exceeds 3 mS/µm, and the ratio of the current switch, Ion/Ioff, is up to 100. Moreover, the output properties of the graphene transistor show significant current saturation, and the graphene transistor can be modulated using the local graphene gate. These results clearly show that the device is well suited for analog applications.

Memory properties of a Ge nanoring MOS device fabricated by pulsed laser deposition.

The non-volatile charge-storage properties of memory devices with MOS structure based on Ge nanorings have been studied. The two-dimensional Ge nanorings were prepared on a p-Si(100) matrix by means of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using the droplet technique combined with rapid annealing. Complete planar nanorings with well-defined sharp inner and outer edges were formed via an elastic self-transformation droplet process, which is probably driven by the lateral strain of the Ge/Si layers and the surface tension in the presence of Ar gas. The low leakage current was attributed to the small roughness and the few interface states in the planar Ge nanorings, and also to the effect of Coulomb blockade preventing injection. A significant threshold-voltage shift of 2.5 V was observed when an operating voltage of 8 V was implemented on the device.

The detection application of CdS quantum dots in labeling DNA molecules.

CdS nanoparticles with narrow symmetric emission and stable photochemical properties are synthesized. The particles are labeled on the probe DNA molecules due to the electrostatic interaction between the amidocyanogen DNA molecules with positive charges and the free carboxyl on the surface of CdS nanocrystals with negative charges. We find that the fluorescence intensity of the CdS-DNA decreases with the increasing temperature. The target DNA molecules immobilized on the quartz slides in two patterns, random and linear array, are successfully detected by the CdS labeled probe DNA molecules using the fluorescence of the particles. This may offer a more stable and quantitative mode of fluorescence in-situ research and biologic analysis.