World Health Organization Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, Cambodia, 2023.

To determine antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, we analyzed phenotypes and genomes of 72 isolates collected in Cambodia in 2023. Of those, 9/72 (12.5%) were extensively drug resistant, a 3-fold increase from 2022. Genomic analysis confirmed expansion of newly emerging resistant clones and ongoing resistance emergence across new phylogenetic backbones.

The novel 2024 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains-phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization.

OBJECTIVES: MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains remain major public health concerns internationally, and quality-assured global gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is imperative. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and WHO Enhanced GASP (EGASP), including metadata and WGS, are expanding internationally. We present the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 15) for quality assurance worldwide. All superseded WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 14) were identically characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 2024 WHO reference strains include 11 of the 2016 WHO reference strains, which were further characterized, and four novel strains. The superseded WHO reference strains include 11 WHO reference strains previously unpublished. All strains were characterized phenotypically and genomically (single-molecule PacBio or Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing). RESULTS: The 2024 WHO reference strains represent all available susceptible and resistant phenotypes and genotypes for antimicrobials currently and previously used (n = 22), or considered for future use (n = 3) in gonorrhoea treatment. The novel WHO strains include internationally spreading ceftriaxone resistance, ceftriaxone resistance due to new penA mutations, ceftriaxone plus high-level azithromycin resistance and azithromycin resistance due to mosaic MtrRCDE efflux pump. AMR, serogroup, prolyliminopeptidase, genetic AMR determinants, plasmid types, molecular epidemiological types and reference genome characteristics are presented for all strains. CONCLUSIONS: The 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains are recommended for internal and external quality assurance in laboratory examinations, especially in the WHO GASP, EGASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic and molecular diagnostics, AMR prediction, pharmacodynamics, epidemiology, research and as complete reference genomes in WGS analysis.

Community-led HIV self-testing for men who have sex with men in Lebanon: lessons learned and impact of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: In Lebanon, HIV is concentrated in both native and refugee communities of men who have sex with men (MSM). For over 10 years, the National AIDS Program (NAP) has offered HIV voluntary counselling and testing through a partnership with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In 2018, implementation of HIV self-tests (HIVST) was introduced, and this self-care intervention has been further scaled up during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper (1) describes the effectiveness of implementing HIVST in Lebanon, and (2) discusses how the success of HIVST implementation has been reflected during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The NAP conducted a series of workshops (July-November 2018) to introduce HIVST services for healthcare workers working at different NGOs. The workshops highlighted that HIVST would be distributed for free, that it would be confidential and voluntary, and that participants were encouraged to notify the NGOs of their results, which would be kept strictly confidential. NGOs collected data anonymously and confidentially from beneficiaries (age, consistency of condom use and HIV testing history), who were asked to call back with the results of their HIVST. At the NAP, data were combined, aggregated and analysed. RESULTS: In 2019, the NGOs distributed 1103/1380 (79.9%) HIVST kits to their beneficiaries. The NGOs collected feedback on 111 kit results, of which two were HIV-positive. Feedback about HIVST results from beneficiaries was low (111/1103) due to noncompliance of beneficiaries and the lack of human and financial resources in the NGOs. From January through May 2020, a total of 625/780 HIVST kits (80.1%) were distributed. This period was divided into pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. The follow-up with the beneficiaries during COVID-19 was much improved because of the absence of on-site activities, shifting more efforts towards HIVST (449/625). There have been no reports of social harm related to HIVST. CONCLUSION: HIVST implementation in Lebanon serves as an example of introducing a self-care intervention as part of a community-led effort. In order to maintain HIVST services at the same improved level, reorganization of care is needed within each NGO following the adaptation process due to COVID-19, along with continuous monitoring and evaluation of HIVST reported data.

Lymphogranuloma Venereum-Serovar L2b Presenting With Painful Genital Ulceration: An Emerging Clinical Presentation?

These 5 cases of atypical inflammatory lymphogranula venereum (LGV) serovar L2b presenting initially with edema and persistent painful ulceration illustrate that clinical manifestations of LGV in the current outbreak in men who have sex with men reflect the influence of both the serovars virulence and the host immune system and are not confined to proctitis. L2b serovar could have a particular high virulence profile, and the need for awareness of LGV as a cause of genital ulceration is crucial.

History of syphilis: between poetry and medicine.

INTRODUCTION: The origin of syphilis is a matter of debate and two "historical" hypotheses explain its emergence. AIM: We present here a review about syphilis history. METHODS: A review of literature about syphilis history using the following keywords: "syphilis," "history," and "treponema." RESULTS: The Columbian opinion is that syphilis came from the New World (America) with the crews of Christopher Columbus's fleet. As Naples fell before the invading army of Charles the VIII in 1495, a plague broke out among the French leader's troops. When the army disbanded shortly after the campaign, the troops, composed largely of mercenaries, returned to their homes and disseminated the disease across Europe. Indeed, there were reports that indigenous peoples of the New World suffered from a similar condition. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the Columbian and the Pre-Columbian theories, syphilis remains an international disease, growing nowadays with HIV infection. Despite history, politics, paleopathology and molecular approaches, the origin of the disease remains an enigma.

Reversibility of hyperhidrosis post axillary depilatory laser.

Hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis were lately reported as novel side effects of laser-assisted removal of axillary hair. The goal of our study was to evaluate the reversibility of these two side effects. An observational, single-center cohort study included over a 30-month screening period 30 patients with newly reported hyperhidrosis and/or bromhidrosis related to axillary depilatory laser. After 26 weeks of follow-up, each patient was assessed for spontaneous reversibility. A 12-week duration treatment with topical aluminum chloride was evaluated in patients with persisting hyperhidrosis. Hyperhidrosis was assessed using the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS). Spontaneous reversibility was observed in 20% of patients. In total, 23 out of 30 patients recovered normal axillary transpiration either spontaneously or after treatment. Mean HDSS score was significantly lower in the treated group. It appears that axillary hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis, secondary to laser depilation, reverse either spontaneously or after using topical antiperspirant.

Prevention of sexual transmission of mpox: a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis of approaches.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing multi-country mpox outbreak in previously unaffected countries is primarily affecting sexual networks of men who have sex with men. Evidence is needed on the effectiveness of recommended preventive interventions. To inform WHO guidelines, a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis were conducted on mpox preventive behavioural interventions to reduce: (i) sexual acquisition; (ii) onward sexual transmission from confirmed/probable cases; and (iii) utility of asymptomatic testing. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane and WHO trial databases, grey literature and conferences were searched for English-language primary research published since 1 January 2022. A reviewer team performed screening, data extraction and bias assessment. A qualitative thematic synthesis explored views and experiences of engagement in prevention in individuals at increased risk. RESULTS: There were 16 studies: 1 on contact-tracing, 2 on sexual behaviour, and 13 on asymptomatic testing. Although MPXV was detected in varying proportions of samples (0.17%-6.5%), the testing studies provide insufficient evidence to fully evaluate this strategy. For the qualitative evidence synthesis, four studies evaluated the experiences of most affected communities. Preferences about preventive interventions were shaped by: mpox information; the diversity of sexual practices; accessibility and quality of mpox testing and care; and perceived cost to wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent the sexual transmission of mpox remains scarce. Limited qualitative evidence on values and preferences provides insight into factors influencing intervention acceptability. Given global and local inequities in access to vaccines and treatment, further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of additional interventions.

WHO global research priorities for sexually transmitted infections.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are widespread worldwide and negatively affect sexual and reproductive health. Gaps in evidence and in available tools have long hindered STI programmes and policies, particularly in resource-limited settings. In 2022, WHO initiated a research prioritisation process to identify the most important STI research areas to address the global public health need. Using an adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology including two global stakeholder surveys, the process identified 40 priority STI research needs. The top priorities centred on developing and implementing affordable, feasible, rapid point-of-care STI diagnostic tests and new treatments, especially for gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and syphilis; designing new multipurpose prevention technologies and vaccines for STIs; and collecting improved STI epidemiologic data on both infection and disease outcomes. The priorities also included innovative programmatic approaches, such as new STI communication and partner management strategies. An additional six research areas related to mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) reflect the need for STI-related research during disease outbreaks where sexual transmission can have a key role. These STI research priorities provide a call to action for focus, investment, and innovation to address existing roadblocks in STI prevention, control, and management to advance sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing for all.

Raynaud's phenomenon and vitamin D.

To our knowledge, there have not been studies to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). To test in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, and prospective way whether 8 weeks of 600,000 IU monthly supplementation of oral vitamin D3 would contribute to improvements in RP, 53 patients describing RP were recruited during winter 2010-2011. 42 patients were deficient in vitamin D dosage and randomly assigned into either the vitamin D group or placebo group. Every 4 weeks (for a total of 3 doses), patients received their treatment and answered on a visual analogue scale (VAS) basis about their RP. In the vitamin D group, baseline average blood vitamin D level was 20.9 ng/mL. VAS 0, VAS 1, and VAS 2 were 58.33, 48.09, and 36.2, respectively. At the end of the study, the average blood vitamin D level was 32.9 ng/mL. In the placebo group, baseline average blood vitamin D level was 21.8 ng/mL. VAS 0, VAS 1, and VAS 2 were 58.33, 51.19, and 64.28, respectively. At the end of the study, the average blood vitamin D level was 23.2 ng/mL. Following our observations, we concluded to an objective augmentation of vitamin D blood level and RP self-judgment improvement after 8 weeks of monthly supplementation of vitamin D3. One can ask whether vitamin D has as a vasodilator effect in patients with RP who are deficient in vitamin D. Other studies and researches are needed to answer these questions.

Depilatory laser: a potential causative factor for inguinal hyperhidrosis: report of three cases.

Hyperhidrosis has recently been described as a novel adverse effect of laser-assisted hair removal in the axillary area. Inguinal Hyperhidrosis (IH) is a localized and, typically, a primary form of hyperhidrosis affecting the groin area in individuals before age 25. IH has been reported in the literature after traumas and as a dysfunction of the central sympathetic nervous system. To the best of our knowledge, IH has never been reported as secondary to laser-assisted hair removal. Herein, we report three cases of IH following depilatory laser of the inguinal zone. Three female patients with no relevant medical history presented with the complaint of excessive sweating in the inguinal area after undergoing full bikini depilatory laser sessions. Although never described before, depilatory laser seems to trigger the occurrence of hyperhidrosis in the inguinal zone.

Fox-Fordyce-like disease following laser hair removal appearing on all treated areas.

Fox-Fordyce disease is an uncommon inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands. Two recent reports indicated laser hair removal as a novel cause of axillary Fox-Fordyce disease. We report the first case of Fox-Fordyce disease developing in women after completing treatment with a depilatory hair laser appearing in the axillae, umbilicus, and pubis. We describe a case of Fox-Fordyce disease that developed in a 27-year-old woman 3 months after she had completed two LightSheer Diode laser treatments of her axilla, periumbilical region, and bikini area. Clinical and histopathological changes are as well detailed. Laser therapy induces damage to follicular infundibulum, resulting in altered maturation of keratinocytes which led to keratin plugging causing the common pathologic features in Fox-Fordyce disease. Differences in the physiologic features of the anatomic sites, in the susceptibility to laser-induced injury among these areas, or additional factors may contribute to Fox-Fordyce disease.

Internalized Sexual Orientation Stigma and Mental Health in a Religiously Diverse Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men in Lebanon.

This study explores the correlates of internalized sexual orientation stigma, psychological distress and depression in a religiously diverse sample of gay and bisexual men in Lebanon. A convenience sample of 200 participants completed a cross-sectional survey. Bisexual men reported greater internalized sexual orientation stigma and less outness to their family and were more likely to face family pressure to have a heterosexual marriage than gay men. People of no religion reported more outness than Muslims and Christians but also higher psychological distress and depression. Multiple regression analyses showed that religiosity, outness, family pressure to marry and being bisexual were positively associated with internalized sexual orientation stigma; and that frequency of attending one's place of worship was negatively associated with psychological distress and depression. Individuals may be coping with adversity through engagement with institutionalized religion, which also appears to be a source of negative social representations concerning their sexuality.

Predicting sexual risk and sexual health screening in a sample of university students in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The present study focuses on factors that predict sexual risk behaviors and sexual health screening behaviors in a sample of university students in Lebanon. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 250 undergraduate students was recruited at a private university in Beirut, Lebanon. METHODS: Students completed measures of religiosity, psychological distress, contraceptives usage, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infections (STI) screening, and sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS: Religiosity was negatively associated with a range of risky sexual behaviors whereas psychological distress was positively associated with these behaviors. Sex under the influence of alcohol/drugs, discussing methods of contraception, and engaging in sexual activities later regretted had significant effects on having had condomless vaginal sex. Gender (being female) and sex under the influence of alcohol had significant effects on STIs screening. CONCLUSION: Interventions that focus on managing drug and alcohol use in students, unwanted pregnancy, religion, stigma related to screening, and sexual health education are recommended.

Disseminated primary HSV-2 infection of the face.

We report the case of a 44-year-old, heterosexual, man, who presented for lesions of the face that appeared 3 days earlier; the eruption was associated with a burning sensation. He had sexual intercourse 12 days prior to presentation with a new partner. On clinical examination, there were confluent vesicules and a few pustules localized on the cheeks, forehead, nose, mouth, and ears. A swab for immunofluorescence (IF) came back as positive for HSV-2. The patient was treated with oral acyclovir. The lesions were healed when he was seen for follow-up 1 week later. The virus responsible for herpes is a double-stranded DNA virus named Herpes simplex virus (HSV). The virus generally enters damaged epithelium or mucosal surfaces, secondary to abrasions or trauma. Most primary orolabial infections occur during childhood as herpetic gingivostomatitis. However, there are forms that could be more atypical. The spread of the virus was probably promoted by shaving the beard. In immunocompromised patients or those with skin barrier disorders, HSV infection tends to disseminate and is accompanied by visceral involvement. Hence, the need to detect a state of immunodepression (including AIDS) in any patient with diffuse herpes infection. Three oral antiviral agents are commonly used: acyclovir, famciclovir, and valaciclovir.

A case of idiopathic Mondor disease.

We report a case of very clinically prominent Mondor disease for which no precipitating etiology could be determined.

[Hospitalization due to skin diseases at Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital (Beirut), 1998-2007]. / Hospitalisation en dermatologie à l'Hôtel-Dieu de France (Beyrouth) sur une période de 10 ans (1998-2007).

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine retrospectively the nature and frequency of dermatological diseases leading to hospitalization at Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital (HDF) in Beirut, between 1998 and 2007 and to compare them with literature data. PATIENTS & METHODS: For the patients who were hospitalized in dermatology at HDF, we studied: demographics, diagnosis of hospitalization, length of stay, service, mode of financial support, in-hospital evolution, diagnostic tests and treatment. The data were processed by SPSS program. RESULTS: Alopecia areata, psoriatic erythroderma, acute urticaria and vasculitic purpura are the top four diagnoses (85% of hospitalizations). The third of the patients was admitted to same day care. The financial support of the hospitalization is based primarily on public insurance (57.6%). Corticosteroids are the most widely used treatment for patients in dermatology hospital with a frequency of 59.8%. The number of hospitalizations peaked at 44 in 2002 and since then has been declining (11 hospitalizations in 2007). DISCUSSION: Pathologies encountered in hospital are different from those encountered during consultation. Management of skin diseases on an outpatient basis is often insufficient. In the literature, no profile of skin diseases leading to hospitalization is similar to our study.

Big toenail onychomycosis features associated with response to 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser treatment.

BACKGROUND: A few studies discussed the factors correlated to response in laser treatment of onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to seek big toenail onychomycosis features that correlate with response to 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser treatment. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective study included patients who had only one big toenail onychomycosis, with a confirmed mycological diagnosis and/or a high clinical suspicion. Patients had three sessions 1 month apart. The following characteristics were collected from the patients' files: age, sex, smoking and arterial hypertension statuses, results of baseline mycological culture, Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI) score at baseline and at the end of the 6-month follow-up, as well as the reported side effects. RESULTS: We included 105 patients, 86 women and 19 men, with a mean age of 43 years. Demographics have shown that 73.6% of patients were smokers, 17.9% had arterial hypertension, 61.9% had a culture positive for Trichophyton species, and 9.4% had a culture positive for Candida species. According to the OSI score, onychomycosis was mild in 18.9%, moderate in 39.6%, and severe in 41.5% of patients. At 6 months, clinical cure was achieved in 57.1% of patients. CONCLUSION: The OSI decrease after 3 sessions of Nd: YAG laser was significantly more important in women and in patients with positive mycology culture, smaller affected area of the nail, no subungual hyperkeratosis, and no nail matrix involvement. Age, smoking, hypertension, and side effects were not shown to significantly correlate with the decrease of the OSI score.