Green roof systems: a study of public attitudes and preferences in southern Spain.

This study investigates people's preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, extensive green roof with sedums in bloom, semi-intensive green roof with sedums and ornamental grasses, semi-intensive green roof with shrubs, intensive green roof planted with a lawn, intensive green roof with succulent and trees and intensive green roof with shrubs and trees. Using a Likert-type scale, 450 respondents were asked to indicate their preference for each digital image. Results indicated that respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and childhood environmental background influenced their preferences toward different green roof types. Results also showed that green roofs with a more careful design, greater variety of vegetation structure, and more variety of colors were preferred over alternatives.

Economic vulnerability of timber resources to forest fires.

The temporal-spatial planning of activities for a territorial fire management program requires knowing the value of forest ecosystems. In this paper we extend to and apply the economic valuation principle to the concept of economic vulnerability and present a methodology for the economic valuation of the forest production ecosystems. The forest vulnerability is analyzed from criteria intrinsically associated to the forest characterization, and to the potential behavior of surface fires. Integrating a mapping process of fire potential and analytical valuation algorithms facilitates the implementation of fire prevention planning. The availability of cartography of economic vulnerability of the forest ecosystems is fundamental for budget optimization, and to help in the decision making process.

Psychological and psychopathological reactions in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch: implications for service planning.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychopathological outcomes have not been sufficiently studied in community-based samples in Latin America. This study explored various psychopathological reactions and their respective risk factors two months after Hurricane Mitch struck Honduras in October 1998. METHODS: In the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa, 800 respondents age 15 and older were selected from residential areas of high, middle, or low socioeconomic status that had suffered either high or low impact from the devastating effects of the hurricane. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to diagnose PTSD. Depression, alcohol misuse, and grief reaction were examined using screening instruments, and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire was used to measure demoralization. The Impact of Event Scale was administered to ascertain the severity of the posttraumatic reaction. RESULTS: PTSD was present in 10.6% of the sample. Respondents from the high-impact residential areas were more distressed, had higher scores on the grief inventory, and showed greater severity in PTSD symptoms. The respondents from the high-impact residential areas also had higher prevalence rates of major depression, alcoholism, and prior emotional problems. The best explanatory model for the risk of developing PTSD included the degree of exposure based on reported traumatic events, and associated increased demoralization. Among the persons with PTSD, its severity was predicted by being female and by the degree of exposure to hurricane-related traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS: Out of a total population of 3.3 million adults (age 15 and older) in Honduras, it is estimated that over 492,000 of them may have developed PTSD due to Hurricane Mitch. Adequate health disaster preparedness and response requires full acknowledgement of the multiple psychological effects that victims experience.

Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the psychopathological reactions to a natural disaster and their respective risk factors among the elderly in Honduras and their vulnerability as compared to other adults. STUDY SUBJECTS AND SAMPLE: Eight hundred respondents of both genders aged 15 years and above, of which 103 were 60 and over, were selected from high, middle and low residential status areas in Tegucigalpa that had suffered high and low exposure to the devastating effects of Hurricane Mitch. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS: CIDI was used to diagnose PTSD and the Impact of Events Scale was administered as a measure of severity of post-traumatic reaction. Depression and alcohol misuse were examined using screening instruments. The SRQ was used as both a measure of emotional distress and dichotomized to screen for probable psychiatric disorder. RESULTS: PTSD, depression and SRQ-case were found, respectively in 13.6%, 18.8%, and 21.4% of the elderly. Their reactions did not differ in frequency than of those of younger adults. Among the elderly, pre-hurricane psychological problems and the intensity of exposure were associated with increased risk for all outcomes measured except for alcohol misuse. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for a differential vulnerability on the part of the elderly as compared with younger adults. Among the elderly increasing age was not a factor.

Psychological and psychopathological reactions in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch: implications for service planning / Reacciones psicológicas y psicopatológicas en Honduras después del huracán Mitch: implicaciones para la planificación de los servicios

OBJETIVOS: En América Latina no se han estudiado suficientemente los trastornos por estrés postraumático (TSP) y otras afecciones piscopatológicas mediante muestras basadas en la comunidad. El presente estudio explora varias reacciones psicopatológicas y sus respectivos factores de riesgo dos meses después de que el huracán Mitch azotó Honduras en octubre de 1998. MÉTODOS: En Tegucigalpa, capital de Honduras, se seleccionó a 800 personas de 15 años de edad o más que vivían en áreas residenciales consideradas de estatus socioeconómico alto, medio o bajo y que habían sufrido los devastadores efectos del huracán en mayor o en menor medida. Para diagnosticar los casos de TSP se utilizó la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta. La depresión, el abuso de alcohol y la reacción de dolor se evaluaron mediante encuestas de tamizaje, mientras que para la desmoralización se empleó el Cuestionario de Síntomas. Se aplicó la Escala de Impacto de Eventos para establecer la gravedad de la reacción postraumática. RESULTADOS: Se encontró TSP en 10,6% de la muestra. Los encuestados de las áreas residenciales más afectadas estaban más angustiados, tuvieron una mayor puntuación en la evaluación de sufrimiento, y presentaron síntomas de TSP de mayor gravedad. También presentaron mayores tasas de prevalencia de depresión mayor, alcoholismo y problemas emocionales previos. El mejor modelo explicativo del riesgo de sufrir TSP tomó en cuenta el grado de exposición según los eventos traumáticos informados y el incremento de la desmoralización asociada con ellos. Entre las personas con TSP, los factores pronóstico de la gravedad de los trastornos fueron el pertenecer al sexo femenino y el grado de exposición a los eventos traumáticos relacionados con el huracán. CONCLUSIONES: Se calcula que del total de 3,3 millones de adultos (de 15 años de edad o más) habitantes de Honduras, más de 492 000 han sufrido TSP debido al huracán Mitch. Para contar con una adecuada preparación sanitaria y ofrecer una apropiada respuesta ante los desastres es necesario reconocer en profundidad los múltiples efectos psicológicos que experimentan las víctimas.

El envejeciente de Guarabo: un perfil biosicosocial del envejeciente en una comunidad de Puerto Rico / The aging person in Gurabo: a bio-psychosocial profile of the aging person in a community in Puerto Rico

The Department of Family Medicine of the University of Puerto Rico Medicine School performed a census of the inhabitants 60 years and older in the community of Gurabo. A total of 1,890 elderly were interviewed 51% were female and 49% male. Sixty percent were married and twenty-five percent were widowed. Eighty two percent still lived within a family setting and only seventeen percent lived alone 86% owned their own home despite ninety percent reporting incomes below $400.00 per month. Ninety five percent have access to medical services but 63% receive services in multiples sites. Eighteen percent were functionally impaired, fourteen percent intelectually impaired and five percent had impairment in both areas. Preliminary data show that the latter group had an annual mortality rate of 15% compared to only 3.6% and 1.3% respectively in the other two group. We concluded that: 1) functional and mental impairment are indicators of increased mortality. 2) although access to health care is not a problem this health care is episodic and interrupted being provided in multiple different sites