How college students are coping with COVID-19: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to measure college students' coping strategies and change of lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS: Students from the State University in California were recruited during July 2020. METHODS: A total of 11 focus group meetings were conducted. RESULTS: Students' coping strategies were analyzed aligning with the Transactional model of stress and coping - primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and coping efforts, and meaning-based coping. Their physical activity patterns were dramatically changed. They used various ways of managing stress and tried to overcome the unexpected situation caused by COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: This study mainly analyzed the three constructs of the transactional model: primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and coping efforts, and meaning-based coping. It is expected that the future study will focus on the last construct, coping outcomes/adaptation after the COVID-19 pandemic to measure the association between coping strategies and their outcomes.

Health communication needs for COVID-19 prevention and control among college students.

Objectives: During the early COVID-19 pandemic, college students had to switch to an online learning and online communication environment facing the chances of information overload, misinformation or conflicting information about COVID-19. This study aims to assess the communication needs that have arisen among college students to shed light on the development of a health communication campaign tailored toward college students. Methods: A series of 10 focus group discussions were conducted with 38 total participants. Each group has 2-6 undergraduate or graduate student participants. Nvivo was used to analyze the transcripts. Results: The students reported that they received conflicting information or misinformation. They requested messages with language that was easy to understand with infographics while being culturally appropriate. They advocated for regular and concise email updates from campus leadership. Most participants also preferred COVID-19 control and prevention information on social media. Conclusion: This study revealed the current status and the needs for health information about COVID-19 prevention and control among college students.

Cerebroplacental Ratio as a Predictor of Perinatal Outcome in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Its Comparison With Its Constituent Doppler Indices.

Objective Doppler velocimetry is an established method of antepartum fetal surveillance in pre-eclampsia. Cerebroplacental ratio detects the centralization of fetal blood flow and the insufficiency in placental circulation. It is postulated to be a better marker of perinatal outcome than either vessel Doppler alone. The current study aims to assess the cerebroplacental ratio as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes and compare it to the systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio of umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Material and methods The present prospective observational cohort study included 100 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancies between 32 and 37 weeks. Ultrasound with Doppler was done and the following parameters were assessed: fetal biometry, amniotic fluid index, umbilical artery pulsatility index, middle cerebral artery pulsatility index, S/D ratio of umbilical artery, S/D ratio of middle cerebral artery, and cerebroplacental ratio. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for the cerebroplacental ratio and S/D ratios of umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. McNemar's test was used for the comparison of sensitivity and specificity. Results Thirty-two patients had an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio. Adverse perinatal outcomes such as a cesarean section for fetal distress, small for gestational age, APGAR < 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, NICU admission, and perinatal mortality were more in the group with abnormal cerebraplacental ratio and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The cerebroplacental ratio is a more reliable predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes and should be routinely calculated during obstetrical Doppler for antepartum fetal surveillance in case of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.It suggested that the cerebroplacental ratio may be calibrated in the software ofthe Doppler ultrasonography machine for routine use in high-risk pregnancies.