RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to compare different split resistance training routines on body composition and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders. Ten male bodybuilders (26.7 ± 2.7 years, 85.3 ± 10.4 kg) were randomly assigned into one of two resistance training groups: 4 and 6 times per week (G4× and G6×, respectively), in which the individuals trained for 4 weeks, 4 sets for each exercise performing 6-12 repetitions maximum (RM) in a pyramid fashion. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength was evaluated by 1RM bench-press testing. The food intake was planned by nutritionists and offered individually throughout the duration of the experiment. Significant increases (p < .05) in fat-free mass (G4× = +4.2%, G6× = +3.5%) and muscular strength (G4× = +8.4%, G6× = +11.4%) with no group by time interaction were observed. We conclude that 4 and 6 weekly sessions frequencies of resistance training promote similar increases in fat-free mass and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Levantamento de Peso , Absorciometria de Fóton , Dieta , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since human diets contain many components that may work synergistically to prevent or promote disease, assessing diet quality may be informative. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between quality diet, by using Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and metabolic risk indicators in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a total of 173 Brazilian women, aged 45-75 years, seeking healthcare at a public outpatient center. Food consumption assessed by 24 h-recall food inquiry was used to calculate HEI scores: >80 implied diet good, 80-51 diet "needed improvement", and <51 diet poor. Anthropometric data included: body mass index (BMI = weight/height(2)), waist-circumference (WC), body fat (%BF) and lean mass (%LM). Data on total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and triglycerides (TG) were also collected. Fisher's Exact test, and logistic regression method (to determine odds ratio, OR) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity were observed in 75.7% of the participants. Excessive %BF (> 35%) was observed in 56.1%, while %LM was reduced (< 70%) in 78.1%. WC was elevated (≥88 cm) in 72.3%. Based on HEI values, diet quality was good in 3% (5/173), needed improvement in 48.5% (84/173), and was poor in 48.5% (84/173) of the cases. In this group, 75% of women had high intakes of lipids (> 35%), predominantly saturated and monounsaturated fat. On average, plasma TC, LDLC, and TG levels were higher than recommended in 57.2%, 79.2% and 45.1% of the women, respectively, while HDLC was low in 50.8%. There was association between HEI scores and the %BF that it was higher among women with HEI score < 80 (p = 0.021). There were not observed significant risk associations between HEI and lipid profile. CONCLUSION: Among the Brazilian postmenopausal women attending a public outpatient clinic, diet was considered to need improvement or to be of poor quality, attributed to high saturated fat ingestion, which probably caused a negative impact on metabolic risk indicators, namely body composition.
Assuntos
Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Pós-Menopausa , Idoso , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/sangue , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate anthropometric indicators of body fat and their association with metabolic risk markers in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 80 Brazilian women (40-70 years) was carried out. Body mass index (BMI = weight/height(2)), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were obtained for anthropometric evaluation. Trunk fat mass (TFM) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The following metabolic variables were evaluated: total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), as well as glycemia and insulin to determine insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Overweight and obesity were observed in 81% of the women. Values of WC >88 cm were observed in 68.5% of the women. On average, TC, LDL and TG levels were above normal levels in 60, 50 and 42.5% of the women, respectively; and HDL was normal in 82.5%. IR was observed in 37.5% of the women. Positive correlations were found between anthropometric indicators and TFM (P < 0.05). WC was most correlated with TFM (r = 0.92), followed by BMI (r = 0.88) and by WHR (r = 0.48; P < 0.05). All anthropometric indicators and TFM showed significant negative correlations with HDL and significant positive correlations with HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). Only WHR was significantly associated with dysglycemia (R(2) = 12%), hypertriglyceridemia (R(2) = 17%) and decreased HDL (R(2) = 27%). WC was significantly associated with HOMA-IR (R(2) = 34%). CONCLUSION: WC and WHR are anthropometric measures that showed strong correlation with TFM and with metabolic risk markers in postmenopausal women.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/anatomia & histologia , Antropometria , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Pós-Menopausa/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria/métodos , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Glicemia/análise , Glicemia/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Doenças Metabólicas/sangue , Doenças Metabólicas/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To associate changes of body composition, muscle strength (MS) and plasma hormones (PH) in resistance-training protocol in sedentary postmenopausal women (PMW). DESIGN: This randomized controlled trial, Brazilian 43 PMW (45-70-year-old) able for physical exercises were selected after they have accomplished medical and ethical criteria. They were assigned in two groups: RT, resistance training (n=22); and CT, not trained control (n=21); with supervision sessions of two to three exercise for large and one exercise for smaller groups in three series of 8-12 rep. (60-80%1RM) for each exercise. The training period lasted 16 weeks and was preceded by low-load exercise (40-50%1RM) adaptation period of 4 weeks (3/(times week)). Body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and composition (BIA) along with fast-PH (FSH, LH, estradiol, cortisol, IGF-1 and testosterone) were assessed before (M0) and after (M16) the 4 weeks period with the MS (1RM) determined also at 8 weeks (M8). The values were correlated by Person's test and the means compared by Student's t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: At baseline both groups were similar in age, time of PMW, body composition, MS and fast-PH. However after 16 weeks, RT presented higher BMI (2.1%), IGF-1 (37.8%) and MM gain (1.8+/-0.8 kg) than CT. MM correlated positively with IGF-1 (r=0.45, p<0.05) and MS progressively increased in all exercise greater in pectoral than legs and upper arms. CONCLUSION: Former sedentary postmenopausal women submitted to resistance training gained MM and MS irrespectively of fat mass changes but significantly associated with IGF-1 increase.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Força Muscular , Pós-Menopausa/fisiologia , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Resistance training (RT) and high-quality protein ingestion improves muscle mass (MM) and strength (MS). However, no study has evaluated the effect of ingesting milk plus soy protein (SOY) on MM and MS in postmenopausal women (PW). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding SOY to milk on MM and MS after 16 weeks of RT. Thirty-two PW were randomized and allocated into two groups: placebo and RT (PL+RT, n = 16) and SOY and RT (SOY+RT, n = 16). The SOY+RT received 25 g of SOY while the PL+RT received 25 g of maltodextrin (placebo). All supplements were given in the form of a chocolate-flavored powder added to 200 mL of milk. The RT protocol consisted of eight total body exercises at 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM), three sets of 8-12 repetitions, 2-3 times/week. No differences were found in the baseline measures between groups (age, menopause status, anthropometric and nutrition patterns), except for protein intake, which was higher in the SOY+RT. Both groups increased the MM (bioimpedance) showing no difference between groups (PL+RT = 1.5 kg; SOY+RT = 1.1 kg). For MS, the SOY+RT showed a larger (p < .05) increase in 1RM of bench press (PL+RT = 6.7 kg; SOY+RT = 12.5 kg), knee extension (PL+RT = 3.7 kg; SOY+RT = 6.7 kg), total load (PL+RT = 15.1 kg; SOY+RT = 24.2 kg), and the total load exercises/MM (PL+RT = 0.3 kg; SOY+RT = 0.9 kg). These results suggest that adding SOY to milk combined with 16 weeks of RT resulted in more significant increases in MS in PW.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Leite/química , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós-Menopausa , Treinamento Resistido , Proteínas de Soja/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Animais , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Dieta , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Genisteína/urina , Humanos , Isoflavonas/urina , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Avaliação Nutricional , Proteínas de Soja/urinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of soy protein and progressive resistance training on body composition and lipids in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: In a controlled trial, 46 postmenopausal women were randomized to one of four groups: 25 g of soy protein (SP, n=10), 25 g of soy protein plus resistance exercise (SPE, n=14), 25 g of maltodextrine (placebo) (PL, n=11), or placebo plus resistance exercise (PLE, n=11). Progressive resistance training was held three times a week for 16 weeks and included 8 exercises (3 series of 8-12 repetitions). At baseline and after 16 weeks, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), body fat, muscle mass and serum lipid levels were measured. To confirm isoflavone absorption, urinary concentrations were determined. The t-test of Student and ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Subjects were classified as overweight and showed android fat distribution. Urinary isoflavone excretion indicated compliance to soy protein treatment. After 16 weeks of intervention, both SPE and PLE groups showed a significant increase of 1.3 kg in muscle mass and reduction in WC of -1.4 and -2.1cm, respectively (p<0.05). Significant decreases in the mean values of total cholesterol and LDL (-29.0 and -24.0 mg/dL, p<0.001 and p<0.006, respectively) were observed in the users of soy protein alone (SP). CONCLUSIONS: Soy protein supplementation did not influence the indicators of body composition. However, it exerted possible favorable effects on lipid profile in postmenopausal women. The increase in muscle mass and reduction in abdominal fat were correlated with resistance training.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Composição Corporal , Exercício Físico , Fitoterapia , Proteínas de Soja/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Idoso , Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) behavior in individuals during the working journey in two environments with different work stressors. METHODS: The study comprised 46 male individuals working in a wood processing factory in Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty seven (27.4+/-5.4 yrs, mean+/-SD) worked in the production line performing intense physical activity (G1) at high room temperatures and noise levels. Nineteen (33.2+/-7.6 yrs old) performed managerial tasks mostly comfortably seated at low noise, air-conditioned offices (G2). After anthropometric measurements (obesity, total and local adiposity) and blood biochemistry analyses (glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol), their BP and HR were registered during three consecutive days at 3 different time of the day: in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the working journey. RESULTS: There were similar BP and HR changes during the journey for G1 and G2, but G1 showed higher rates. Due to the wide variability of BP responses within each group, participants were divided in two subgroups: responders (GR1 and GR2) with BP increase >10%, and non-responders (GN1 and GN2). Both subgroups showed similar anthropometric and biochemical patterns differing only in their BP response and, in the case of GR1,family history for hypertension. GR1 showed higher BP and HR than GR2. CONCLUSIONS: Individual changes of BP and HR responses to environmental stressors during the working journey indicates that these factors should be considered while evaluating BP measurements and might be considered as potential factors for hypertension.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Ruído Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/etiologia , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Exposição Ocupacional/normas , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Local de TrabalhoRESUMO
Objective. To compare values from predictive equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) with indirect calorimetry (IC) in overweight and obese adults. Methods. Eighty-two participants aged 30 to 60 years old were retrospectively analyzed. The persons had a body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2). REE was estimated by IC and other five equations of the literature (Harris and Benedict, WHO1, WHO2, Owen, Mifflin). Results. All equations had different values when compared to those of IC. The best values were found by Harris and Benedict, WHO1, and WHO2, with high values of intraclass correlation coefficient and low values of mean difference. Furthermore, WHO1 and WHO2 showed lower systematic error and random. Conclusion. No predictive equations had the same values of REE as compared to those of indirect calorimetry, and those which least underestimated REE were the equations of WHO1, WHO2, and Harris and Benedict. The next step would be to validate the new equation proposed.
RESUMO
Objective. To investigate the independent and additive effects of resistance training (RT) and soy isoflavone (ISO) on body composition in postmenopausal women (PW). Method. This study used a placebo-controlled, double-blind (soy), randomized (ISO versus placebo) x (RT versus No RT) design. A total of 80 PW, aged 45-70 years, were randomly (71 completed 9-months intervention): RT + ISO (n = 15), No RT + ISO (n = 20), RT + placebo (n = 18), and No RT + placebo (n = 18). ISO received 100 mg a day of isoflavone; and to RT attended supervised resistance training sessions. At baseline and 9-months, fat and muscle mass were estimated by DXA. ANOVA and test t were used. Results. RT groups showed significantly increased muscle strength (35.2%) and muscle mass (1.4%). Exercising attenuated gains in fat trunk and % body fat (P < .05). Significant decreases in muscle mass (-1.8%) and increases in fat mass of the whole-body (1.6%) and trunk (9.7%) was found in no-RT groups (P < .05). In ISO groups, there were no differences in body composition and muscle strength. ISO and RT had no additive effects. Conclusion. In PW: RT improved muscle mass and strength and attenuated gain of fat mass; ISO did not alter body composition and muscle strength; there were no additive effects of RT and ISO.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: to evaluate the anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular and metabolic risk in non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a clinical and sectional study enrolling 120 sedentary postmenopausal women (amenorrhea for at least 12 months, age 45 to 70 years was conducted). Exclusion criteria included insulin-dependent diabetes and use of statins or hormone therapy within the preceding six months. Anthropometric indicators included: weight, height, body mass index (BMI=weight/height(2)), and waist circumference (WC). Metabolic profiles as total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), glycemia, and insulin were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Odds Ratio (OR) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: subjects were classified on average as overweight and showed central fat distribution. Overweight and obesity were observed in 76% and abdominal obesity in 87.3% of the patients. On average, TC, LDL and TG levels were higher than recommended in 67.8, 55.9 and 45.8% of the women, respectively, and HDL was low in 40.7%. Values of WC >88 cm were observed in 14.8% of women with normal weight, 62.5% overweight and 100% obesity p>0.05). On average, the values of AIP, TG, and HOMA-IR increased significantly along with values of BMI and WC, while decreased HDL (p<0.05). Among women with WC >88 cm, a risk association was observed with low HDL (OR=5.86; 95%CI=2.31-14.82), with higher TG (OR=2.61; 95%CI=1.18-5.78), with higher AIP (OR=3.42; 95%CI=1.19-9.78) and with IR (OR=3.63; 95%CI=1.27-10.36). There was a risk of low HDL (OR=3.1; 95%CI=1.44-6.85) with increased obesity (BMI>30 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: in the postmenopausal women, the simple measure of WC can predict cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Antropometria , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Pós-Menopausa , Idoso , Brasil , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the carbohydrate/fat ratio on body composition, body weight, muscle mass and nitrogen retention in young bodybuilders. This was a prospective, randomized cross-over study with eleven voluntary males undergoing bodybuilding training. The volunteers were randomly divided in two groups; one receiving a dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio of 4.0 (D1) and the other one receiving a dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio of 8.0 (D2); both groups receiving a high-protein diet (1.5g protein/kg/d). Muscle mass, fat mass, nitrogen retention and biochemical analyses were assessed. Both diets promoted weight and fat mass gain and positive nitrogen retention. However, D2 showed a higher muscle mass gain. Thus,the higher carbohydrate/fat ratio resulted in a greater muscle mass gain.
El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los efectos dedos dietas isoproteicas e isocalóricas, con diversas proporciones de carbohidratos y lípidos, sobre la composición corporal y retención de nitrógeno en jóvenes practicantes de entrenamiento de fuerza. El estudio fue prospectivo, randomizado cruzado, con 11 culturistas jóvenes del sexo masculino. Fueron formados dos grupos diferenciados por recibir relación calorías glúcidos/lípidos de valor 4,0 (D1) o 8,0 (D2), ambos con dieta hiperproteica (1,5g/kg/d). Se evaluaron masa muscular, masa gorda, retención de nitrógeno y análisis bioquímico. Ambas dietas promovieron aumento de peso y de masa adiposa y el balance nitrogenado positivo, sin embargo, la dieta D2 provocó mayor aumento de masa muscular. Se concluye que la mayor relación calórica glúcidos/lípidos promovió un mayor aumento de masa muscular.
O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os efeitos de duas dietas isoproteica-isocalóricas diversificadas na proporção carboidratose lipídios sobre a composição corporal e retenção nitrogenada de jovens praticantes de treinamento de força. O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado cruzado, com 11 culturistas jovens do sexo masculino. Foram formados dois grupos diferenciados por receberem relação calorias glicídicas/lipídicas de valor 4,0 (D1) ou 8,0 (D2), ambos com dieta hiperproteica (1,5g/kg/d). Massa muscular, massa gorda, retenção nitrogenada e análise bioquímica foram avaliadas. Ambas as dietas promoveram ganho de peso e massa adiposa e positivação do balanço nitrogenado, no entanto, a dieta D2 resultou em maior ganho de massa muscular. Conclui-se que a maior relação calórica glicídica/lipídica promoveu maior ganho de massa muscular.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Composição Corporal , Carboidratos/efeitos adversos , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Lipídeos/efeitos adversos , Treinamento Resistido , Ingestão de Energia , Atividade Motora , Força Muscular , Resistência FísicaRESUMO
O estudo objetivou verificar a influência da variação da massa muscular, durante o envelhecimento, na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e nas alterações da composição corporal em mulheres acima de 40 anos. Foram estudadas 211 mulheres, estratificadas em 3 grupos etários (GE), sendo G1 (40-49 anos), G2 (50-59 anos) e G3 (≥60anos), e segundo a distribuição percentilar do índice de massa muscular [IMM = massa muscular (kg) / estatura (m)2], sendo percentil ≤33% (p33) e percentil ≥67% (p67). Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (kg/m2) e por meio da impedância bioelétrica (BIA) foi determinado o percentual de gordura corporal (%G) e a massa muscular (MM). Para determinação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi utilizado o teste de milha e calculado o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx). Os dados foram analisados utilizando ANOVA e teste t de Student. O grupo p33 reduziu significantemente (p<0,05) a MM em todos os GE [G1 (18kg) > G2 (17kg) > G3 (15kg)]. No grupo p67 houve redução (p<0,05) apenas do G3 em relação aos demais [G1 (23kg) = G2 (22kg) > G3 (20kg)]. O VO2máx comportou-se de forma semelhante à massa muscular. Com relação ao %G, o p33 não apresentou diferença significativa entre os GE, o p67 apresentou redução (p<0,05) somente no G3 em relação aos outros grupos. Em conclusão, a menor massa muscular foi um determinante da redução da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e ganho adiposo. Com isso, recomenda-se a prática de exercícios físicos, para a manutenção e/ou aumento da massa e função musculares.
The aim of the study was evaluating the influence of variation in muscle mass during aging, in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition changes in women over 40 years. We studied 211 women, stratified into 3 groups, G1 (40-49 years), G2 (50-59 years) and G3 (≥60 years), according to the percentile distribution of body mass index [IMM = muscle mass (kg) / height (m)], and percentile ≤33% (p33) and percentile ≥67% (p67). We calculated the body mass index (kg/m2) and by means of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) has been determined the percentage of body fat (% BF) and muscle mass (MM). To determine the cardiorespiratory fitness test was used to calculate the miles and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student t test. The p33 group reduced significantly (p <0.05) in MM in all GE [G1 (18kg)> G2 (17kg)> G3 (15kg)]. In group p67 decreased (p <0.05) in G3 compared to other [G1 (23kg) = G2 (22kg)> G3 (20kg)]. The VO2max behaved similarly to muscle mass. Regarding the% F, p33 was not significantly different between GE, the p67 decreased (p <0.05) only in G3 in relation to other groups. In conclusion, the lower muscle mass was a determinant of the reduction of cardiorespiratory fitness and gain fat. Thus, it is recommended that the practice of physical exercises for the maintenance and / or increased muscle mass and function.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Envelhecimento , Composição Corporal , Consumo de Oxigênio , Sarcopenia , Mulheres , Atividade Motora , MúsculosRESUMO
A caquexia relacionada à artrite reumatoide é conceituada como perda involuntária de massa magra, predominantemente de músculo esquelético, que também ocorre em vísceras e sistema imune, com massa gorda estável ou um pouco elevada e com pequena ou nenhuma perda de peso. A causa é multifatorial, incluindo a produção acentuada de citocinas, principalmente TNF± e IL-1², diminuição da ação periférica da insulina e pouca atividade física. A caquexia se faz presente em doentes com AR ativa ou mesmo inativa. Neste artigo discutem-se aspectos relacionados à patogenia, implicações clínicas e possíveis opções terapêuticas.
Rheumatoid cachexia can be defined as an involuntary loss of body cell mass, which predominates in skeletal muscle, but is also observed in the viscera and immune system. It occurs with little or no weight loss in the presence of stable or increased fat mass. The etiology is likely multifactorial, and involves excessive inflammatory cytokine production, namely excess tumor necrosis factor-± and interleukin-1² production, reduced peripheral insulin action, and low habitual physical activity. Cachexia occurs in active rheumatoid arthritis and even in the presence of disease control. In this article, we discuss the pathogenesis of rheumatoid cachexia, its clinical implications and potential therapies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Artrite Reumatoide , Composição Corporal , Caquexia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Atrofia Muscular , Doenças Musculares , Transtornos Musculares AtróficosRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of supplementationwith whey protein on the body composition of young people training formuscle hypertrophy. Eight young men (22 ± 3 years), beginning weighttraining, were studied in a cross-over placebo-controlled model. Thesubjects were separated in two groups: WP=whey protein (1.0g protein/kgbody weight /day and 1.0g whey protein/kg body weight /day) andPL=placebo (50g maltodextrin) during 3 weeks. The anthropometricmeasures (body weight, height, arm and trunk circumferences andskinfolds) were used for the calculations of the muscle and fat mass.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of groups and aTukey?s ad hoc test was used for identifying difference signifi cance (p<0.05).There was no signifi cant difference between the whey (GW) and placebo(GP) groups, mainly in the muscle mass (39.6±9.0 and 39.8±4.8 for GWand GP, respectively). The energy intake of the subjects in both groupsshowed no signifi cant difference (2637.8±1646.9 and 2841.1±471.0kcalfor GW and GP, respectively), but was different (p<0.05) from the adaptiveand supplemented diets in both the groups. The groups showed increasedmuscle mass (2.5kg and 1.5kg for GW and GP, respectively during theadaptation phase and 0.1kg for GW and 0.5kg for GP during thesupplementation phase). The increase in the muscle mass was due to dietaryadaptation and strength training rather than supplementation with wheyprotein, although both treatments were not suffi cient to change the bodyfat content.
El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo averiguar elefecto de la suplementación con proteína de suerode leche sobre la composición corporal de jóvenesiniciantes de musculación frente a entrenamientopara hipertrofi a muscular. Fueron estudiados enmodelo cruzado con placebo ocho jóvenes (22 ±3 anos) hombres, iniciantes en entrenamientocon pesas. Los individuos fueron separados endos grupos: WP, usuarios de proteína del suerode leche (1.0g de proteína dietética/Kg. de peso/día y 1,0g de proteína de suero de leche/kg depeso/día) y PL, placebo (50g de maltodextrina),durante tre s semanas. Las medidasantropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferenciasy pliegues cutáneos) fueron utilizadas para loscálculos de la masa muscular y adiposa delcuerpo. Para comparación entre los grupos fueutilizado el análisis de variancia (ANOVA) y paraidentificación de la diferencia fue usado elanálisis post hoc: prueba de Tukey, signifi canciade 5% (p<0,05). No hubo diferencia signifi cativaentre los grupos proteína de suero de leche (GW)y placebo (GP) en la masa muscular (39,6±9,0 y39,8±4,8; GW y GP respectivamente). La ingestiónenergética de los participantes de ambos gruposno difi rió signifi cativamente (2637,8±1646,9 y2841,1±471,0kcal., GW y GP respectivamente),pero difi rió (p<0,05) de las dietas de adaptacióny suplementación en ambos grupos. Los gruposaumentaron de masa muscular (2,5kg y 1,5kg,GW y GP, respectivamente) durante la fase deadaptación y 0,1kg GW y 0,5kg GP durante lafase de suplementación. El incremento de la masamuscular fue debido a la adaptación dietética yal entrenamiento hipertrófico y no a lasuplementación con proteína de suero de leche,pero ninguno de los tratamientos fue sufi cientepara que se alterara el porcentaje de grasa.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo verifi caro efeito da suplementação com proteína do sorode leite sobre a composição corporal de jovensiniciantes de musculação frente ao treinamentopara hipertrofi a muscular. Foram estudadosem modelo cruzado com placebo, oito jovens(22 ± 3 anos) do sexo masculino, iniciantes notreinamento com pesos. Os indivíduos foramseparados em dois grupos: WP, usuários deproteína do soro de leite (1.0g de proteínadietética/kg de peso/dia e 1,0g de proteína dosoro de leite/kg de peso/dia) e PL, placebo (50gde maltodextrina), durante três semanas. Asmedidas antropométricas (peso, estatura,circunferências e dobras cutâneas) foramutilizadas para os cálculos da massa musculare adiposa do corpo. Para comparação entre osgrupos utilizou-se análise de variância(ANOVA) e para identifi cação da diferençautilizou-se post hoc teste de Tukey, signifi cânciade 5% (p<0,05). Não houve diferençasignifi cativa entre os grupos proteína do sorode leite (GW) e placebo (GP), principalmentena massa muscular (39,6±9,0 e 39,8±4,8; GWe GP, respectivamente). A ingestão energéticahabitual, dos participantes de ambos os grupos,não diferiu signifi cativamente (2637,8±1646,9e 2841,1±471,0kcal, GW e GP, respectivamente),mas diferiu (p<0,05) das dietas de adequaçãoe suplementação em ambos os grupos. Osgrupos aumentaram a massa muscular (2,5kge 1,5kg, GW e GP, respectivamente) durante afase de adequação e 0,1kg GW e 0,5kg GPdurante a fase de suplementação. O aumentoda massa muscular foi devido à adequaçãodietética e ao treinamento hipertrófi co, e nãoa suplementação com proteína do soro de leite,mas ambos tratamentos não foram sufi cientespara alterações do percentual de gordura.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Alimentos para Praticantes de Atividade Física , Leite , Educação Física e Treinamento , Proteínas , Soro , Análise de Variância , Hipertrofia , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
O efeito da oferta crescente de proteína sobre o ganho muscular, balanço nitrogenado e cinética da 15N-glicina de atletas de musculação foi estudado em seis jovens saudáveis, praticantes de treinamento com pesos (> 2 anos), sem uso de anabolizantes e concordes com os princípios éticos da pesquisa. Todos receberam adequações dietéticas (0,88g de proteína/kg/dia) pré-experimento de 2 semanas (D1) após o que se ofereceu, por idêntico período, dieta contendo 1,5g de proteína/kg de peso corporal/dia com 30kcal/g de proteína (dieta D2). A seguir receberam, nas próximas 2 semanas, a dieta D3, contendo 2,5g de proteína/kg de peso corporal/dia e 30 kcal/g proteína. As avaliações antropométricas, alimentares, biquímicas, balanço nitrogenado (BN) e cinética com 15N-glicina foram realizadas no início do estudo, pós D1 (M0) e no último dia das dietas D2 (M1) e D3 (M2). Ao final do estudo (4 semanas) houve aumento significativo na massa muscular (1,63±0,9kg), sem diferença entre D2 e D3. O BN acompanhou o consumo protéico/energético (M0 = -7,8g/dia; M1 = 5,6g/dia e M2 = 16,6g/dia) e a síntese protéica acompanhou o BN, com significância estatística (p<0,05) em relação ao basal (M0) mas semelhante entre D2 e D3 (M1 = 49,8±12,2g N/dia e M2 = 52,5±14,0g N/dia) e sem alteração significativa do catabolismo. Assim, os dados de BN e cinética da 15N-glicina indicam que a ingestão protéica recomendável para esses atletas é superior ao preconizado para sedentários (0,88g/kg) e inferior a 2,5g/kg de peso, sendo no caso, 1,5g de proteína/kg de peso/dia com ajuste do consumo energético para 30 kcal/g de proteína.
The effect of increased protein intake on the muscle mass gain, nitrogen balance and 15N-glycine kinetics was studied in six young, healthy subjects practitioners of strength training (> 2 years), without use of anabolic steroids and in agreement with the ethical principles of the research. All athletes received adequate diet (0.88g protein/kg/day) during 2 weeks prior the study (D1), and thereafter with diet providing 1.5g of protein/kg/day and 30kcal/g of protein (D2 diet) for the subsequent 2 weeks. Later on, they all received diet with 2.5g of protein/kg/day (D3 diet) and 30 kcal/g protein for the last two weeks. Body composition, food intake, blood biochemistry, nitrogen balance (NB) and 15N-glycine kinetics were determined at the beginning, after D1 (M0) and in the last days of the D2 (M1) and D3 (M2). The results showed at the end of the study (4 weeks) significant increase in muscle mass (1.63±0.9kg), without difference between D2 and D3. The NB followed the protein/energy consumption (M0 = -7.8g/day; M1 = 5.6g/day and D3 = 16.6g/day), the protein synthesis followed the NB, with M0 < (M1=M2) (M1 = 49.8±12.2g N/day and M2 = 52.5±14.0g N/day). Protein catabolism rate was similarly kept among diets. Thus, the results of the NB and 15N-glycine kinetics indicate that the recommended protein intake for these athletes is higher than the one for sedentary adults (0.88g/kg) and lower than 2.5g/kg, around 1.5g of protein/kg/day, with adjustment of the energy consumption to 30 kcal/g of protein.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Força Muscular , Músculo Esquelético , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Treinamento ResistidoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência dos indicadores antropométricos sobre os marcadores de risco cardiovascular e metabólico para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis em mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo clínico transversal, com 120 mulheres sedentárias na pós-menopausa (com idades entre 45 e 70 anos e última menstruação há, pelo menos, 12 meses). Foram excluídas as diabéticas insulino-dependentes e usuárias de estatinas ou terapia hormonal até seis meses prévios. Para avaliação antropométrica, foram obtidos peso, estatura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC=peso/altura²) e circunferência da cintura (CC). As variáveis metabólicas avaliadas foram colesterol total (CT), HDL, LDL, triglicérides (TG), glicemia e insulina, para os cálculos do índice aterogênico plasmático (IAP) e resistência insulínica (Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, HOMA-IR). Na análise estatística, utilizara-se análise de variância one-way (ANOVA) e Odds Ratio (OR). RESULTADOS: os dados médios caracterizaram amostra com sobrepeso, com obesidade central e dislipidêmica. Sobrepeso e obesidade estiveram presentes em 77,1 por cento e deposição central de gordura ocorreu em 87,3 por cento das participantes. Os valores médios de CT, LDL e TG estavam acima do recomendável em 67,8, 55,9 e 45,8 por cento das mulheres, respectivamente, com HDL abaixo dos valores adequados em 40,7 por cento. Valores de CC >88 cm ocorreram em 14,8 por cento das mulheres eutróficas, 62,5 por cento no grupo com sobrepeso e 100 por cento nas obesas (p>0,05). Os valores médios de IAP, TG e HOMA-IR aumentaram significativamente com o aumento do IMC e da CC, enquanto que o HDL diminuiu (p<0,05). Na presença da CC >88 cm, encontrou-se risco de 5,8 (IC95 por cento=2,3-14,8), 2,61 (IC95 por cento=1,2-5,78), 3,4 (IC95 por cento=1,2-9,7) e 3,6 (IC95 por cento=1,3-10,3) para HDL reduzido, hipertrigliceridemia, IAP elevado e resistência a insulina, respectivamente (p<0,05). O IMC >30...
PURPOSE: to evaluate the anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular and metabolic risk in non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a clinical and sectional study enrolling 120 sedentary postmenopausal women (amenorrhea for at least 12 months, age 45 to 70 years was conducted). Exclusion criteria included insulin-dependent diabetes and use of statins or hormone therapy within the preceding six months. Anthropometric indicators included: weight, height, body mass index (BMI=weight/height²), and waist circumference (WC). Metabolic profiles as total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), glycemia, and insulin were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Odds Ratio (OR) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: subjects were classified on average as overweight and showed central fat distribution. Overweight and obesity were observed in 76 percent and abdominal obesity in 87.3 percent of the patients. On average, TC, LDL and TG levels were higher than recommended in 67.8, 55.9 and 45.8 percent of the women, respectively, and HDL was low in 40.7 percent. Values of WC >88 cm were observed in 14.8 percent of women with normal weight, 62.5 percent overweight and 100 percent obesity p>0.05). On average, the values of AIP, TG, and HOMA-IR increased significantly along with values of BMI and WC, while decreased HDL (p<0.05). Among women with WC >88 cm, a risk association was observed with low HDL (OR=5.86; 95 percentCI=2.31-14.82), with higher TG (OR=2.61; 95 percentCI=1.18-5.78), with higher AIP (OR=3.42; 95 percentCI=1.19-9.78) and with IR (OR=3.63; 95 percentCI=1.27-10.36). There was a risk of low HDL (OR=3.1; 95 percentCI=1.44-6.85) with increased obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²). CONCLUSIONS: in the postmenopausal women, the simple measure of WC can predict cardiovascular...
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Menopausa , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Pós-Menopausa , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil morfológico de culturistas brasileiros de elite que competiram no XXVII Campeonato Brasileiro de Culturismo-Musculação. Um total de 28 atletas (27,0 ± 7,4 anos; 78,2 ± 8,7kg; 170,1 ± 6,9cm), do sexo masculino, foram voluntariamente estudados. Medidas antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura, espessura de dobras cutâneas, perímetros e diâmetros) foram coletadas de todos os sujeitos no período da manhã, no dia da competição. Os valores estimados da composição corporal dos atletas foram os seguintes: gordura corporal relativa, 5,8 ± 0,5 por cento; massa corporal magra, 73,6 ± 8,2kg; massa muscular, 54,3 ± 6,7kg; área muscular do braço, 108,51 ± 15,19cm². Por outro lado, o somatótipo médio encontrado foi: endomorfia, 1,11 ± 0,29; mesomorfia, 8,26 ± 0,67; ectomorfia, 0,95 ± 0,53 (mesomorfo balanceado). Além de os culturistas apresentarem elevados níveis de desenvolvimento muscular (~70 por cento) e baixos depósitos de gordura corporal, verificou-se uniformidade nos acúmulos de gordura localizada. A predominância do componente mesomorfo confirmou a estrutura muscular acentuadamente desenvolvida encontrada nos atletas investigados. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que atletas de culturismo de elite apresentam no dia da competição grande volume muscular, bem como excelente definição muscular, proporcionalidade e simetria.
The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological profile of elite Brazilian bodybuilders who participated in the XXVII Brazilian Championship of Body Building. A total of 28 male athletes (27.0 ± 7.4 years; 78.2 ± 8.7 kg; 170.1 ± 6.9cm), were voluntarily assessed. Anthropometric measures (body mass, stature, skinfolds thickness, perimeters and diameters) were collected from all subjects in the morning shift, at the competition day. The estimated values of the body composition of the athletes were the following: relative body fat, 5.8 ± 0.5 percent; lean body mass, 73.6 ± 8.2 kg; muscular mass, 54.3 ± 6.7 kg and arm muscular area, 108.51 ± 15.19 cm². Conversely, the mean somatotype found was: endomorphy, 1.11 ± 0.29; mesomorphy, 8.26 ± 0.67; ectomorphy, 0.95 ± 0.53 (balanced mesomorphy). Besides high levels of muscular development (~70 percent) and low body fat buildup, the bodybuilders also presented uniformity in the accumulation of located fat. Predominance of the mesophormic component confirmed muscular structure remarkably developed found in the investigated athletes. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate that elite body building athletes present large amount of muscular volume, as well as excellent muscular definition, proportionality and symmetry at the day of the competition.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Treinamento Resistido , SomatotiposRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Adaptar o Índice de Alimentação Saudável norte-americano de acordo com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar da População Brasileira e da Pirâmide Alimentar Adaptada. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada avaliação do consumo alimentar de 502 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos (54, desvio-padrão=10 anos), na cidade de Botucatu (SP) ano de 2006. O método utilizado para estimar a ingestão foi o questionário recordatório de 24 horas e os alimentos relatados foram convertidos em porções, pelo valor energético, de acordo com os grupos alimentares da Pirâmide Alimentar Adaptada. Além disso, foram avaliados os nutrientes (colesterol, gordura total e saturada) e variedade da dieta. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e os valores intermediários da pontuação dos componentes foram calculados por razão e proporção. RESULTADOS: Foram alterados os números das porções alimentares conforme as estabelecidas na Pirâmide Alimentar Adaptada, além da inclusão dos grupos das leguminosas, doces e açúcares, óleos e gorduras na pontuação do Índice de Alimentação Saudável adaptado e exclusão do item sódio. Para os nutrientes a variedade da dieta foi estabelecida pontuação intermediária. O Índice de Alimentação Saudável adaptado pontuou 12 componentes no total, classificando as dietas em boa qualidade (boa qualidade: superior a 100 pontos), precisando melhorar (precisando melhorar: 71-100 pontos) e má qualidade (má qualidade: inferior a 71 pontos). A proporção de indivíduos classificados com dieta de boa qualidade 15%, precisando melhorar 71% e de má qualidade 14 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O Índice de Alimentação Saudável adaptado é um instrumento que pode ser utilizado para avaliar os hábitos alimentares populacionais, porém específico para a população brasileira adulta. Contudo, se faz necessário que estes índices sejam constantemente revisados e adequados às novas recomendações nutricionais.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to adapt the North American Healthy Eating Index according to the Dietary Guide of the Brazilian Population recommendations and the Adapted Food Pyramid. METHODS: Food intake of 502 individuals of both genders (mean age of 54 years, standard deviation of 10 years) was assessed in the city of Botucatu (SP) in 2006. Food intake was determined by the 24-hour recall and the reported foods were converted into portions according to the energy content and food groups of the Adapted Food Pyramid. Moreover, nutrients (cholesterol, total and saturated fat) and diet variety were also assessed. Descriptive statistical analysis was done and the intermediate values of the component scores were calculated by ratio and proportion. RESULTS: The number of food portions was modified according to the Adapted Food Pyramid, besides including the groups of legumes, sweets and sugars, oils and fats in the Adapted Healthy Eating Index score and excluding sodium. An intermediate score was established for nutrients and diet variety. The Adapted Healthy Eating Index scored a total of 12 components, classifying the diets as good quality (more than 100 points), needs improvement (from 71 to 100 points) and poor quality (under 71 points). The diet of 15% of the individuals was classified as good, 71% needed improvement and 14 percent was poor. CONCLUSION: The Adapted Healthy Eating Index is an instrument that can be used to assess population eating habits but it is specific for the adult Brazilian population. However, these indices need constant reviews and adaptations to new dietary recommendations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ingestão de Alimentos , Guias Alimentares , Comportamento AlimentarRESUMO
PROPOSITO: Este estudo compara os efeitos do treinamento de força (TF) com ou sem a suplementação de lipídios ômega 3 (W-3) ou triglicérides de cadeia média (TCM), nos indicadores metabólicos em um teste de exaustão (TE). MÉTODOS: Grupo W-3 (GW-3: n = 7, 26,7 ± 6 anos de idade; 82,6 ± 10kg) e grupo TCM (GTCM: n = 5, 18,8 ± 1,3 ano de idade; 74,6 ± 9,7kg) com 11 meses mínimos em TF. Houve dois momentos de TE: depois de 28 dias somente com TF e coletas de sangue antes (M1a) e após (M1d), e após mais 28 dias de TF mais a suplementação com W-3 ou TCM e repetindo o mesmo procedimento (M2a e M2d). RESULTADOS: O hematócrito (Ht), osmolalidade (Os), sódio (Na+) e pressão de dióxido de carbono (PCO2) não tiveram mudanças significativas em nenhum momento, grupo ou D M2 (P > 0,05). A pressão de oxigênio (PO2) aumentou significativamente após TE nos dois momentos e grupos (P < 0,05). Glicose e bicarbonato (HCO3) tiveram aumento no M1 para o GW-3 e o HCO3 no M2 para o GTCM (P < 0,05), sem outras mudanças. A lactato desidrogenase (LDH) aumentou significativamente somente no M2 para o GW-3 (P < 0,05) e o pH caiu no M1 para ambos grupos (P < 0,05), sem outras mudanças significativas. CONCLUSÃO: Os TE per se alteraram a maioria dos indicadores metabólicos, mas houve grande desvio padrão. O teste induziu a acidose e a suplementação de ácidos graxos não interferiu.
RESUMO
A artrite reumatoide é doença autoimune sistêmica de etiologia ainda desconhecida que pode causar destruição de cartilagem e osso. Afeta aproximadamente 1 por cento da população e é duas a três vezes mais frequente nas mulheres do que nos homens. Apesar de agredir predominantemente as articulações, apresenta inúmeras manifestações sistêmicas, entre elas a caquexia - que se manifesta em aproximadamente 66 por cento dos pacientes reumatoides. A caquexia reumatoide é conceituada como perda involuntária de massa celular, predominantemente de músculo esquelético, mas que também ocorre em vísceras e sistema imune. A causa é multifatorial, mas os mecanismos mais importantes são a produção de citocinas, principalmente TNFα e II-1ß, diminuição da ação periférica da insulina e pouca atividade física. Neste artigo discutem-se aspectos relacionados à patogenia, às implicações clínicas e abordagens terapêuticas.
Rheumatoid arthristis is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease of unknow etiology that causes destruction of joint cartilage and bone. It affects approximately 1 per cent of the population and predominates among womwn than men. Cachexia, from the Greek "bad condition", generally connotes as state of advanced malnutrition and wasting. However, more recently cachexia has been used to denote the loss of body cell mass which occurs in illness. So rheumatoid cachexia can be defined as an involuntary loss of body cell mass, that predominates in skeletal muscle, and occurs with little or no wegith in the presence of stable or increased fat mass. The etiology is likely multifactorial, and involves excess inflamatory cytokine production, namely excess tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß production; reduced peripheral insulin action; and low habitual physical activity. In this article, we evaluate pathogenesis of rheumotoid cachexia, its clinical disclosures and discuss potential therapies.