C3-Symmetric Luminescent Diketone with Amido-Linkage as a Polymorphic Fluorescence Emitter.

The study introduces a novel C3-symmetric ß-diketone compound, BTA-D3, and its monomeric counterpart, D, with a focus on their synthetic procedure, photophysical properties and aggregation behavior. Both compounds exhibit characteristic absorption and weak fluorescence in solution, with BTA-D3 displaying higher absorption coefficients due to its larger number of diketone units. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest increased co-planarity of diketone groups in BTA-D3. A significant finding is the Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) property of BTA-D3, as its fluorescence intensity increases dramatically when exposed to specific solvent ratios. The AIE behavior is attributed to intermolecular excitonic interaction between BTA-D3 molecules in self-organized aggregates. We also studied fluorescence anisotropy of BTA-D3 and D. Despite its larger size, BTA-D3 showed reduced anisotropy values because of efficient intramolecular energy migration among three diketone units. Furthermore, BTA-D3 demonstrates unique polymorphism, yielding different emission colors and structures depending on the solvent used. A unique approach is presented for promoting the growth of self-organized aggregate structures via solvent evaporation, leading to distinct fluorescence properties. This research contributes to the understanding of C3-symmetric structural molecules and provides insights into strategies for controlling molecular alignment to achieve diverse fluorescence coloration in molecular materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of a [1,2,6]Diazaphosphonine Oxide: An Example of a Photoswitchable Phosphorus-Containing Cyclic Azobenzene.

We report herein the synthesis and characterization of a phosphorus-containing cyclic azobenzene as a new photoswitchable scaffold. This backbone reveals high bidirectional photoswitching yields and high thermal stability for both isomers, with t1/2 > 90 days at 60 °C. Both E- and Z-isomers have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

sp2-Iminosugar azobenzene O-glycosides: Light-sensitive glycosidase inhibitors with unprecedented tunability and switching factors.

The conventional approach to developing light-sensitive glycosidase activity regulators, involving the combination of a glycomimetic moiety and a photoactive azobenzene module, results in conjugates with differences in glycosidase inhibitory activity between the interchangeable E and Z-isomers at the azo group that are generally below one-order of magnitude. In this study, we have exploited the chemical mimic character of sp2-iminosugars to access photoswitchable p- and o-azobenzene α-O-glycosides based on the gluco-configured representative ONJ. Notably, we achieved remarkably high switching factors for glycosidase inhibition, favoring either the E- or Z-isomer depending on the aglycone structure. Our data also indicate a correlation between the isomeric state of the azobenzene module and the selectivity towards α- and ß-glucosidase isoenzymes. The most effective derivative reached over a 103-fold higher inhibitory potency towards human ß-glucocerebrosidase in the Z as compared with the E isomeric form. This sharp contrast is compatible with ex-vivo activation and programmed self-deactivation at physiological temperatures, positioning it as a prime candidate for pharmacological chaperone therapy in Gaucher disease. Additionally, our results illustrate that chemical tailoring enables the engineering of photocommutators with the ability to toggle inhibition between α- and ß-glucosidase enzymes in a reversible manner, thus expanding the versatility and potential therapeutic applications of this approach.

Photoswitchable glycoligands targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LecA.

Biofilm formation is one of main causes of bacterial antimicrobial resistance infections. It is known that the soluble lectins LecA and LecB, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, play a key role in biofilm formation and lung infection. Bacterial lectins are therefore attractive targets for the development of new antibiotic-sparing anti-infective drugs. Building synthetic glycoconjugates for the inhibition and modulation of bacterial lectins have shown promising results. Light-sensitive lectin ligands could allow the modulation of lectins activity with precise spatiotemporal control. Despite the potential of photoswitchable tools, few photochromic lectin ligands have been developed. We have designed and synthesized several O- and S-galactosyl azobenzenes as photoswitchable ligands of LecA and evaluated their binding affinity with isothermal titration calorimetry. We show that the synthesized monovalent glycoligands possess excellent photophysical properties and strong affinity for targeted LecA with K d values in the micromolar range. Analysis of the thermodynamic contribution indicates that the Z-azobenzene isomers have a systematically stronger favorable enthalpy contribution than the corresponding E-isomers, but due to stronger unfavorable entropy, they are in general of lower affinity. The validation of this proof-of-concept and the dissection of thermodynamics of binding will help for the further development of lectin ligands that can be controlled by light.

Reversible Light-Induced Dimerization of Secondary Face Azobenzene-Functionalized ß-Cyclodextrin Derivatives.

ß-cyclodextrin (ßCyD) derivatives equipped with aromatic appendages at the secondary face exhibit tailorable self-assembling capabilities. The aromatic modules can participate in inclusion phenomena and/or aromatic-aromatic interactions. Supramolecular species can thus form that, at their turn, can engage in further co-assembling with third components in a highly regulated manner; the design of nonviral gene delivery systems is an illustrative example. Endowing such systems with stimuli responsiveness while keeping diastereomeric purity and a low synthetic effort is a highly wanted advancement. Here, we show that an azobenzene moiety can be "clicked" to a single secondary O-2 position of ßCyD affording 1,2,3-triazole-linked ßCyD-azobenzene derivatives that undergo reversible light-controlled self-organization into dimers where the monomer components face their secondary rims. Their photoswitching and supramolecular properties have been thoroughly characterized by UV-vis absorption, induced circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computational techniques. As model processes, the formation of inclusion complexes between a water-soluble triazolylazobenzene derivative and ßCyD as well as the assembly of native ßCyD/ßCyD-azobenzene derivative heterodimers have been investigated in parallel. The stability of the host-guest supramolecules has been challenged against the competitor guest adamantylamine and the decrease of the medium polarity using methanol-water mixtures. The collective data support that the E-configured ßCyD-azobenzene derivatives, in aqueous solution, form dimers stabilized by the interplay of aromatic-aromatic and aromatic-ßCyD cavity interactions after partial reciprocal inclusion. Photoswitching to the Z-isomer disrupts the dimers into monomeric species, offering opportunity for the spatiotemporal control of the organizational status by light.

Competitive Photoisomerization and Energy Transfer Processes in Fluorescent Multichromophoric Systems.

Multichromophoric systems showing both fluorescence and photoisomerization are fascinating, with complex interchromophoric interactions. The experimental and theoretical study of a series of compounds, bearing a variable number of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-tert-butyl-6-(p-(N-(2-azidoethyl)-N-methyl)aminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) units are reported. The photophysical properties of multi-DCM derivatives, namely 2DCM and 3DCM, were compared to the single model azido-functionalized DCM, in the E and Z isomers. The (EE)-2DCM and (EEE)-3DCM were synthesized via the click reaction. Steady-state spectroscopy and photokinetics experiments under UV or visible irradiation indicated the presence of intramolecular energy transfer processes among the DCM units. Homo- and hetero-energy transfer processes between adjacent chromophores were confirmed by fluorescence anisotropy and decays. Molecular dynamics simulations for 2DCM were carried out and analyzed using a Markov state model, providing geometrical parameters (orientation and distance between chromophores) and energy transfer efficiency. This work contributes to a better understanding and rationalization of multiple energy transfer processes occuring within multichromophoric systems.

Synthesis and Azobenzene Isomerization Investigation of Photoswitchable Glycomacrocycles.

Macrocyclic glycoazobenzenes, as an emerging class of photoswitchable chiral macrocyclic compounds, have shown interesting properties since their discovery in 2017. We have recently employed the azobenzene-ester-linked glycosyl donor-acceptor pairs to study the influence of photoisomerization on intramolecular glycosylation. To continue the investigation on the stereoselectivity aspect of glycosylation and also to enlarge the diversity of photoswitchable glycomacrocycles, we have chosen azobenzene-triazole linkers in the present study and shown that the stereoselectivity of the glycosylation is dependent on the linker length, the configuration of the azobenzene template, as well as the reaction concentration. We have optimized the reaction conditions to prepare in good yields new glycomacrocycles, which displayed excellent photochromic properties. The influence of glycosylation reagents and acidity on the stability of the Z-azobenzene substrates and cyclic glycoazobenzenes has also been investigated, demonstrating that isomerization of macrocyclic azobenzene can be tuned by photo-, thermo-, and acid stimulus.

One-Pot Synthesis of Water-Soluble Glycosyl Azobenzenes and Their Photoswitching Properties in Water.

Molecular photoswitches capable of reversible photoswitching in aqueous media are highly demanded for various biological applications and photopharmacology. Carbohydrates, as natural and abundant raw materials, provide opportunity to make photoswitches water-soluble through linking sugar to the photoswitching molecules. We have developed a one-pot synthesis method to prepare water-soluble glycosyl azobenzenes through DMC (2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride)-mediated glycosylation between sugar and dihydroxyazobenzenes (DHABs) in aqueous media. The scope of the method has been investigated with different mono- and disaccharides, as well as with p,p'- and o,o'-DHAB, with excellent 1,2-trans stereoselectivity. Diglycosylation products can also be obtained with an excess amount of monosaccharides in one step. We have also demonstrated the possibility of further functionalization on the azobenzene moiety of glycosyl azobenzene. Both mono- and diglycosyl azobenzenes showed excellent photoswitching properties in water with high fatigue resistance and good thermostability for the Z-isomers. Excellent E → Z photoisomerization of both mono- and diglycosylated azobenzenes (Z/E = 99/1) is observed under illumination at 365 nm, while back Z → E photoisomerization can be achieved with blue light (with E/Z = 80/20 at PSS485 for the diglycosyl derivative).

Photoisomerization of a 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran analog dye: a combined photophysical and theoretical investigation.

A combination of experimental and theoretical investigations of a photoisomerizable analog of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) dye molecule is presented. We provide evidence that the 4 main isomers and conformers of DCM contribute to its photochemical and photophysical processes. The absorption and emission spectra, as well as time-resolved fluorescence experimental results, are discussed and compared to DFT/TDDFT calculations. The E ↔ Z isomerization is induced photochemically, whereas the s-cis ↔ s-trans conformational interconversion is a thermal process which may also happen during irradiation. The photoreaction pathways from the first excited state down to the ground state are shown to be mediated by two conical intersections, as revealed using spin-flip TDDFT calculations. The rationalization of these isomerization schemes provides important insights into the photophysical properties of DCM, responsible for its photoswitchable fluorescence.

Cyclodextrin-Based Peptide Self-Assemblies (Spds) That Enhance Peptide-Based Fluorescence Imaging and Antimicrobial Efficacy.

As a result of their high specificity for their corresponding biological targets, peptides have shown significant potential in a range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, their widespread use has been limited by their minimal cell permeability and stability in biological milieus. We describe here a hepta-dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran appended ß-cyclodextrin (DCM7-ß-CD) that acts as a delivery enhancing "host" for 1-bromonaphthalene-modified peptides, as demonstrated with peptide probes P1-P4. Interaction between the fluorescent peptides P1-P3 and DCM7-ß-CD results in the hierarchical formation of unique supramolecular architectures, which we term supramolecular-peptide-dots (Spds). Each Spd (Spd-1, Spd-2, and Spd-3) was found to facilitate the intracellular delivery of the constituent fluorescent probes (P1-P3), thus allowing spatiotemporal imaging of an apoptosis biomarker (caspase-3) and mitosis. Spd-4, incorporating the antimicrobial peptide P4, was found to provide an enhanced therapeutic benefit against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria relative to P4 alone. In addition, a fluorescent Spd-4 was prepared, which revealed greater bacterial cellular uptake compared to the peptide alone (P4-FITC) in E. coli. (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923). This latter observation supports the suggestion that the Spd platform reported here has the ability to facilitate the delivery of a therapeutic peptide and provides an easy-to-implement strategy for enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of known therapeutic peptides. The present findings thus serve to highlight a new and effective supramolecular delivery approach that is potentially generalizable to overcome limitations associated with functional peptides.

Photophysical Properties of 4-Dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-4H-pyran Revisited: Fluorescence versus Photoisomerization.

Although 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) has been known for many decades as a bright and photostable fluorophore, used for a wide variety of applications in chemistry, biology and physics, only little attention has been paid so far to the presence of multiple isomers and conformers, namely s-trans-(E), s-cis-(E), s-trans-(Z), and s-cis-(Z). In particular, light-induced E-Z isomerization plays a great role on the overall photophysical properties of DCM. Herein, we give a full description of a photoswitchable DCM derivative by a combination of structural, theoretical and spectroscopic methods. The main s-trans-(E) isomer is responsible for most of the fluorescence features, whereas the s-cis-(E) conformer only contributes marginally. The non-emitting Z isomers are generated in large conversion yields upon illumination with visible light (e.g., 485 or 514 nm) and converted back to the E forms by UV irradiation (e.g., 365 nm). Such photoswitching is efficient and reversible, with high fatigue resistance. The E→Z and Z→E photoisomerization quantum yields were determined in different solvents and at different irradiation wavelengths. Interestingly, the fluorescence and photoisomerization properties are strongly influenced by the solvent polarity: the fluorescence is predominant at higher polarity, whereas photoisomerization becomes more efficient at lower polarity. Intermediate medium (THF) represents an optimized situation with a good balance between these two features.

Photophysical Properties of 4-Dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-4H-pyran Revisited: Fluorescence versus Photoisomerization.

Invited for the cover of this issue are Juan Xie, Rémi Métivier and co-workers at Université Paris-Saclay and Università di Bologna. The image depicts the fluorescence of the DCM molecule reported in this manuscript. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202002828.

Synthesis and characterization of various 5'-dye-labeled ribonucleosides.

Hitherto unknown chromophoric nucleosides are reported. This novel set of visibly coloured dye-labeled 5'-nucleosides, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran, benzophenoxazinone, 9,10-anthraquinone and azobenzene chromophores, were prepared mainly under Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The design criteria are outlined. Several derivatives possess in supplement a fluorescence property. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of all coloured nucleosides were recorded to study their potential as visible-range probes. Such nucleodyes are of great interest for future competitive lateral flow test MIP-based strips.

Photoswitchable Carbohydrate-Based Macrocyclic Azobenzene: Synthesis, Chiroptical Switching, and Multistimuli-Responsive Self-Assembly.

A one-pot O-alkylation mediated macrocyclization approach has been used for the synthesis of carbohydrate-based macrocyclic azobenzene. The synthesized macrocycle can be reversibly isomerized between E and Z isomers upon UV or visible irradiation with excellent photostability and thermal stability (t1/2 =51 days at 20 °C for the Z isomer). A chirality transfer from the chiral sugar unit to azobenzene was observed by circular dichroism (CD). DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to calculate the optimal geometry and the theoretical absorption and CD spectra. Comparison of the experimental CD spectra with the theoretical ones suggests that both E- and Z-macrocycles adopt preferentially P-helicity for the azobenzene moiety. Furthermore, the macrocycle showed gelation ability in cyclohexane and ethanol with multistimuli-responsive behavior upon exposure to environmental stimuli including thermal-, photo-, and mechanical responses. Moreover, these organogels display temperature-dependent helical inversion, which can be tuned by a repeated heating-cooling procedure.

Universal real-time PCR assay for quantitation and size evaluation of residual cell DNA in human viral vaccines.

Residual host cellular DNA (rcDNA) is one of the principal risk associated with continuous cell lines derived medicines such as viral vaccines. To assess rcDNA degradation, we suggest two quantitative real-time PCR assays designed to separately quantify target sequences shorter and longer than the 200 bp risk limit, the relative abundance of both targets reflecting the extent of rcDNA fragmentation. The conserved multicopy ribosomal 18S RNA gene was targeted to detect host cell templates from most mammalian cell substrates commonly used in the manufacture of human viral vaccines. The detection range of the method was assessed on purified DNA templates from different animal origins. The standard calibrator origin and structural conformation were shown crucial to achieve accurate quantification. Artificial mixtures of PCR products shorter and longer than 200 bp were used as a model to check the ability of the assay to estimate the fragment size distribution. The method was successfully applied to a panel of Vero cell derived vaccines and could be used as a universal method for determination of both content and size distribution of rcDNA in vaccines.

Multichromophoric sugar for fluorescence photoswitching.

A multichromophoric glucopyranoside 2 bearing three dicyanomethylenepyran (DCM) fluorophores and one diarylethene (DAE) photochrome has been prepared by Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction. The fluorescence of 2 was switched off upon UV irradiation, in proportion with the open to closed form (OF to CF) conversion extent of the DAE moiety. A nearly 100% Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) from all three DCM moieties to a single DAE (in its CF) moiety was achieved. Upon visible irradiation, the initial fluorescence intensity was recovered. The observed photoswiching is reversible, with excellent photo resistance.

Fluorescence photoswitching and photoreversible two-way energy transfer in a photochrome-fluorophore dyad.

A thorough photophysical study of a photochrome-fluorophore dyad (3), combining a fluorescent laser dye (DCM-type, , Φ(1) = 0.27) and a photochromic diarylethene (2), obtained by click chemistry, is presented. In addition to photochromism, the open form (OF) of 2 exhibits fluorescence (Φ(-OF) = 0.016), whereas the closed form (CF) does not. Fluorescence is switched upon alternate UV/visible irradiation of 2. The emission band of 2-OF matches the absorption band of 1 (400-550 nm), whereas the emission band of 1 overlaps the absorption band of 2-CF (550-700 nm). Therefore, a photoreversible two-way excitation energy transfer (EET), controlled by the state of the photochromic moiety, is obtained in the dyad 3. Their efficiencies are quantified as Φ(EET)(OF→F) = 85% and as Φ(EET)(F→CF) ~ 100% from the comparison of emission and excitation spectra between 1, 2, and 3. These results are fully compatible with the shortening of fluorescence lifetimes (from τ(-OF) = 70 ps and 170 ps essentially to τ(-OF) < 10 ps) and to the values of Förster radii determined for 3 (R(0)(OF → F) = 29 Å and R(0)(F → CF) = 71 Å), evidencing a Förster-type resonance energy transfer mechanism (FRET). An important outcome of this two-way FRET is the possibility to quench 49% of the fluorescence in 3 at PSS upon UV irradiation, corresponding to the conversion extent of the photochromic reaction, which is different from 2 (α(CF) = 91%). This is a clear example of a situation where the presence of FRET between the photochromic unit and the fluorophore affects noticeably the photochromic properties of the dyad molecule 3.

Intrinsically fluorescent glycoligands to study metal selectivity.

Glycoligands are a versatile family of ligands centered on a sugar platform and functionalized by Lewis bases. In this article, pentofuranoses were appended with the fluoroionophores 4-(pyridin-2'-yl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl and 4-(2',1',3'-benzothiadiazol-4'-yl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl using the "click-like" cycloaddition [2 + 3] of Huisgen catalyzed by copper(I). Their fluorescence properties were used to study metal cation complexation. A possible selective functionalization of furanoscaffolds allows the synthesis of "mixed" glycoligands with the successive insertion of these different fluoroionophores. The metal selectivity and the chelating behavior of these six resulting intrinsically fluorescent glycoligands were investigated. The change in the configuration at the carbon C3 of furanose did not influence either the metal selectivity or the binding constants. However, different selectivities and binding constants were found to depend on the nature of the fluoroionophore moieties. Overall, the triazolylbenzothiadiazolyl chelating group was shown to be less efficient than the triazolylpyridyl claw for complexation. Interestingly enough, the triazolylbenzothiadiazolyl claw, which fluoresces in the visible range, did not interfere in the binding and selectivity of the more efficient triazolylpyridyl claw. This study suggests that the triazolylbenzothiadiazolyl moiety could be used as an adequate fluorescent reporter to qualitatively monitor complexation of other moieties.

Versatile one-pot synthesis of gold nanoclusters and nanoparticles using 3,6-(dipyridin-2-yl)-(1,2,4,5)-tetrazine.

A one-pot synthesis of gold nano-objects is described by simply mixing a gold salt (HAuCl4), dodecanethiol and 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. When a large excess of thiol is used, gold nanoclusters of 2 nm are obtained in a large amount and with a narrow size distribution. The reaction mechanism was investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopies and shows the in situ formation of dihydrotetrazine acting as the reductant of Au(iii) to make Au(0). Au nanoclusters were isolated from the molecular precursors by HPLC. The nature of the ligands stabilizing Au nanoclusters was investigated by various techniques such as mass spectrometry, SEM-EDS, XPS and NMR. Thiol and tetrazine are shown to play both the role of ligand stabilizing the clusters. Finally, when a much smaller amount of thiol is used, a mixture of Au nanoclusters and Au nanoparticles of 10-15 nm, sometimes aggregated into clusters of 50 nm is obtained. The formation of larger nanoobjects is explained by the lower amount of thiol available to block the growth at the early stage as shown by UV-vis absorption monitoring.

Triazonine-based bistable photoswitches: synthesis, characterization and photochromic properties.

We disclose here dibenzotriazonines as a new class of nine-membered cyclic azobenzenes displaying a nitrogen function in the saturated ring chain. The specific features of these compounds are (i) a preferred E-configuration, (ii) high bi-directional photoswitching and (iii) good thermal stability of both E- and Z-forms.