A modified plaque pH telemetry method.

Previous plaque-pH telemetry studies reported the acidogenicity of various foods and dietary patterns to estimate potential cariogenicity. To avoid patient discomfort, improve compliance, and minimize electrode malfunctions, we have simplified our telemetry method and compared it to our previously published model. A removable partial prosthesis with a glass electrode set in the approximal space left by a missing first molar was used in 2 subjects. In the modified method, subjects suspended oral hygiene for 3 days, the prosthesis was then installed on the 3rd day, and accumulated plaque was spread on the electrode and covered with gauze for retention. In comparative tests, the same subjects wore the prosthesis in the mouth during plaque accumulation. Test sessions compared the plaque pH response to 4 treatments: a 10% sucrose rinse, a 10% sorbitol rinse, a snack roll with marmalade and coffee, and the snack followed by gum chewing. Overall, pH curves were similar (mean baselines and minimas) and no significant differences in mean pH response were noted between the 2 methods. The modified method improved subject participation, demonstrated greater reliability, and showed Stephan curves comparable to conventional methods.

Effect of gum chewing on the pH of dental plaque.

Saliva stimulation by gum chewing has been reported to neutralize plaque acidity. We compared the plaque pH response to bread with honey followed by sucrose-or sorbitol-sweetened gum chewing for 20 minutes. Bread and honey was chosen as previous work in our laboratory found this a worst case challenge in terms of the extent and duration of the pH decline. The study design was factorial with: 4 subjects x 2 replicates x 3 treatments. Each subject received each of the 3 treatments: food (bread and honey), food followed by sorbitol chewing gum, and food followed by sucrose chewing gum. Subjects accumulated plaque for 3 days on a partial prosthesis with a glass electrode set in the approximal space in the gap left by a missing first molar. Plaque pH was monitored for 150 min: baseline (0-10), food (11-30), +/- gum chewing (31-50), post-chew monitoring (51-150). ANOVA of mean plaque pH showed no difference between treatments at baseline. Significantly higher pH levels (p < 0.01) were shown with both gums compared to no gum during the chew and post-chew phases. Plaque pH data were also converted to absolute acid values (cH). Food alone produced 1703 mumol/min.; food followed by sorbitol chewing gum produced 53 mumol/min.; and food followed by sucrose gum produced 156 mumol/min. While the post-chew pH curves were not identical for sucrose vs. sorbitol chewing gums, both neutralized plaque acidity, probably due to the induced salivary action.

[Therapy of fractured crown of juvenile permanent tooth]. / Die Therapie der Kronenfraktur beim jugendlichen bleibenden Zahn.

Above all the treatment of fractured juvenile frontal teeth doesn't represent a restoration problem but a problem of conservation of the tooth. In cases of uncomplicated crown-fractures the covering of all opened dentin tubuli must be recommended. In complicated crown-fractures the method of partial pulpotomy is preferred instead of pulp amputation regarding special indication. A closed cooperation with the orthodontist should be in the treatment of juvenile frontal teeth with a vital pulp.

[Caries prevention by means of local fluoride application]. / Kariesprävention durch den Einsatz der lokalen Fluoridapplikation.

The topical application of fluoride has developed into an effective health-saving measure for the individual and the collective prevention of caries. A reduction in caries increment of 30 to 40% may be expected. With reference to the mode of action of topically applied fluorides on dental enamel and plaques, methods and preparations are recommended for acceptance in the framework of socialist health protection.

[Psychological guidance of children during dental care]. / Psychologische Führung des Kindes bei der stomatologischen Betreuung.

Due to the high incidence of caries, affections of the marginal periodontium and occlusal anomalies, the regular preventive and therapeutical care of the children is imperative. For this reason, the motivation of the children toward treatment is of paramount importance. Suggestions are given for long-term and short-term psychopreventive influencing and the management of children of poor co-operativeness.

[Periodontitis apicalis? Case report]. / Apikale Periodontitis? Ein Fallbericht.

An apical radiolucent area shown by an X-ray examination of vital teeth 11 and 21 was supposed an apical chronic inflammation. The explanation was the projection of a deep nose botton.

[Caries prevalence in 12-year-olds compared to the WHO indicator]. / Kariesverbreitung bei 12jährigen im Vergleich mit dem WHO-Indikator.

In relation to the goals for oral health by the year 2000 a detailed territorial analysis of caries prevalence in 12 years-old children in performed. There from a prognosis of the future caries development in this age group considering regional conditions is given.

[The oral health status and the tasks of pediatric dental care for mentally handicapped children and adolescents]. / Oraler Gesundheitszunstand und Aufgaben der kinderstomatologischen Betreuung bei zerebral geschädigten Kindern und Jugendlichen.

1,018 cerebrally handicapped children were examined and the results were compared with the data of a study of 22,112 children. The caries prevalence (DMF/T and DMF/S), the oral hygiene (OHI-S) and the periodontal treatment needs (CPITN) were recorded. The caries prevalence of the retarded is nearly the same in children without handicap, but the caries prevalence is less in imbeciles and idiots. The degree of treated teeth is lower in the group of handicapped children. The periodontal status is more too bad but there are found no series periodontal diseases. Summarizing it must be demanded an early cooperation between the "dispensary of handicapped children" and the dentist for children and a realization of an intensive preventive care.

[Evaluation of efficiency of dental care for children--results of a cross-sectional study]. / Effektivitätsbewertung der kinderstomatologischen Betreuung im Ergebnis einer Querschnittstudie.

Using special parameters like the percentage of treated children, degree of treatment and the rate of secondary caries, a retrospective estimation of dental care for children in Rostock County was performed. After that the best results in dental care could be recorded in children of towns. The degree of treatment generally was worse in children of a rural population. On the one hand there is demanded an equalizing of the disproportions in the personal situation in dentistry for children, on the other side there is recommended a yearly analysis of the efficiency of treatment and based on this a territorial program for dental care in children.

[Caries prevalence in 6 to 14 years old children--results of the Rostock cross-sectional study]. / Kariesprävalenz bei 6- bis 14 jährigen Kindern. Ergebnisse der Rostocker Querschnittsstudie.

The results of a cross-sectional study of caries prevalence in 22,112 children age 6 to 14 years in Rostock Country are classified as moderate to high according to WHO criterions. Territorial differences in the caries prevalence have a strong connection to the degree of realisation of preventive measures. Over a control period of 20 years the average caries experience in children showed only little changes, a general caries decline couldn't be watched.

[The periodontal treatment needs of children and young people]. / Periodontale Behandlungsnotwendigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.

Using CPITN recommended from the WHO periodontal treatment needs in 22,118 children between 6 and 14 years from Rostock County were estimated. According to that the need of periodontal care in the examined young population is low and preventive care has precedence. For children until 12 years of age the evaluation of CPITN has some problems. The routine application of the CPITN is recommended as a screening for high-risk patients.

[Epidemiologucal studies on the health condition of the masticatora organ as related to sugar consumption]. / Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Gesundheitszustand des Kauorgans in Abhängigkeit vom Zuckerkonsum

In the Republic of Cuba, the authors compared, using the method of dietary interviewing, the oral findings (DMF/T, OHI-S, PDI and plaque pH) of children with primarily caries-free dentitions (25 children), with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 (50 children) and with a DMF/T index of more than 6.0 (50 children) with their eating habits. The nutrition index determined for the sugar consumption in the last-mentioned group was by 38% (meals) and by 48% (between-meal snacks) higher than that found in the group of primarily caries-free children. The other indices were also significantly higher. The group with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 holds an intermediate place. Since all the children originated from the same region and since there were no differences in dental and oral care between the groups, the individual differences in oral hygiene and in diseases of the dental hard structures and of the periodontium must be attributed to the individual sugar consumption, the between-meal snacks seeming to play a dominating role.

[Results of collective caries prevention by means of rinsing with a 0.2 percent sodium solution after 88 months]. / Ergebnisse der kollektiven Kariesprävention durch Mundspülungen mit 0,2 prozentiger Natriumfluoridlösung nach 88 Monaten.

In the framework of a governmental program in the Republic of Cuba, mouth rinsing actions with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution were accomplished in more than 900,000 children at a 14-day rhythm. The caries-statistical investigations performed in groups of 400 6-13-year-old children each showed a significant caries reduction (40-50%). The cost-benefit ration can be regarded as positive.

[The effects on caries in animal experiments when reducing sugar in cola-drinks(author's transl)]. / Auswirkung der Zuckerreduzierung im Cola-Getränk auf die Karies im programmierten Rattenexperiment.

The effect of stepwise sugar reduction in cola drinks was tested in a programmed animal experiment using Wistar rats. In a parallel study the pH-decrease at different sucrose concentrations was measured in vitro using a plaque model system which involved s. mutans (strain OMZ 176). The reduction of sugar contents by 20%, 33% und 42% results in a lower acid production by s. mutans strain connected with a decrease of the experimental produced caries. For this reason the sugar restriction in cola drinks will be seen as a contribution towards an improvement of dental health.

[Comparison between the caries-protective effects of the fluoride containing dentifrices "Fluorodent" and "Silca mit Flour"]. / Vergleich der kariesprotektiven Wirkung der fluoridhaltigen Zahnpasten "Fluorodent" und "Silca mit Fluor".

The comparative testing of the tooth-pastes "Silca mit Fluor", "Fluorodent" and "Silica" (without fluorine) in a programmed animal experiment for 6 weeks revealed differences in caries-protective efficiency and and in deposition of fluoride in dental enamel, "Silca mit Fluor" being superior to "Fluorodent".

[Long-term use of fluoride lacquer in preventive care of school children in area of basic care]. / Langzeiteinsatz von Fluoridlack zur präventiven Betreuung von Schulkindern im Rahmen der Grundbetreuung.

The spread of caries in the city of Rostock was studied from 1979 to 1988 in pupils from classes 1 to 8 where the fluoride varnish application three times a year (Duraphat) was the most important caries prophylaxis measure. All children were included in the evaluation, even those who had entered the school for the first time during the study period and had not had any prior prophylactic treatment. A special study was also made in a single class in the 1st and 6th years, respectively, to compare varnish application by cotton swabs with barrel ampoule injection. A significant reduction in caries was registered in all age groups. The application with barrel ampoule injection proved to be more economical and practical than the cotton swab application. On the whole Duraphat fluoride varnish reasserted its importance in caries prophylaxis and can be regarded as extremely well suited for individual and collective prevention.

[Oral health status of apprentices]. / Der orale Gesundheitszustand von Berufsschulern.

3011 students of vocational schools in Rostock were examined for obtaining informations about their caries prevalence (DMF/T and DMF/S) and the periodontal treatment needs (CPITN). Those students, who need a special proof to be good for their occupation and therefore had a regular dental care, have a much more better oral health status than other students in vocational schools (successful treated 40%:20%, degree of treatment (FM/T) 80%:71%, DMF/T 8.5:10.3). Concerning the periodontal status of the 6 sextants 55.6% of the students hat code 0 of CPITN, 33.5% the 1, 10.3% code 2 and 0.6% the code 3. Summarizing recommendations are given for the improvement of passing from the regular dental care for young adults to dental care of the adult population.

[Cariogenic potential of in-between-meals--results of oral plaque-pH-telemetry]. / Das kariogene Potential von Zwischenmahlzeiten-Ergebnisse der oralen Plaque-pH-Telemetrie.

Using oral plaque-pH-telemetry the cariogenic potential of a sucrose-solution (10%), a sorbitol-solution (10%), of a roll with honey, a roll with jam together with sweetened coffee and the "Milchschnitte" has been examined. All sugar containing products cause a deep pH-drop in dental plaque. The duration of demineralization (time of plaque-pH below 5.5)-amounts to 75 min. after mouthrinsing with sucrose-solution, 80 min. after consuming a half roll with honey, 140 min. after eating a roll with jam and drinking sweetened coffee and 82 min. after consuming a "Milchschnitte". All these products shouldn't be used as in-between-meals or snacks without a consequent oral hygiene afterwards.

[The effect of various caries preventive agents on the microflora of albino rats]. / Uber den Einfluss verschiedener Kariespräventiva auf die Mikroflora von Albinoratten.

An experiment with 80 Wistar rats was performed to study, using cultural methods, the effect of locally and internally applied caries-preventive agents on the microbiological situation in the oral cavity and on the surface of the skin. Especially in case of combined internal and local application, fluoride-containing preparations exerted an inhibitory effect on the oral microflora that had been altered by a cariogenic diet and on the bacterial invasion of the skin. The influence of a locally applied mineral solution on bacterial growth was only insignificant.