A Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of Data Logging in Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Automated Scene Classification Technologies.

Currently, there are no studies assessing everyday use of cochlear implant (CI) processors by recipients by means of objective tools. The Nucleus 6 sound processor features a data logging system capable of real-time recording of CI use in different acoustic environments and under various categories of loudness levels. In this study, we report data logged for the different scenes and different loudness levels of 1,366 CI patients, as recorded by SCAN. Monitoring device use in cochlear implant recipients of all ages provides important information about the listening conditions encountered in recipients' daily lives that may support counseling and assist in the further management of their device settings. The findings for this large cohort of active CI users confirm differences between age groups concerning device use and exposure to various noise environments, especially between the youngest and oldest age groups, while similar levels of loudness were observed.

Maps created using a new objective procedure (C-NRT) correlate with behavioral, loudness-balanced maps: a study in adult cochlear implant users.

In uncooperative patients, electrical compound action potential (ECAP) thresholds are reliable in predicting T-levels, but are not in determining the C-level profile. The present study aims to assess if the C-level profile can be predicted by a new objective procedure (C-NRT) which uses the amplitude growth function (AGF) and is based on the assumption that equal ECAP amplitudes elicit equal loudness percepts. This is a correlational study conducted in five tertiary care referral hospitals with 21 post-lingually deaf adult cochlear implant users. Two maps were created: a behavioral, bitonal balanced (BB) map and an objective map, in which T-levels were the same as in the BB map, and C-levels were obtained with C-NRT. C-NRT consisted of performing the AGF of nine electrodes, and of setting the current level eliciting a 100 µV ECAP amplitude as C-level in the map. AutoNRT was also measured. Main outcome measures were correlation between behavioral C-profile level, objective C-profile level, behavioral T-profile level and objective T-profile (AutoNRT) level; disyllabic word recognition scores in quiet and in noise conditions (SNR = + 10 and 0) with both maps. A strong correlation was found between behavioral and C-NRT-derived C-levels (mean per electrode correlation: R = 0.862, p < 0.001). C-NRT could predict behavioral C-levels with a greater accuracy than AutoNRT. Word recognition was significantly better with BB maps only in the quiet condition (p = 0.002). C-NRT is more accurate than AutoNRT in predicting the C-level profile in adult cochlear implant users. This finding encourages future application in uncooperative patients, especially in very young children.

Pediatric normative data for a novel and fast speech perception test in noise.

OBJECTIVES: Communicating in noisy settings can be difficult due to interference and environmental noise, which can impact intelligibility for those with hearing impairments and those with normal hearing threshold. Speech intelligibility is commonly assessed in audiology through speech audiometry in quiet environments. Nevertheless, this test may not effectively assess hearing challenges in noisy environments, as total silence is rare in daily activities. A recently patented method, known as the SRT50 FAST, has been developed for conducting speech audiometry in noise. This new method enables the acceleration and simplification of free field speech audiometry tests involving competition noise. This study aims to establish normative scores and standardize the SRT50 FAST method as a test for evaluating speech perception in noise in pediatric patients. METHODS: The study included 30 participants with normal hearing, consisting of 11 females and 19 males, ranging in age from 6 to 11 years. A series of speech audiometry tests were conducted to determine the speech reception threshold 50% (SRT50) in competing conditions. This included testing both the fast mode (SRT50 FAST) currently being studied and the traditional method (SRT50 CLASSIC). The SRT50, or Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at which 50% of speech recognition occurred, was investigated for both methods. RESULTS: The mean SRT50 FAST test score was -2.69 (SD = 3.15). The dataset exhibited a normal distribution with values ranging from 3.60 to -8.60. Since the scores are expressed in SRT, higher scores indicate poorer performance. We have established a threshold of 3.60 as the upper limit of the normal range, therefore, patients with scores above this threshold are considered to have abnormal results. CONCLUSIONS: This study aimed to establish normative data for the evaluation of free field speech in noise recognition using the SRT50 FAST method in the pediatric population. This method accurately investigates the necessary signal-to-noise ratio for achieving 50% recognition scores with bisyllabic words in a quick manner. The ultimate objective is to employ this test to identify the optimal configuration of hearing rehabilitation devices, particularly for pediatric patients with hearing aids and/or cochlear implants. Additionally, it can be used to assess pediatric patients with unilateral hearing loss.

Prognostic significance of the wall to lumen ratio of retinal arterioles evaluated by adaptive optics.

OBJECTIVE: Microvascular structural alterations may be considered an important form of hypertension-mediated organ damage. An increased media-to-lumen ratio of subcutaneous small arteries evaluated with locally invasive techniques (micromyography) predicts the development of cardiovascular (CV) events. However, it is not known whether retinal arteriole structural alterations evaluated with a noninvasive approach (Adaptive Optics) may have a prognostic significance. DESIGN AND METHODS: Two-hundred and thirty-seven subjects (mean age 58.7 ± 16.1 years, age range 13-89 years; 116 males) were included in the study: 65 normotensive subjects (27.4 %) and 172 patients with essential hypertension or primary aldosteronism (72.6 %). All subjects underwent a non-invasive evaluation of retinal arteriolar wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) by Adaptive Optics. Subjects were re-evaluated after an average follow-up time of 4.55 years in order to assess the occurrence of clinical events (non CV and/or CV death or events). RESULTS: Fifty-four events occurred in the study population:26 were cardio-cerebrovascular events (ischemic or hemorragic stroke, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cardiac valvular disease) while the remaining were deaths for any cause, or neoplastic diseases. Subjects with events were older and had a WLR of retinal arterioles significantly greater than those without events. The event-free survival was significantly worse in those with a baseline WLR above the median value of the population (0.28) according to Kaplan-Mayer survival curves and multivariate analysis (Cox's proportional hazard model). The evidence was confirmed after restricting the analysis to CV events. CONCLUSIONS: Structural alterations of retinal arterioles evaluated by Adaptive Optics may predict total and CV events.

Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways. Recent findings provide new roles and activities referring to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, which help to clarify the intricate signaling crosstalk between the involved actors. Research is ongoing to explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the pathogenic interplay between immunity and CAD and the potential therapeutic strategies, and explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis.

Surgical sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer. Could it be avoided by performing a preoperative staging procedure? A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this pilot trial was to study the feasibility of sentinel node percutaneous preoperative gamma probe-guided biopsy as a valid preoperative method of assessment of nodal status compared to surgical sentinel lymph node biopsy. MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 10 consecutive patients without evidence of axillary lymph node metastases at preoperative imaging. All patients underwent sentinel node occult lesion localization (SNOLL) using radiotracer intradermic injection that detected a "hot spot" corresponding to the sentinel node in all cases. Gamma probe over the skin detection with subsequent ultrasonographically guided needle biopsy of the sentinel node were performed. The percutaneous needle core histopathological diagnosis was compared to the results of the surgical biopsy. RESULTS: Preoperative sentinel node identification was successful in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of preoperative gamma probe sentinel node detection and ultrasound-guided biopsy could represent a valid alternative to intraoperative sentinel node biopsy in clinically and ultrasonographically negative axillary nodes, resulting in shorter duration of surgery and lower intraoperative risks.

Skin capillary alterations in patients with acute SarsCoV2 infection.

BACKGROUND: Acute SarsCov2 infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction and 'endothelitis', which might explain systemic microvascular impairment. The presence of endothelial damage may promote vasoconstriction with organ ischemia, inflammation, tissue oedema and a procoagulant state resulting in an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Microvascular thrombosis has been demonstrated in postmortem autopsy of COVID-19 patients; however, few data are available about skin capillary alterations in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated skin microvascular alteration in 22 patients admitted to our hospital with SarsCov2 infection. Capillary density was evaluated by capillaroscopy in the nailfold and the dorsum of the finger in the acute phase of the disease. Capillaroscopy was repeated after 3 months (recovery phase). In addition, blood chemistry parameters and inflammatory markers were obtained during acute infection and at the recovery after 3 months. RESULTS: Patients with COVID-19 showed skin microvascular complications, such as thrombosis, microhaemorrhages and neoangiogenesis, which were not detected after 3 months from the discharge. A significant reduction of capillary density in the dorsum was observed after 3 months from the acute infection (97.2 ±â€Š5.3 vs. 75.81 ±â€Š3.9 n/mm 2P  < 0.05). A significant inverse correlation between C-reactive protein and capillary density was observed in patients with acute SarsCov2 infection ( r  = 0.44, P  < 0.05). Conversely a direct correlation between capillary density during the acute phase and lymphocyte number was detected ( r  = 0.49, P  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first in-vivo evidence of skin capillary thrombosis, microhaemorrhages and angiogenesis in patients with acute SarsCov2 infection, which disappeared after 3 months, supporting the presence of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Capillary alterations might reflect systemic vascular effects of viral infection.

Unattended versus Attended Blood Pressure Measurement: Relationship with Retinal Microcirculation.

Though the relationship between both "attended" and "unattended" BP and several forms of target organ damage have been evaluated, data on retinal arteriolar alterations are lacking. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between "attended" or "unattended" BP values and retinal arteriolar changes in consecutive individuals undergoing a clinical evaluation and assessment of retinal fundus at an ESH Excellence Centre. An oscillometric device programmed to perform 3 BP measurements, at 1 min intervals and after 5 min of rest was used on all individuals to measure BP with the patient alone in the room ("unattended") or in the presence of the physician ("attended") in the same day in a random order. The retinal arteriole's wall thickness (WT) was measured automatically by a localization algorithm as the difference between external (ED) and internal diameter (ID) by adaptive optics (RTX-1, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, Francia). Media-to-lumen ratio (WLR) of the retinal arterioles and cross-sectional area (WCSA) of the vascular wall were calculated. Results: One-hundred-forty-two patients were examined (mean age 57 ± 12 yrs, 48% female, mean BMI 26 ± 4). Among them, 60% had hypertension (84% treated) and 11% had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unattended systolic BP (SBP) was lower as compared to attended SBP (129 ± 14.8. vs. 122.1 ± 13.6 mmHg, p < 0.0001). WLR was similarly correlated with unattended and attended SBP (r = 0.281, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.382, p < 0.0001) and with unattended and attended diastolic BP (r = 0.34, p < 0.001 and r = 0.29, p < 0.0001). The differences between correlations were not statistically significant (Steiger's Z test). Conclusion: The measurement of "unattended" or "attended" BP provides different values, and unattended BP is lower as compared to attended BP. In this study a similar correlation was observed between attended and unattended BP values and structural changes of retinal arterioles.

Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 between first and second/third wave in a hospital setting in Lombardy: a retrospective cohort study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a major health problem in terms of deaths and long-term sequelae. We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Montichiari Hospital (Brescia, Italy) to better understand the determinants of outcome in two different COVID-19 outbreaks. A total of 634 unvaccinated patients admitted from local emergency room to the Internal Medicine ward with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a moderate-to-severe COVID-19 were included in the study. A group of 260 consecutive patients during SARS-CoV-2 first wave (from February to May 2020) and 374 consecutive patients during SARS-CoV-2 2nd/3rd wave (from October 2020 to May 2021) were considered. Demographic data were not significantly different between waves, except a lower prevalence of female sex during first wave. Mortality was significantly higher during the 1st wave than in the following periods (24.2% vs. 11%; p < 0.001). Time from symptoms onset to hospital admission was longer during first wave (8 ± 6 vs. 6 ± 4 days; p < 0.001), while in-hospital staying was significantly shorter (10 ± 14 vs. 15 ± 11 days; p < 0.001). Other significant differences were a larger use of corticosteroids and low-molecular weight heparin as well less antibiotic prescription during the second wave. Respiratory, bio-humoral and X-ray scores were significantly poorer at the time of admission in first-wave patients. After a multivariate regression analysis, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin values, % fraction of inspired oxygen on admission to the Internal Medicine ward and length of hospital stay and duration of symptoms were the strongest predictors of outcome. Concomitant anti-hypertensive treatment (including ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers) did not affect the outcome. In conclusion, our data suggest that earlier diagnosis, timely hospital admission and rational use of the therapeutic options reduced the systemic inflammatory response and were associated to a better outcome during the 2nd/3rd wave.

Higher Right Hemisphere Gamma Band Lateralization and Suggestion of a Sensitive Period for Vocal Auditory Emotional Stimuli Recognition in Unilateral Cochlear Implant Children: An EEG Study.

In deaf children, huge emphasis was given to language; however, emotional cues decoding and production appear of pivotal importance for communication capabilities. Concerning neurophysiological correlates of emotional processing, the gamma band activity appears a useful tool adopted for emotion classification and related to the conscious elaboration of emotions. Starting from these considerations, the following items have been investigated: (i) whether emotional auditory stimuli processing differs between normal-hearing (NH) children and children using a cochlear implant (CI), given the non-physiological development of the auditory system in the latter group; (ii) whether the age at CI surgery influences emotion recognition capabilities; and (iii) in light of the right hemisphere hypothesis for emotional processing, whether the CI side influences the processing of emotional cues in unilateral CI (UCI) children. To answer these matters, 9 UCI (9.47 ± 2.33 years old) and 10 NH (10.95 ± 2.11 years old) children were asked to recognize nonverbal vocalizations belonging to three emotional states: positive (achievement, amusement, contentment, relief), negative (anger, disgust, fear, sadness), and neutral (neutral, surprise). Results showed better performances in NH than UCI children in emotional states recognition. The UCI group showed increased gamma activity lateralization index (LI) (relative higher right hemisphere activity) in comparison to the NH group in response to emotional auditory cues. Moreover, LI gamma values were negatively correlated with the percentage of correct responses in emotion recognition. Such observations could be explained by a deficit in UCI children in engaging the left hemisphere for more demanding emotional task, or alternatively by a higher conscious elaboration in UCI than NH children. Additionally, for the UCI group, there was no difference between the CI side and the contralateral side in gamma activity, but a higher gamma activity in the right in comparison to the left hemisphere was found. Therefore, the CI side did not appear to influence the physiologic hemispheric lateralization of emotional processing. Finally, a negative correlation was shown between the age at the CI surgery and the percentage of correct responses in emotion recognition and then suggesting the occurrence of a sensitive period for CI surgery for best emotion recognition skills development.

Cardiovascular prognosis in patients admitted to an emergency department with hypertensive emergencies and urgencies.

BACKGROUND: At present, few data are available on the prognosis of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies admitted to emergency departments. AIM: The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence of total and cardiovascular events during follow-up in hypertensive patients admitted to the emergency departments of Brescia Hospital (Northern Italy) with hypertensive emergencies or urgencies from 1 January to 31 December 2015. METHODS: Medical records of patients aged more than 18 years, admitted to the emergency department with SBP values at least 180 mmHg (SBP) and/or DBP values at least 120 mmHg (DBP) were collected and analysed (18% of patients were classified as 'hypertensive emergency' and 82% as 'hypertensive urgency'). Data in 895 patients (385 men and 510 women, mean age 70. 5 ±â€Š15 years) were analysed; the mean duration of follow-up after admission to the emergency department was 12 ±â€Š5 months. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 96 cardiovascular events (28 fatal) occurred (20 cardiac events, 30 cerebrovascular events, 26 hospital admission for heart failure, 20 cases of new onset kidney disease). In 40 patients (4.5%), a new episode of acute blood pressure rise with referral to the emergency department was recorded. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were greater in patients with a previous hypertensive emergency (14.5 vs. 4.5% in patients with hypertensive emergency and urgency, respectively, chi-square, P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained when the occurrence of cerebrovascular or renal events were considered separately. CONCLUSION: Admission to the emergency department for hypertensive emergencies and urgencies identifies hypertensive patients at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. Our findings add some new finding suggesting that further research in this field should be improved aiming to define, prevent, treat and follow hypertensive urgencies and emergencies.

Microvascular Structural Alterations in Cancer Patients Treated With Antiangiogenic Drugs.

Objective: Antiangiogenic therapies (tyrosine kinase inhibitors-TKI and direct anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies) are being increasingly used in the treatment of solid tumors; hypertension represents a common side effect of these agents. Several mechanisms are involved in the development of hypertension, including microvascular rarefaction and other microvascular alterations. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate whether TKI and direct anti-VEGF agents may affect the structure of retinal arterioles or capillary density. Design and Methods: We investigated 20 patients with a diagnosis of cancer who underwent a treatment with either a TKI or an anti-VEGF antibody. Patients were submitted to ambulatory monitoring blood pressure for blood pressure evaluation. Basal and total capillary density were assessed by capillaroscopy whereas, retinal arteriole morphology was measured by Adaptive Optics. Patients were evaluated before starting the antiangiogenic therapy (T0) and re-evaluated after 3 (T3) and 6 (T6) months after treatment. Fourteen patients completed the study. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were similar in all patients at T3 and T6 compared to T0. However, during the study antihypertensive treatment was optimized (increased dose and/or addition of drugs) in 57% of patients (n = 8). No differences were observed in retinal arteriole structural parameters and in large artery stiffness. Basal capillary density was reduced by antiangiogenic drugs after 3 or 6 months. Conclusions: Our data suggest that an increase of antihypertensive treatment is necessary in patients treated with a TKI or a direct VEGF inhibitor, confirming pro-hypertensive effects of these drugs. However, under adequate blood pressure control, microvascular structure seem to be partially preserved, since a worsening of basal capillary density but no changes in retinal arteriole morphology were observed.

Short-Term Consequences of SARS-CoV-2-Related Pneumonia: A Follow Up Study.

The aim of the study was to assess the short-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia, also in relation to radiologic/laboratory/clinical indices of risk at baseline. This prospective follow-up cohort study included 94 patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a medical ward at the Montichiari Hospital, Brescia, Italy from February 28th to April 30th, 2020. Patients had COVID-19 related pneumonia with respiratory failure. Ninety-four patients out of 193 survivors accepted to be re-evaluated after discharge, on average after 4 months. In » of the patients an evidence of pulmonary fibrosis was detected, as indicated by an altered diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO); in 6-7% of patients the alteration was classified as of moderate/severe degree. We also evaluated quality of life thorough a structured questionnaire: 52% of the patients still lamented fatigue, 36% effort dyspnea, 10% anorexia, 14% dysgeusia or anosmia, 31% insomnia and 21% anxiety. Finally, we evaluated three prognostic indices (the Brixia radiologic score, the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the 4C mortality score) in terms of prediction of the clinical consequences of the disease. All of them significantly predicted the extent of short-term lung involvement. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia is associated to relevant short-term clinical consequences, both in terms of persistence of symptoms and in terms of impairment of DLCO (indicator of a possible development of pulmonary fibrosis); some severity indices of the disease may predict short-term clinical outcome. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether such manifestations may persist long-term.

Is there a role for bedside ultrasound in malaria? A survey of the literature.

PURPOSE: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has proven utility in the evaluation and treatment of many tropical diseases. Its role in malaria has been studied, but its value for the clinician at the bedside is unclear. Our review aimed at summarizing the existing studies to assess the usefulness, if any, of POCUS in treating malaria. METHODS: We used Boolean operators using keywords "malaria", "acoustic", "ultrasound", "echography", and "ultrasonography" to search PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct in three languages (Italian, French, and English). RESULTS: We found 22 eligible references. Organs explored include the liver, spleen, heart, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), kidney, lungs, and cerebral vasculature. Multiple pathologic findings by ultrasound are reported, but few demonstrate clinical utility. Current studies involve small numbers of patients, and a few trends emerge when studies are compared. The ability to combine study results is limited due to the significant heterogeneity that exists between studies in regards to both methods of evaluation and the reporting of organ pathology and malaria severity. CONCLUSIONS AND ASSESSMENT: A review of the current literature indicates that the use of ultrasound by clinicians adds little to the diagnostic evaluation of patients with malaria. Our review did find that measurements of the spleen, lungs, optic nerve sheath diameter, and cerebral blood flow have potential utility in specific patient populations. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether this utility persists when a larger sample size is used.

Long-term evolution of the electrical stimulation for cochlear implant adult patients. The role of a progressive adaptation method.

Background: In clinical experience patients who do not frequently check the cochlear implant (CI) maps have poor auditory performance and poor acceptance of map variations over time.Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of CI map optimization on both speech perception and subjective hearing in a group of CI patients with a long-standing map.Material and methods: 14 patients (6 females and 8 males; age range 16-77, mean age 45.86 ± 23.85 years) fitted with a unilateral CI (Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia) and a map unchanged for at least 12 months were evaluated. All CIs were remapped using mapping method with progressive adaptation. The speech discrimination in noise and subjective hearing perception (SSQ questionnaire) were evaluated with old and new map.Results: The differences in electrode level with old and new map were significantly different both for T and C- Levels (p < .001). Speech discrimination in noise was significantly better (22.9%; p < .0001) after map optimization. The SSQ questionnaire showed no statistically significant difference in the overall scores, except the listening effort sub-scale.Conclusions: Longstanding MAPs are associated with poor speech discrimination. Degradation of electrical stimulation is associated with increased mental effort.

Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome in patients with COVID-19 and related pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.

The aim of the present study was to simultaneously assess several potential predictors of outcome (co-morbidity, previous and in-hospital treatment, radiologic Brixia score) in patients with COVID-19. This retrospective cohort study included 258 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a medical ward at Montichiari Hospital, Brescia, Italy from February 28th to April 30rd, 2020. Patients had SARS-CoV-2 related pneumonia with respiratory failure, and were treated with hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir plus ritonavir. In some patients, additional treatment with tocilizumab, dexamethasone and enoxaparin was adopted. Outcomes (death or recovery) were assessed at the end of the discharge period or at the end of the follow-up (August 2020). During hospitalization, 59 patients died, while 6 died after discharge. The following variables were demonstrated to be associated with a worse prognosis: Radiologic Brixia score higher than 8, presence at baseline of hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, cancer, previous treatment with ACE-inhibitors or anti-platelet drugs. Anticoagulant treatment during hospital admission with enoxaparin at a dose higher than 4000 U once daily was associated with a better prognosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that some co-morbidities and cardiovascular risk factors may affect prognosis. The radiologic Brixia score may be a useful tool to stratify the risk of death at baseline. Anticoagulant treatment with enoxaparin might be associated to a clinical benefit in terms of survival in patients with COVID-19.

Correction to: Is there a role for bedside ultrasound in malaria? A survey of the literature.

Unfortunately, all the authors' first name and family name were erroneously switched in the original article and published online.

EEG rhythms lateralization patterns in children with unilateral hearing loss are different from the patterns of normal hearing controls during speech-in-noise listening.

Unilateral hearing loss constitutes a field of growing interest in the scientific community. In fact, this kind of patients represent a unique and physiological way to investigate how neuroplasticity overcame unilateral deafferentation by implementing particular strategies that produce apparently next- to- normal hearing behavioural performances. This explains why such patients have been underinvestigated for a long time. Thanks to the availability of techniques able to study the cerebral activity underlying the mentioned behavioural outcomes, the aim of the present research was to elucidate whether different electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns occurred in unilateral hearing loss (UHL) children in comparison to normal hearing (NH) controls during speech-in-noise listening. Given the intrinsic lateralized nature of such patients, due to the unilateral side of hearing impairment, the experimental question was to assess whether this would reflect a different EEG pattern while performing a word in noise recognition task varying the direction of the noise source. Results showed a correlation between the period of deafness and the cortical activity asymmetry toward the hearing ear side in the frontal, parietal and occipital areas in all the experimental conditions. Concerning alpha and beta activity in the frontal and central areas highlighted that in the NH group, the lateralization was always left-sided during the Quiet condition, while it was right-sided in noise conditions; this evidence was not, however, detected also in the UHL group. In addition, focusing on the theta and alpha activity in the frontal areas (Broca area) during noise conditions, while the activity was always left-lateralized in the NH group, it was ipsilateral to the direction of the background noise in the UHL group, and of a weaker extent than in NH controls. Furthermore, in noise conditions, only the UHL group showed a higher theta activity in the temporal areas ipsilateral to the side where the background noise was directed to. Finally, in the case of bilateral noise (background noise and word signal both coming from the same two sources), the theta and alpha activity in the frontal areas (Broca area) was left-lateralized in the case of the NH group and lateralized towards the side of the better hearing ear in the case of the UHL group. Taken together, this evidence supports the establishment of a particular EEG pattern occurrence in UHL children taking place in the frontal (Broca area), temporal and parietal lobes, probably physiologically established in order to deal with different sound and noise source directions.