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Protein and polysaccharides are the mostly used biopolymers for developing packaging film and their combination-based composite produced better quality film compared to their single counterpart. The combination of protein and polysaccharides are superior owing to the better physical properties like water resistance, mechanical and barrier properties of the film. The protein/polysaccharide-based composite film showed promising result in active and smart food packaging regime. This work discussed the recent advances on the different types of protein/polysaccharide combinations used for making bio-based sustainable packaging film formulation and further utilized in food packaging applications. The fabrication and properties of various protein/polysaccharide combination are comprehensively discussed. This review also presents the use of the multifunctional composite film in meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, milk products, and bakery products, etc. Developing composite is a promising approach to improve physical properties and practical applicability of packaging film. The low water resistance properties, mechanical performance, and barrier properties limit the real-time use of biopolymer-based packaging film. The combination of protein/polysaccharide can be one of the promising solutions to the biopolymer-based packaging and thus recently many works has been published which is suitable to preserve the shelf life of food as well trace the food spoilage during food storage.
RESUMO
In the realm of corrosion mitigation, the search for sustainable and ecologically accountable inhibitors attracts significant interest from the environmental point of view. This study investigates the intriguing possibilities presented by Erigeron bonariensis (EB) as a green and innovative corrosion inhibitor for weathering steel in 1 M H2SO4. EB, a naturally abundant plant species, holds promise as a green and sustainable inhibitor due to its inherent chemical composition in the environment. The intricate interplay between the phytochemical constituents of the extract and the corrosive environment is meticulously deciphered. Furthermore, the environmentally benign nature of the inhibitor adds an extra layer of significance to its application, aligning with contemporary green chemistry principles. The inhibition effect of Erigeron bonariensis (EB) extract on the corrosion of mild steel in acidic media (H2SO4) was studied using weight loss, absorption studies, phytochemical analysis, electrochemical methods, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental findings revealed that an increase in inhibitor concentration is correlated with higher inhibition efficiency. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface was found to agree with the UV-Vis adsorption spectrum. Additionally, a surface study conducted using scanning electron microscopy indicated notable differences in the presence and absence of inhibitors for weathering steel. At 2000 mg L-1, EB extract has the best inhibitory efficiency for weathering steel in 1 M H2SO4 of 99.50% by the leaf part, followed by 94.35% by the flower part, and 85.22% by the stem part. Overall, this study suggests that EB extract serves as a promising alternative for corrosion prevention, demonstrating significant inhibition efficiency.
RESUMO
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has raised great concern for public health in many lower-income countries including India. Socio-economic determinants like poverty, health expenditure and awareness accelerate this emergence by influencing individuals' attitudes and healthcare practices such as self-medication. This self-medication practice is highly prevalent in many countries, where antibiotics are available without prescriptions. Thus, complex dynamics of drug- resistance driven by economy, human behaviour, and disease epidemiology poses a serious threat to the community, which has been less emphasized in prior studies. Here, we formulate a game-theoretic model of human choices in self-medication integrating economic growth and disease transmission processes. We show that this adaptive behaviour emerges spontaneously in the population through a self-reinforcing process and continual feedback from the economy, resulting in the emergence of resistance as externalities of human choice under resource constraints situations. We identify that the disparity between social-optimum and individual interest in self-medication is primarily driven by the effectiveness of treatment, health awareness and public health interventions. Frequent multiple-peaks of resistant strains are also observed when individuals imitate others more readily and self-medication is more likely. Our model exemplifies that timely public health intervention for financial risk protection, and antibiotic stewardship policies can improve the epidemiological situation and prevent economic collapse.
RESUMO
Overwhelming antibiotic use poses a serious challenge today to the public-health policymakers worldwide. Many empirical studies pointed out this ever-increasing antibiotic consumption as primary driver of the community-acquired antibiotic drug-resistance, especially in the middle- and lower-income countries. The association is well documented across spatio-temporal gradients in many parts of the world, but there is rarely any study that emphasizes the mechanism of the association, which is important for combating drug-resistance. Formulating a mathematical model of emergence and transmission of drug-resistance, we in this paper, present how amalgamating three components: socio-economic growth, population ecology of infectious disease, and antibiotic misuse can instinctively incite proliferation of resistance in the society. We show that combined impact of economy, infections, and self-medication yield synergistic interactions through feedbacks on each other, presenting the emergence of drug-resistance as a self-reinforcing cycle in the population. Analysis of our model not only determines the threshold of antibiotic use beyond which the emergence of resistance may occur, but also characterizes how fast it develops depending on economic growth, and lack of education and awareness of the population. Our model illustrates that proper and timely government aid in population health can break the self-reinforcing process and reduce the burden of drug-resistance in the community.
RESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RESUMO
Sub acute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder related to a persistent and aberrant measles virus infection. It is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. We report a case of a seven- year-old boy who manifested the disease despite proper vaccination and with no documented past history of measles. The case is being reported for its atypical presentation, rarity and its possibility of occurrence in young vaccinated subjects, possibly due to undocumented pre-vaccination measles infection.