Coronary stent rupture with infected false aneurysm and atrial fistula formation.

Infectious complications after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are uncommon and can occur at any point of time leading to high morbidity and mortality. We report a case of delayed coronary artery stent infection and rupture, with epicardial infected false aneurysm formation, and right coronary artery to right atrium fistula formation, presenting after 1 month of pyrexia.

Vaccination coverage in Lebanon following the Syrian crisis: results from the district-based immunization coverage evaluation survey 2016.

BACKGROUND: Following the Syrian crisis, a substantial influx of Syrian refugees into Lebanon posed new challenges to optimal vaccination coverage for all children residing in the country. In 2016, the district-based immunization coverage evaluation survey (CES) assessed routine immunization coverage at the district level in Lebanon among children aged 12-59 months. METHODS: A cross-sectional multistage cluster survey was conducted in all of Lebanon (with the exception of the Nabatieh district) using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) methodology adapted to the local context. A survey questionnaire consisting of closed and open-ended questions concerning demographic information and the child's immunization status was administered to collect immunization status information. RESULTS: Among surveyed children aged 12-59 months, irrespective of nationality, vaccination coverage at the national level for any recommended last dose was below the targeted 95%. Generally, vaccination coverage levels increased with age and were higher among Lebanese than Syrian children. However, large variations were revealed when coverage rates were analyzed at the district level. Vaccination was significantly associated with nationality, age, mother's educational status and the place of vaccination. Common reasons for undervaccination included the child's illness at the time of vaccine administration, vaccination fees, lack of awareness or a doctor's advice not to vaccinate during campaigns. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variability exists in vaccination coverage among children aged 12-59 months residing in different districts in Lebanon. Immunization coverage reached 90% or above only for the first doses of polio and pentavalent vaccines. A considerable dropout rate from the first dose of any vaccine is observed. Efforts to optimize coverage levels should include increased vaccination initiatives targeting both refugee children and children from vulnerable host communities, increased cooperation between public and private vaccine providers, improved training for vaccine providers to adhere to complete vaccine administration recommendations, and increased awareness among caregivers.

Remote and local ischemic preconditioning equivalently protects rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial function during experimental aortic cross-clamping.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether remote (rIPC) and local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) similarly limit skeletal muscle dysfunction induced by aortic cross-clamping. METHODS: Rats were divided in three groups: the sham-operated control group (C) underwent surgery without clamping. The ischemia-reperfusion group (IR) had 3 hours of ischemia induced by aortic clamping and collateral vessels ligation, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. The IPC group had, before prolonged ischemia, three bouts of 10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion on the right hind limb. Thus, right hind limbs had local IPC and left hind limbs had rIPC. Complexes I, II, III, and IV activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain of the gastrocnemius muscle were measured using glutamate-malate (V(max)), succinate (V(succ)), and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (TMPD)-ascorbate (V(TMPD)). Expressions of genes involved in apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2) and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD 1], SOD2, glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Glutathione was also measured. RESULTS: Right and left hind limb mitochondrial functions were similar in controls and after IR. IR reduced V(max) (-21.2%, 6.6 ± 1 vs 5.2 ± 1 µmol O(2)/min/g dry weight, P = .001), V(succ) (-22.2%, P = .032), and V(TMPD) (-22.4%, P = .033), and increased Bax (63.4%, P = .020) and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (+84.6%, P = .029). SODs and GPx messenger RNA were not modified, but glutathione tended to be decreased after IR. Local IPC and rIPC counteracted similarly these deleterious effects, restoring mitochondrial maximal oxidative capacities and normalizing Bax, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and glutathione. CONCLUSIONS: Remote ischemic preconditioning protection against IR injury is equivalent to that achieved by local IPC. It might deserve a broader use in clinical practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acute and chronic ischemia induce mitochondrial dysfunction in human skeletal muscles, and improving muscle mitochondrial function improves subjects' status. Compared with local ischemic preconditioning (IPC), remote IPC (rIPC) appears easier to perform and is safer for the vessel and territory involved in ischemic injury. This study demonstrates that the muscle protection afforded by rIPC is equivalent to that achieved by IPC. Acknowledging that IPC procedures should be specifically adapted to patient characteristics to be successful, our results support a broader use of rIPC in the setting of vascular surgery.

Remote and local ischemic postconditioning further impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function after ischemia-reperfusion.

OBJECTIVE: Muscular injuries contribute to perioperative and long-term morbidity after vascular surgery in humans. We determined whether local and remote ischemic postconditioning might similarly decrease muscle mitochondrial dysfunction through reduced oxidative stress. METHODS: Eighteen male Black-6 mice were divided in three groups: (1) sham mice had no ischemia (sham), (2) ischemia-reperfusion (IR) mice underwent 2-hour tourniquet-induced ischemia on both hind limbs, followed by 2-hour reperfusion, and (3) postconditioning (PoC) mice underwent four bouts of 30-second reperfusion and 30-second ischemia at the onset of reperfusion on the right limb; thus, the right limb underwent local PoC and left limb underwent remote PoC (rPoC). Maximal oxidative capacity (V(max)) of the gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain was measured. Oxidative stress was evaluated by dihydroethidium staining. Expressions of genes involved in antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase [SOD1], SOD2, glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), apoptosis (Bax, BclII), and inflammation (interleukin-6) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Muscle inflammation was determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: IR reduced V(max) (8.5 ± 2.2 vs 10.2 ± 1.8 µmol O(2)/min/g dry weight; P = .034), and increased dihydroethidium staining (134.8%; P = .039). IR decreased GPx expression (-47.9%; P = .048) and increased the proapoptotic marker Bax (255.5%; P = .020). Local PoC and rPoC further increased these deleterious effects. PoC decreased V(max) to 4.4 ± 1.4 µmol O(2)/min/g dry weight (sham vs PoC, -56.9% [P < .001]; IR vs PoC, -48.2% [P < .001]). rPoC similarly reduced V(max) to 5.1 ± 1.9 µmol O(2)/min/g dry weight (sham vs PoC, -50.0% [P < .001]; IR vs PoC, -40.0% [P = .001]). Dihydroethidium staining was further increased by PoC (207.2%; P = .002) and rPoC (305.4%; P < .001) compared with sham and was associated with macrophage infiltration. Local PoC increased SOD1, SOD2, and the antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and rPoC increased Bax (391.6%; P < .001) and the Bax/BclII ratio (621.7%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Local and remote ischemic postconditioning further increased injury by enhancing mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress production, and inflammation. Caution should be applied when considering ischemic postconditioning in vascular surgery.

A Liposarcoma Arising in a Pulmonary Hamartoma, Coexisting With Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma.

Pulmonary hamartoma is a common benign tumor that rarely degenerates into malignancy. This report documents a unique case of pulmonary hamartoma with malignant transformation into well-differentiated liposarcoma, coexisting in proximity to pulmonary nodules representing benign metastasizing leiomyoma in a 60-year-old woman.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of routine immunization services in Lebanon.

INTRODUCTION: The global abrupt progression of the COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt critical life-saving services such as routine immunization (RI), thus increasing the susceptibility of countries to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Being endemic to several infectious diseases, Lebanon might be at increased risk of outbreaks as the utilization of RI services might have deteriorated due to the pandemic and the country's political unrest following the October 2019 uprising. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the utilization of RI services in both the public and private sectors following the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A self-administered cross-sectional survey was completed electronically, in April 2020, by 345 private pediatricians who are registered in professional associations of physicians in Lebanon and provide immunization services at their clinics. Means of the reported percentages of decrease in the utilization of vaccination services by pediatricians were calculated. As for the public sector, an examination of the monthly differences in the number of administered vaccine doses in addition to their respective percentages of change was performed. Adjustment for the distribution of RI services between the sectors was performed to calculate the national decrease rate. RESULTS: The utilization of vaccination services at the national level decreased by 31%. In the private sector, immunization services provision diminished by 46.9% mainly between February and April 2020. The highest decrease rates were observed for oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and hepatitis A, followed by measles and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. The number of vaccine doses administered in the public sector decreased by 20%. The most prominent reductions were detected for the OPV and measles vaccines, and during October 2019 and March 2020. CONCLUSION: The substantial decrease in the utilization of RI as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic requires public health interventions to prevent future outbreaks of VPDs.

Resection of a Huge Intrathoracic Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, also known as malignant schwannoma, are rare soft tissue sarcomas. They commonly invade axial sites and rarely do they occur in the thorax. Herein, we present the case of an enormous metastatic multilobulated intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that was first misdiagnosed as desmoid fibromatosis and successfully resected for palliative purpose.

Estimating population immunity to poliovirus in Lebanon: Results from a seroprevalence survey, 2016.

INTRODUCTION: Circulation of poliovirus in neighboring countries and mass population movement places Lebanon at risk of polio and other vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. Determining population immunity levels is essential for guiding program planning and implementation of targeted supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in governorates and subpopulations with low seroprevalence. METHODS: A cross-sectional multi-stage cluster survey was conducted during February-December 2016 in all six governorates of Lebanon adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended Expanded Progamme on Immunization (EPI) methodology. Sera from selected children aged 12-59 months were tested for poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS: Of 2,164 children recruited in this study, 1,893 provided sufficient quantity of serum samples for laboratory testing. Seroprevalence for all three poliovirus serotypes was greater than 90% in all six governorates. Poliovirus vaccine coverage with three or more doses, based on vaccination cards or parental recall, ranged between 54.1% for children aged 36-47 months in the North and 83.5% for children aged 48-59 months in Beirut. CONCLUSION: Immunity to polioviruses was high in Lebanon in 2016 following a series of supplementary immunization activities. It is essential to continue strategies that increase vaccination coverage in order to sustain the considerably high immunity levels and prevent reintroduction and transmission of poliovirus. Educating caregivers and training health care workers on the standardized usage of home-based vaccination records is needed to guarantee the accuracy of records on children's vaccination status.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and Avelumab in early stage resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Multiple randomized studies have shown that combination of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) leads to better response rates and survival as compared to chemotherapy alone in the advanced stage of NSCLC. Data suggesting a benefit to using ICIs in the neoadjuvant therapy of patients with early stage NSCLC are emerging. Eligible subjects were treatment naïve patients with stage IB, II, and resectable IIIA NSCLC. Patients received three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with four doses of avelumab every 2 weeks. Patients with squamous cell cancer received cisplatin or carboplatin on day 1 and gemcitabine on days 1 and 8 of each cycle of chemotherapy. Patients with nonsquamous histology received cisplatin or carboplatin with pemetrexed on day 1 of each cycle. Patients then proceeded to their planned surgery. Out of 15 patients accrued as part of stage 1 of the study, four had a radiologic response (1 complete response), lower than the minimum of six responses needed to continue to phase 2 of the study. The study was therefore terminated. Majority had adenocarcinoma histology and stage IIIA disease. The treatment was well tolerated with no unexpected side effects. Four patients (26.7%) had grade III/IV CTCAE toxicity. This study confirms that the preoperative administration of chemotherapy and avelumab is safe. There was no indication of increased surgical complications. The benefit of adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy did not appear to enhance the overall response rate of patients in the neoadjuvant setting in patients with resectable NSCLC because this study failed to meet its primary endpoint.

Exome sequencing for diagnosis of congenital hemolytic anemia.

BACKGROUND: Congenital hemolytic anemia constitutes a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders of red blood cells. Diagnosis is based on clinical data, family history and phenotypic testing, genetic analyses being usually performed as a late step. In this study, we explored 40 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia by whole exome sequencing: 20 patients with hereditary spherocytosis and 20 patients with unexplained hemolysis. RESULTS: A probable genetic cause of disease was identified in 82.5% of the patients (33/40): 100% of those with suspected hereditary spherocytosis (20/20) and 65% of those with unexplained hemolysis (13/20). We found that several patients carried genetic variations in more than one gene (3/20 in the hereditary spherocytosis group, 6/13 fully elucidated patients in the unexplained hemolysis group), giving a more accurate picture of the genetic complexity of congenital hemolytic anemia. In addition, whole exome sequencing allowed us to identify genetic variants in non-congenital hemolytic anemia genes that explained part of the phenotype in 3 patients. CONCLUSION: The rapid development of next generation sequencing has rendered the genetic study of these diseases much easier and cheaper. Whole exome sequencing in congenital hemolytic anemia could provide a more precise and quicker diagnosis, improve patients' healthcare and probably has to be democratized notably for complex cases.

Home-based records' quality and validity of caregivers' recall of children's vaccination in Lebanon.

INTRODUCTION: Home-based records (HBRs) (also known as vaccination cards) and caregivers' recall are the main means to ascertain vaccination status; however, data on the quality of HBRs and the validity of recall vaccination data compared to HBRs is scarce. This manuscript presents results from two analyses related to HBRs, one on HBR pictures taken during a vaccination coverage survey, including an assessment of the HBR quality and legibility, and an evaluation of the agreement between caregivers' recall and the vaccination information in the HBRs. METHODS: Using pictures from 500 randomly selected HBRs collected during the 2016 district-based immunization coverage evaluation survey in Lebanon, two independent researchers assessed the quality of the picture and then of the HBR itself against a pre-defined set of criteria. HBRs were classified into three types: private, public and all others. In addition, caregivers' recall was compared to data found in vaccination HBRs to assess measures of vaccination status agreement for 5713 children for whom both sources of data were available. RESULTS: Over 90% of the 500 HBR pictures reviewed were considered adequate to assess the HBR quality. In the sample, most cards were type 1 (41%), followed by type 2 (34%). Most HBRs met the set criteria for quality in terms of physical condition and legibility, while, among the 28 different types of cards, vaccination cards' content and design met a moderate level of quality. Concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the Kappa statistic showed diverse levels of agreement for vaccination status per vaccine dose between caregivers' recall and vaccination HBRs. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that taking pictures of HBRs in a coverage survey is feasible and useful to conduct secondary analyses related to HBRs, such as assessing their quality and comparing recall with HBRs when both sources of data are available.

Feasibility of jet injector use during inactivated poliovirus vaccine house-to-house vaccination campaigns.

BACKGROUND: To attain high coverage during polio vaccination campaigns, an outreach house-to-house strategy is used to administer oral poliovirus vaccine. Administering an injectable vaccine house-to-house requires a skilled work force and increases risks of needle stick injuries. Needle-free injection devices provide a safer alternative to needles and syringes for administering injectable vaccines. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of a needle-free injection device to administer injectable poliovirus vaccine during a house-to-house vaccination outreach activity. METHODS: Vaccination teams administered injectable poliovirus vaccine using the Pharmajet® needle-free intramuscular jet injector to children ages 6-59 months in 766 homes. Data on the feasibility of using the jet injector in an outreach campaign setting and the acceptability of the jet injector by caregivers and vaccinators were collected. RESULTS: A total of 993 injections were administered. Vaccinators faced challenges during device preparation in 16% (n = 158) of injections; challenges were related to problems loading the injector and not having a flat surface to use for setup of the injector. Among 32 vaccinators interviewed after the vaccination campaign, the main reported advantage of the device was absence of sharps disposal (91%) while the main reported disadvantage was unacceptability by parents (90%) which was related to the vaccine, not the device. CONCLUSIONS: The needle-free jet injector was feasible for use in house-to-house campaigns. Acceptability by vaccinators was low as 81% stated that the jet injector was not easier to use than needle and syringe. Parental refusal related to frequent polio vaccination campaigns was the biggest challenge. In addition, novelty of the device posed a challenge to teams as they needed to reassure parents about safety of the device. To take full advantage of the ability to take injectable vaccines door-to-door during vaccination campaigns using a needle-free jet injector device, tailored social mobilization efforts are needed ahead of campaigns.

Factors affecting age-appropriate timeliness of vaccination coverage among children in Lebanon.

Background: The effect of immunization does not only depend on its completeness, but also on its timely administration. Routine childhood vaccinations schedules recommend that children receive the vaccine doses at specific ages. This article attempts to assess timeliness of routine vaccination coverage among a sub-sample of children from a survey conducted in 2016. Methods: This analysis was based on data from a cross-sectional multistage cluster survey conducted between December 2015 and June 2016 among caregivers of children aged 12-59 months in all of Lebanon using a structured survey questionnaire. The analysis used Kaplan-Meier curves and logistic regression to identify the predictors of age-appropriate immunization. Results: Among the 493 randomly selected children, timely administration of the third dose of polio vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-containing vaccine and hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine occurred in about one-quarter of children. About two-thirds of children received the second dose of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) within the age interval recommended by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Several factors including socio-demographic, knowledge, beliefs and practices were found to be associated with age-appropriate vaccination; however, this association differed between the types and doses of vaccine. Important factors associated with timely vaccination included being Lebanese as opposed to Syrian and being born in a hospital for hepatitis B birth dose; believing that vaccination status was up-to-date was related to untimely vaccination. Conclusions: The results suggest that there is reason for concern over the timeliness of vaccination in Lebanon. Special efforts need to be directed towards the inclusion of timeliness of vaccination as another indicator of the performance of the EPI in Lebanon.

Induction chemotherapy does not increase the operative risk of pneumonectomy!

BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing debate whether induction therapy increases post-operative mortality and morbidity, especially when performing pneumonectomy. We therefore reviewed a consecutive series of patients having undergone pneumonectomy in a single center. METHODS: The charts of 298 patients operated on between January 1999 and July 2005 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included those who received induction chemotherapy (60 patients, 20.1%), and group 2 included those who underwent surgery alone (238 patients, 79.9%). Endpoints were operative mortality at 30 and at 90 days, and major complications such as empyema, bronchial fistula and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 11.0 software. RESULTS: Demographic data were similar for both groups when considering side of operation, comorbidity and weaning from tobacco; patients were older in group 2 (61.83+/-9.58 years vs 57.75+/-8.94 years; p=0.003) and there were more female patients in group 2 (17.2% vs 5.0%; p=0.010). Post-operative mortality at 30 days was 6.7% in group 1 and 5.5% in group 2 (p=0.458), and 11.7% for group 1 and 10.9% in group 2 at 90 days (p=0.512). Incidence of empyema was 1.7% in group 1 and 2.1% in group 2 (p=0.652); incidence of bronchopleural fistulas was 1.7% in group 1 and 5.5% in group 2 (p=0.188); incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome was 3.3% in group 1 and 3.4% in group 2 (p=0.675). CONCLUSION: In opposition to previous reports, induction chemotherapy did not significantly jeopardize post-operative outcome following pneumonectomy in our experience.

Bronchoplastic lobectomy: do early results depend on the underlying pathology? A comparison between typical carcinoids and primary lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the impact of the underlying disease upon the surgical outcome of bronchoplastic lobectomy, comparing typical carcinoid tumours with primary lung carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes 98 consecutive patients (78 males, 20 females). Eighteen patients had a typical carcinoid tumour (group 1), and 80 had a primary bronchial carcinoma (group2). Fifty-six patients underwent bronchoplasty with full sleeve resection (10 patients from group 1, 46 from group 2) and 42 patients had a bronchoplasty with bronchial wedge resection (8 from group 1 and 34 from group 2). Right upper lobectomy was the most common procedure. We compared demographic data, surgical indications, the type of bronchoplasty and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The average age in group 1 (38.5+/-16.3 years; range 15-77) was significantly lower than in group 2 (61.4+/-9.5 years; range 14-75) (p<0.001). There were no postoperative deaths. Procedure-specific complications (anastomotic dehiscence and atelectasis) were found in 7 patients (8.75%) in group 2 (of which, three had a combination of two of the above-mentioned complications) but none (0%) in group 1 (p=0.23). Seven patients from group 2 (8.75%) required treatment for a residual pneumothorax for none (0%) in group 1 (p=0.23). The mean duration for air leak was comparable in both groups (p=0.366). Three patients (16.67%) from group 1 had non-surgical complications compared to 17 (21.25%) in group 2 (of which, one had a combination of two non-surgical complications) (p=0.35). CONCLUSION: Bronchoplastic resection is a safe operation in patients with carcinoid tumours and should be the reference for treatment.

Exclusive low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulant after mechanical valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Unfractionated heparin has been the standard anticoagulant used immediately after mechanical heart valve replacement (MHVR). The purpose of this study was to assess a postoperative anticoagulation protocol with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) immediately after MHVR without the use of unfractionated heparin or anti-factor Xa monitoring. METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-center, observational study of 1,063 consecutive patients undergoing elective MHVR with postoperative LMWH anticoagulation treatment. The exclusion criteria were as follows: renal failure, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, critical perioperative state, or a recent neurologic event. The postoperative anticoagulation protocol used subcutaneous enoxaparin as a bridging anticoagulant treatment beginning on the first postoperative day and continuing until vitamin K antagonist treatment was fully effective. Patients were followed for 6 weeks. The primary endpoints were the incidence of thromboembolic or major bleeding events. RESULTS: Eleven (1%) thromboembolic events occurred. Ten of these events were transient or permanent strokes. Major bleeding events occurred in 44 patients (4.1%), 7 of which were observed before the enoxaparin treatment period. At the time of discharge, 570 patients (53.6%) were no longer receiving LMWH treatment due to achieving the target international normalized ratio. The mean length of hospital stay was 8.5 ± 2.9 days. There were no deaths during the 6-week follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: In our highly selected population, after MHVR, postoperative anticoagulation using LMWH is associated with a low rate of thromboembolic and major bleeding events. This large observational study demonstrates that the use of LMWH as an anticoagulant is effective and safe after MHVR.

Mediastinal epithelioid haemangioendothelioma: a rare mediastinal tumour.

We report the case of a 35-year-old patient with an incidental finding of an asymptomatic large (9.5 cm in diameter) anterior mediastinal tumour. Radiological findings favoured the diagnosis of a benign mediastinal teratoma. During surgical resection, we found a tumour adhering to the surrounding tissues, and encompassing the innominate vein which was totally occluded. Total tumoural exeresis was performed as well as the double cross-section of the innominate vein. Postoperatively, there was no left upper limb swelling, probably because of a chronic occlusion of the innominate vein. The hospital stay was uneventful. Immunohistochemistry diagnosed a mediastinal 'epithelioid haemangioendothelioma', which is a tumour of vascular origin. We believe that the tumour took origin from the innominate vein and invaded the anterior mediastinum. After a simple radiological follow-up, the patient is in complete remission 30 months after the operation. We present the case of this patient with the iconography, along with a review of the available literature concerning mediastinal epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas.

Risk factors for early mortality and morbidity after pneumonectomy: a reappraisal.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonectomy remains a high-risk procedure. Comprehensive patient selection should be based on analysis of proven risk factors. METHODS: The records of 323 pneumonectomy patients were retrospectively reviewed. Multiple demographic data were collected. End points were operative mortality at 30 and at 90 days, major procedurally related complications, and cardiovascular events. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Smoking habits, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) status, induction chemotherapy status, diabetes, and obesity had no statistical influence on short-term outcomes. After right pneumonectomy, 30-day mortality (p = 0.045) and the incidence of bronchopleural fistulas (p = 0.009) were increased. Multivariate analysis for postoperative bronchopleural fistulas discovered that right pneumonectomies are the sole risk factor (p = 0.015). Univariate analysis for postoperative atrial fibrillation showed that male gender, age 70 and older, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are risk factors. Multivariate analysis found no definite risk factor. Patients with coronary artery disease had more postoperative cardiovascular events (p = 0.003). Among patients free of coronary artery disease, COPD led to an increased 90-day mortality rate (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with right pneumonectomies are at increased risk. Postoperative cardiovascular events are more frequent in coronary artery disease patients. COPD is a risk factor in patients free of coronary disease.

Persistent N2 disease after induction therapy does not jeopardize early and medium term outcomes of pneumonectomy.

BACKGROUND: Operative management of patients with persistent N2 disease after induction therapy is still debated. METHODS: One hundred fifty-three consecutive patients underwent pneumonectomy from January 1999 until July 2005; 28 patients (18.3%) had persistent N2 disease after induction therapy (group 1), 32 patients (20.9%) had pathologic stage N0 or N1 after induction therapy (group 2), and 93 patients (60.8%) with pathologic N2 disease underwent immediate surgery (group 3). Short-term end points were operative mortality at 30 and 90 days and major complications. Long-term end points were 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates. RESULTS: Demographics of the three groups were similar (age, sex, side of operation, type of chemotherapy, smoking status, and comorbidity such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Thirty-day postoperative mortality was 10.7% in group 1, 3.1% in group 2 (p = 0.257), and 4.3% in group 3 (p = 0.201); 90-day postoperative mortality was 10.7% in group 1, 12.5% in group 2 (p = 0.577), and 9.7% in group 3 (p = 0.558). Incidence of major postoperative complications was similar. Five-year survival rate was 32.2% (median, 28 months; 95% confidence interval, 7 to 43) in group 1, 34.8% (median, 27 months; 95% confidence interval, 7 to 47) in group 2 (p = 0.685), and 12.4% (median, 15 months; 95% confidence interval, 11 to 19) in group 3 (p = 0.127). No statistical difference was found in terms of 5-year event-free survival, or regarding the side of pneumonectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pneumonectomy is justified in patients with persistent N2 disease after induction chemotherapy.