Responding to the needs of culturally diverse women who experience intimate partner violence.

This paper presents the findings from a community based participatory research (CBPR) study that investigated the interface between culture and intimate partner violence (IPV) for women in selected cultural groups in Hawaii: Native Hawaiian, Filipino, Samoan, and Chuukese. The research question was, "What are the cultural perceptions, responses, and needs regarding IPV of selected individuals and groups served through a variety of programs that are affiliated with the three participating Community Health Centers (CHCs)?" This cross sectional, descriptive study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Individual interviews were conducted with women who had experienced IPV. Focus groups were also conducted with other women from the same culture. Five common themes were identified across the four cultural groups: Living within a Collective; Cultural Protective Factors; Cultural Barriers to Helpseeking; Gender Specific Roles; and Belonging to a Place. The outcome from this study is increased knowledge that will be used to develop culturally appropriate interventions. Specific findings from each cultural group have been published. The purpose of this paper is to present common perceptions and responses to IPV from the four groups and suggest interventions based on the findings. Implications for practice are presented.

Listening to Filipina women: perceptions, responses and needs regarding intimate partner violence.

Interpersonal violence (IPV) is a complex issue effecting women worldwide. Reported rates of IPV vary widely from one cultural group to another (Magnussen et al., 2004 ; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000 ). This paper presents a community based participatory research (CBPR) study of the perceptions, responses, and needs of Filipina women regarding IPV. Data was collected by using interviews and focus groups. The women believed that it was their responsibility to keep the family intact regardless of IPV and did not realize that IPV has a significant negative impact on the mental health and well-being of both women and their children. Immigrant Filipino women may be particularly at risk of IPV.

Intoxication by Cyanide in Pregnant Sows: Prenatal and Postnatal Evaluation.

Cyanide is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment and has been associated with many intoxication episodes; however, little is known about its potentially toxic effects on development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to potassium cyanide (KCN) during pregnancy on both sows and their offspring. Twenty-four pregnant sows were allocated into four groups that orally received different doses of KCN (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight) from day 21 of pregnancy to term. The KCN-treated sows showed histological lesions in the CNS, thyroid follicle enlargement, thyroid epithelial thickening, colloid reabsorption changes, and vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. Sows treated with 4.0 mg/kg KCN showed an increase in the number of dead piglets at birth. Weaned piglets from all KCN-treated groups showed histological lesions in the thyroid glands with features similar to those found in their mothers. The exposure of pregnant sows to cyanide thus caused toxic effects in both mothers and piglets. We suggest that swine can serve as a useful animal model to assess the neurological, goitrogenic, and reproductive effects of cyanide toxicosis.

Toxicokinetics of cyanide in rats, pigs and goats after oral dosing with potassium cyanide.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the species on the toxicokinetics of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate. Forty-two rats, six pigs and six goats were dosed orally with 3.0 mg KCN/kg body weight, and cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24 h. After the single oral dose, KCN was rapidly absorbed by rats and goats, with a time of peak concentration ( T(max)) of 15 min. The maximum plasma concentration ( C(max)) of cyanide was observed in goats (93.5 micro mol/l), whereas the C(max) of thiocyanate was higher in rats (58.1 micro mol/l). The elimination half-life ( t(1/2)) and volume of distribution ( Vd(area)) of both cyanide and thiocyanate were higher in goats (1.28 and 13.9 h, and 0.41 and 1.76 l/kg, respectively). Whereas the area under the curve (AUC) of cyanide was significantly higher in goats (234.6 micro mol.l/h), the AUC of thiocyanate was higher in rats (846.5 micro mol.l/h). In conclusion, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that the metabolism of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate, is species-linked, with the goat being more sensitive to the toxic effects of cyanide/thiocyanate.

Exposição cianídrica em suínos: Uma abordagem dos parâmetros toxicocinéticos utilizando o tiocianato como biomarcador / Cianidric exposition in swines: A bording of the toxicocinetics parameters using the tiocianato as biomarker

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos sobre a cinética do cianeto, em suínos, em diferentes fases da vida, usando o tiocianato como biomarcador. Vinte e dois suínos, foram divididos em quatro grupos (60 dias da idade, 95 dias da idade, 80 dias do gestação e 21 dias de lactação), e receberam por via oral, a dose única de 3.0 mg /kg de peso vivo de cianeto do potássio (KCN). As concentrações do tiocianato no sangue foram medidas dentro de 24h. O tempo máximo (Tmax) e constante de eliminação (Kel) foram mais elevados em porcas lactantes (15 hs e 0.045, respectivamente); por ouro lado, a maior concentração do tiocianato (Cmax) foi observada nas fêmeas grávidas (161.8). A meia vida de eliminação (t1/2) e o volume da distribuição (Vd) foram mais elevados nas fêmeas adultas (41, 57 e 1.23, respectivamente). Contudo a área sob a curva (AUC) do tiocianato foi mais elevado nos animais novos (354183,28), e o clearance o mais baixo (0.007) nestes animais. Concluindo, os resultados do presente estudo, evidenciam que o metabolismo do cianeto, varia extremamente, considerando o estado fisiológico dos suínos fêmeas, e que são os animais novos, provavelmente, os mais sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos, da exposição crônica as baixas doses do cianeto.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the swine, in different periods of life on the toxicokinetics of cyanide using thiocyante as biomaker. Twenty and two swines, was divided into four groups (60 days of age, 95 days of age, sows with 80 days of gestation and lactating swine), were dosed orally with 3,0 mg/kg/ body weigth of potassium cyanide (KCN). Thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24h. The time of peak concentration (Tmax) and constant of elimination (Kel) were higher in lactating sows (15 hs and 0,045, respectively); on the other hand, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of thiocyanate was observed in pregnant females (161,8). The elimination half life (t1/2) and volume of distribution (Vd) were higher in adult sows (41, 57 and 1,23, respectively). Whereas the clearance and the area under the curve (AUC) of thiocyanate was higher in young animals (354183,28) the clearance was lower (0,007) in these animals. In coclusion , the results of the present study evidence that the metabolism of cyanide varies greatly considering the physiologic state of female swine being the young animals probably more sensitive to the toxic effects of chronic exposure to low doses of cyanide.