The High Capacity of Brazilian Aedes aegypti Populations to Transmit a Locally Circulating Lineage of Chikungunya Virus.

The incidence of chikungunya has dramatically surged worldwide in recent decades, imposing an expanding burden on public health. In recent years, South America, particularly Brazil, has experienced outbreaks that have ravaged populations following the rapid dissemination of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which was first detected in 2014. The primary vector for CHIKV transmission is the urban mosquito species Aedes aegypti, which is highly prevalent throughout Brazil. However, the impact of the locally circulating CHIKV genotypes and specific combinations of local mosquito populations on vector competence remains unexplored. Here, we experimentally analyzed and compared the infectivity and transmissibility of the CHIKV-ECSA lineage recently isolated in Brazil among four Ae. aegypti populations collected from different regions of the country. When exposed to CHIKV-infected AG129 mice for blood feeding, all the mosquito populations displayed high infection rates and dissemination efficiency. Furthermore, we observed that all the populations were highly efficient in transmitting CHIKV to a vertebrate host (naïve AG129 mice) as early as eight days post-infection. These results demonstrate the high capacity of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to transmit the locally circulating CHIKV-ECSA lineage. This observation could help to explain the high prevalence of the CHIKV-ECSA lineage over the Asian lineage, which was also detected in Brazil in 2014. However, further studies comparing both lineages are necessary to gain a better understanding of the vector's importance in the epidemiology of CHIKV in the Americas.

Suitable Mouse Model to Study Dynamics of West Nile Virus Infection in Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes.

West Nile Virus (WNV) poses a significant global public health threat as a mosquito-borne pathogen. While laboratory mouse models have historically played a crucial role in understanding virus biology, recent research has focused on utilizing immunocompromised models to study arboviruses like dengue and Zika viruses, particularly their interactions with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, there has been a shortage of suitable mouse models for investigating WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus interactions with their primary vectors, Culex spp. mosquitoes. Here, we establish the AG129 mouse (IFN α/ß/γ R-/-) as an effective vertebrate model for examining mosquito-WNV interactions. Following intraperitoneal injection, AG129 mice exhibited transient viremia lasting several days, peaking on the second or third day post-infection, which is sufficient to infect Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes during a blood meal. We also observed WNV replication in the midgut and dissemination to other tissues, including the fat body, in infected mosquitoes. Notably, infectious virions were present in the saliva of a viremic AG129 mouse 16 days post-exposure, indicating successful transmission capacity. These findings highlight the utility of AG129 mice for studying vector competence and WNV-mosquito interactions.

High capacity of Brazilian Aedes aegypti populations to transmit a locally circulating lineage of Chikungunya virus.

The global incidence of chikungunya has surged in recent decades, with South America, particularly Brazil, experiencing devastating outbreaks. The primary vector for transmitting CHIKV in urban areas is the mosquito species Aedes aegypti, which is very abundant in Brazil. However, little is known about the impact of locally circulating CHIKV genotypes and specific combinations of mosquito populations on vector competence. In this study, we analyzed and compared the infectivity and transmissibility of a recently isolated CHIKV-ECSA lineage from Brazil among four Ae. aegypti populations collected from different regions of the country. When exposed to CHIKV-infected mice for blood feeding, all mosquito populations showed high infection rates and dissemination efficiency. Moreover, using a mouse model to assess transmission rates in a manner that better mirrors natural cycles, we observed that these populations exhibit highly efficient transmission rates of CHIKV-ECSA. Our findings underscore the robust capability of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to transmit the locally circulating CHIKV-ECSA lineage, potentially explaining its higher prevalence compared to the Asian lineage also introduced in Brazil.

Reasons for Biologic and Targeted Synthetic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug Cessation and Persistence of Second-line Treatment in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Dataset.

OBJECTIVE: To provide real-world evidence about the reasons why Australian rheumatologists cease biologic (b) and targeted synthetic (ts) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) when treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to assess (1) the primary failure rate for first-line treatment, and (2) the persistence on second-line treatments in patients who stopped first-line tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective, noninterventional study of patients with RA enrolled in the Australian Optimising Patient outcome in Australian RheumatoLogy (OPAL) dataset with a start date of b/tsDMARD between August 1, 2010, and June 30, 2017. Primary failure was defined as stopping treatment within 6 months of treatment initiation. RESULTS: Data from 7740 patients were analyzed; 6914 patients received first-line b/tsDMARD. First-line treatment was stopped in 3383 (49%) patients; 1263 (37%) were classified as primary failures. The most common reason was "lack of efficacy" (947/2656, 36%). Of the patients who stopped first-line TNFi, 43% (1111/2560) received second-line TNFi, which resulted in the shortest median time to stopping second-line treatment (11 months, 95% CI 9-12) compared with non-TNFi. The longest second-line median treatment duration after first-line TNFi was for patients receiving rituximab (39 months, 95% CI 27-74). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of patients who stopped first-line TNFi therapy received another TNFi despite evidence for longer treatment persistence on second-line b/tsDMARD with a different mode of action. Lack of efficacy was recorded as the most common reason for making a switch in first-line treatment of patients with RA.

A Epidemia da Gripe Espanhola e do COVID-19 no Brasil: um paralelo / The epidemic of Spanish Flu and COVID-19 in Brazil: a parallel

O artigo traça um paralelo entre a pandemia da Gripe Espanhola e da COVID-19 perante suas repercussões em âmbito social, governamental e de saúde no Brasil. Através da análise de textos e registros que retratam os impactos dessas doenças infectocontagiosas separadas por um período secular, nota-se que as evoluções e mudanças na ciência e na sociedade durante esse distanciamento cronológico não foram o suficiente para impedir a máxima: a história é cíclica. Falsas notícias, remédios caseiros milagrosos, polêmicas na condução dos responsáveis pela saúde pública, contradição no discurso da saúde e até a vitimização desproporcional da população devido à raiz histórica marcada pela desigualdade social do país são alguns dos denominadores comuns desses eventos. Por outro lado, os pontos divergentes demonstram como um século possibilitou a aquisição de conhecimentos que propiciaram o surgimento de novas alternativas para enfrentar desafios semelhantes. Dessa forma, o paralelo permite incitar reflexões acerca da sociedade e do estado brasileiro e a suas formas de enfrentamento frente a esses eventos sombrios que as epidemias representam, cujos desfechos são razão de registro e fascínio desde a Antiguidade.

The article draws a parallel between the Pandemic of the Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in view of its social, governmental and health repercussions in Brazil. Through the analysis of texts and records that portray the impacts of these infectious diseases separated by a secular period, it is noted that the evolutions and changes in science and society during this chronological distancing were not enough to prevent the maxim: history is cyclical. False news, miraculous home remedies, controversies in the conduct of those responsible for the public health, contradiction in health discourse and even the disproportionate victimization of the population due to the historical root marked by social inequality in Brazil are some of the common denominators of these events. On the other hand, the divergent points demonstrate how a century has made it possible to acquire knowledge that has enabled the emergence of new alternatives to face similar challenges. In this way, the parallel allows us to stimulate reflections about society and the Brazilian state and their ways of confronting these dark events that the epidemics represent, whose outcomes have been a reason for registration and fascination since antiquity.

Monitoração de propaganda e publicidade de medicamentos: Âmbito de São Paulo / Monitoring the medicine advertising in São Paulo

A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) tem por objetivo o controle político de acesso, de qualidade/segurança e de uso racional, no que se refere a medicamentos. Este último item salienta a relevante questão do usoincorreto de medicamentos induzido por promoções que visam exclusivamente a lucros. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de um projeto cujo objetivo foi acompanhar e analisar; do ponto de vista legal e farmacológico, as informações veiculadas por diferentes meios de comunicação através da propaganda, auxiliando a ANVISA na monitoração de propaganda e publicidade de medicamentos de venda livre ou com receita médica, bem como, dando suporte às medidas corretivas pertinentes, visando a garantir a segurança sanitária de produtos, serviços e, principalmente, da população...