Hepatitis A outbreak in a refugee shelter in Kiel, northern Germany.

In the spring of 2023, three Ukrainian war refugees from a municipal community shelter and a volunteer caregiver at an affiliated daycare center in Kiel, Germany, were diagnosed with infectious jaundice attributable to a single hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotype IA strain. Similar HAV sequences have been observed in Germany and other European countries for several years. One refugee and the volunteer required hospitalization. Four children were asymptomatically infected but excreted high levels of HAV ribonucleic acid in the stool. The infections were probably acquired in Germany, but a source could not be determined. The outbreak was contained through vaccination, increased hygiene, and education. The existing HAV vaccination recommendation for refugee shelter staff and volunteers should be consistently implemented.

The new reporting obligation for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Germany - a critical view.

Background: In summer 2023, mandatory reporting of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by name was introduced in Germany. The stated objectives were: to improve the database to prevent overburdening of the healthcare system, to implement targeted, early investigation and action by local health authorities to prevent further spread, and to assess vaccines after the expected approval of RSV vaccination. Methods: These objectives are examined against the background of data from mandatory reporting of RSV in the German federal state of Saxony, which has been required since 2002, and the data from the ARE (acute respiratory diseases) survey in Germany, considering the basic legal requirements and options of the Infection Protection Act, the requirements of the EU Commission for the collection of data on infectious diseases and the recommendations by experts of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the options for individual or general preventive measures by the health authorities and previous experience with the evaluation options of the reported data (especially regarding the effectiveness of vaccinations). Results and discussion: An extrapolation of the previously reported data from Saxony to the whole of Germany shows that over 100,000 reports per year must be expected (more than the reports of both rota and noroviruses together). Neither the requirements of the EU Commission nor the views of an expert group of the ECDC recommend mandatory RSV reporting. Mandatory reporting by name is also not appropriate from a legal perspective. A sentinel, which is also better suited to assessing vaccinations, would be more appropriate to avoid unnecessarily overburdening the health authorities. In addition, initial experience with wastewater sentinels for RSV has shown that they may be used to record local and regional RSV infections - albeit without information on the severity of the disease and thus the burden on the healthcare system.Against this background, mandatory reporting of RSV does not appear to be appropriate. Instead, the existing sentinels should be continued and further expanded, possibly supplemented by RSV wastewater monitoring.

Closer to the goal: efforts in measles elimination in Germany 2010.

Increasing 2-dose vaccination coverage has led to an interruption of endemic measles virus circulation in Germany. However, outbreaks after virus importation still occur and contribute to international transmission chains. Between 2003 and 2009, annual measles incidence ranged between 0.2 and 2.8 per 100,000 population. Immunization gaps have been identified especially in secondary-school students and young adults, which is also reflected by a shift in age distribution of reported measles cases toward older age groups. Stronger political commitment and standardized guidelines for outbreak containment were put in place in Germany in the past years, but the last step toward measles elimination cannot be made until the number of susceptible individuals has been further reduced. In addition to routine childhood vaccination, supplementary immunization activities are needed targeting school students and young adults to close critical immunization gaps. Intensification of public awareness and sound information on vaccinations are necessary to convince skeptics and remind the forgetful.