Molecular identification of protozoa causing AIDS-associated cholangiopathy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Several species of microsporidia and coccidia are protozoa parasites responsible for cholan-giopathy disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The goals of this work were to identift opportunistic protozoa by molecular methods and describe the clinical manifestations at the gastrointestinal tract and the biliary system in patients with AIDS-associated cholangiopathy from Buenos Aires, Argentina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 11 adult HIV-infected individuals with diagnosis ofAIDS- associated cholangiopathy. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy specimen collection and a stool analysis for parasites were performed on each patient. The ultrasound analysis revealed bile ducts compromise. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and a magnetic resonance cholangiography were carried out. The identification to the species level was performed on biopsy specimens by molecular methods. RESULTS: Microorganisms were identified in 10 cases. The diagnosis in patients with sclerosing cholangitis was cryptosporidiosis in 3 cases, cystoisosporosis in 1 and microsporidiosis in 1. In patients with sclerosing cholangitis and papillary stenosis the diagnosis was microsporidiosis in 2 cases, cryptosporidiosis in 2 and cryptosporidiosis associated with microsporidiosis in 1. In 3 cases with cryptosporidiosis the species was Cryptosporidium hominis, 1 of them was associated with Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and the other 2 were coinfected with Cryptosporidium parvum. In the 4 cases with microsporidiosis the species was Enterocytozoon bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that molecular methods may be useful tools to identify emerging protozoa in patients with AIDS-associated cholangiopathy.

[Identification of Cryptosporidium hominis in a patient with sclerosing cholangitis and AIDS]. / Identificación de Cryptosporidium hominis en un paciente con colangitis esclerosante y SIDA.

Cryptosporidium hominis (C hominis) is the most common protozoan parasite recognized in human patients with AIDS. We report the clinical features of a patient with chronic diarrhea and AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis. The imaging studies with ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography disclosed intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct changes identical to those seen in sclerosing cholangitis. C hominis was detected in the duodenum and peri-papillary duodenum by means of light microscopy and confirmed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from fresh biopsy specimens followed by restriction length polymorphism analysis. Chominis infection should be suspected in our country in patients with advanced immunodeficiency and AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis.

Predictores de hemorragia digestiva grave: correlación entre la presentación clínica y el hallazgo de lesión endoscópica / Predictors of severe gastrointestinal bleeding: Correlation between the clinical presentation and the finding of endoscopic injury

Introducción: La hemorragia digestiva es un motivo importante de ingreso a unidades hospitalarias y constituye una verdadera emergencia médica por lo que se hace prioritario reconocer los signos clínicos que hagan sospechar hemorragia grave a fin de realizar precozmente una endoscopia diagnostica-terapéutica. Objetivos: Analizar los diversos parámetros objetivos predictores de hemorragia digestiva grave. Evaluar la correlación existente entre la presentación clínica y la constatación de lesión endoscópica. Demostrar la utilidad del estudio endoscópico tanto para el diagnóstico como para el tratamiento Diseño: Observacional. Descriptivo. Retrospectivo Material y Método: Se tuvieron en cuenta todos los pacientes internados en los que se les ha realizado una endoscopia de urgencia con diagnostico probable de hemorragia digestiva entre Enero a junio de 2017. En base a los datos obtenidos de orden médica, historia clínica, estado del paciente e informe endoscópico. Resultados: El 21,65% se encontraba en unidad cerrada o shock room de la guardia; inestables Hemodinamicamente. La indicación médica que con mayor frecuencia se observo fue la denominada Hemorragia digestiva alta (Melena, vomito porraceo y / o Hematemesis combinada) con el 50,51%. Las UGD y la patología erosiva fue La lesión endoscópica que con mayor frecuencia se hayo con el 25,77%. El 21,65% ha requerido la realización de alguna técnica terapéutica Conclusión: La hemorragia digestiva se asociada a una elevada morbimortalidad. Existe una marcada relación entre la presencia de parámetros de inestabilidad hemodinámica, hallazgo de lesión endoscópica y necesidad de terapéutica

Introduction: Digestive haemorrhage is an important cause of income in hospitals and constitutes a true medical emergency, so it becomes a priority to recognise clinical signs that make us suspect a sever haemorrhage in order to perform an early diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Objectives: To analyse the different severe digestive haemorrhage predictors. To evaluate the correlation between clinical presentation and endoscopic injury. To demonstrate the usefulness of endoscopic study as much as for the diagnosis as the treatment Material and method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. They were taken into account all hospitalized patients in whom it has been performed an emergency endoscopy with a probable diagnosis of digestive haemorrhage between January and June 2017. Based on the data obtained from medical order, clinical history, patient ́s status and endoscpic report. Results: 21,65% were in closed unit or shock room, hemodynamically unstable. The medical indication that was most often observed was upper gastrointestinal bleeding with 50,51%. Gastrointestinal ulcers and erosive pathology was the most frequently found lesion with 25,77%. 21,65% has required a therapeutic technique. Conclusions: Digestive haemorrhage is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. There is a strong relationship between the presence of hemodynamic unstable parameters, endoscopic lesion finding and therapeutic need

Parasitosis intestinales. La endoscopía y el estudio anatomopatológico como herramientas auxiliares diagnosticas en Strongyloidiasis Stercolaris / Intestinal parasitosis. endoscopy and anatomopathological study as auxiliary tools diagnostic in Strongyloidiasis Stercolaris

Introducción: La Strongyloidiasis es una parasitosis intestinal producida por un nematodo de distribución mundial, es endémica en zonas tropicales. Los métodos convencionales de diagnósticos suelen no ser lo suficientemente sensibles ni específicos. La endoscopia ha aumentado la sensibilidad de realizar mejores diagnósticos. Así es como la biopsia gástrica y/o duodenal juegan un rol importantísimo y se considera que los hallazgos endoscópicos son útiles como marcadores de severidad de la infección y obtención del agente etiológico. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la fisiopatogénesis y signo sintomatología del Strongyloides Stercoralis. Demostrar la utilidad de la endoscopía para evaluar inmenidad o daño de la mucosa duodenal como signo directo de organicidad y como método de obtención de muestras con el fin de realizar la observación directa del agente patógeno causal. Material y Método: Estudio observacional. Transversal. Retrospectivo. Se tuvieron en cuenta las endoscopías realizadas en el Servicio de Endoscopía del Hospital Español de Buenos Aires desde junio de 2016 a junio 2018. Resultados: Se realizaron 5286 estudios endoscópicos que constituyeron el 100% de la muestra. El 0,0189% (1 una endoscopía) de las endoscopías realizadas correspondieron a duodenitis inespecífica asociada a estudio anatomopatológico que confirma parasitosis intestinal por Strongiloidesis stercolaris. Discusión: Los principales síntomas clínicos de presentación de este nematodosis son náuseas, vómitos, anorexia, diarrea, pérdida de peso, y dolor abdominal, que frecuentemente confunden la etiología e imitan los síntomas de otras enfermedades, como en el caso de nuestro paciente. Tener en cuenta signosintomatologia atípica como refiere la World Gastroenterology Organization en su Practice Guidelines aumenta la sospecha diagnóstica Conclusión: La endoscopia digestiva alta es una herramienta diagnostica muy útil cuando la signo sintomatología no es muy clara. Una de las principales claves para hacer el diagnostico es tener un indicio de sospecha.

ntroduction: Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal parasitosis produced by a nematode of worldwide distribution, endemic in tropical areas., The conventional methods of diagnosis are usually not sensitive or specific enough. Endoscopy has increased the sensibility of making better diagnoses, as well as gastric and / or duodenal biopsy; plays a very important role and it is considered that the endoscopic findings are useful as markers of infection severity and in obtaining the etiological agent. Objectives: Carrying out a bibliographic review on the pathogenesis and signosyntomathology of Strongyloides Stercorali symptomatology. To demonstrate the usefulness of endoscopy to evaluate indemnity or damage of the duodenal mucosa as a direct sign of organicity and as a simple obtaining method in order to perform direct observation of the causative pathogen. Materials and Methods: Observational study. Cross. Retrospective. Endoscopies performed at the Endoscopy Service of the Hospital Español de Buenos Aires from June 2016 to June 2018 were taken into account. Results: There were 5286 endoscopic studies that constituted 100% of the sample. The 0.0189% (1 endoscopy) of the endoscopies performed corresponded to nonspecific duodenitis associated with an anatomopathological study that confirmed intestinal parasites by Strongiloidesis stercolaris. Discussion: The main clinical symptoms of this nematode are nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain that frequently confuse the etiology and mimic the symptoms of other diseases, as in the case of our patient. Taking into account atypical signs and symptoms as the World Gastroenterology Organization refers in its Practice Guidelines increases diagnostic suspicion Conclusion: Upper digestive endoscopy is a very useful diagnostic tool when the signs and symptoms are not very clear. One of the main keys to make the diagnosis is to have an indication of diagnostic suspicion

Experiencia inicial en estudios videocolonoscópicos en un Servicio de Cirugía General y médicos en formación / Initial experience in videocolonoscopic studies in a general surgery service and doctors in training

Introducción: la Videocolonoscopía (VCC) es cada vez más utilizada en los servicios de cirugía. Objetivo: estimar el rédito diagnóstico y terapéutico de todas las videocolonoscopías, y la efectividad de los médicos en formación. Material y Métodos: se revisaron los estudios videocolonoscópicos realizados en el servicio de cirugía, entre julio de 2009 y julio de 2011. Resultados: se efectuaron 221 VCC con sedación. El género de los pacientes fue: masculino 117 (53%) y femenino 104 (47%). El motivo del estudio fue: hematoquecia 54 pacientes (24%), sospecha de cáncer colorrectal 20 (9%), reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal 19 (9%), dolor abdominal 13 (6%), cambio del ritmo evacuatorio 9 (4%), anemia 8 (4%), screening 9 (4%), tumor anexial 8 (4%), SOMF positiva 4 (2%), diarrea crónica 6 (3%) y Colitis ulcerosa 1 (0,50%). Se realizaron 179 (81%) VCC completas y 42 (19%) VCC incompletas. Los diagnósticos fueron: examen normal 53 (24%), lesiones polipóideas sésiles 43 (20%), lesiones polipóideas pediculadas 17 (8%), más de 2 a 3 lesiones polipóides 10 (5%), patología hemorroidaria 44 (20%), diverticulosis 37 (17%), rectosigmoiditis ulcerosa idiopática 2 (1%), tumor del canal anal 2 (1%), lipoma 1 (0.50%). Con relación al hallazgo de lesiones neoplásicas, hubo 3 lesiones neoplásicas tempranas tipo IIa de la Clasificación de Paris (1%), y 23 lesiones avanzadas (10%). De éstas 18 (8%) eran lesiones infranqueables, lo que impidió que el estudio fuera completo. Además de estos casos hubo otras 24 VCC incompletas (11%). El 100% de las lesiones polipóideas fueron extirpadas durante la VCC. Conclusiones: el 90% de los estudios fueron VCC completas, con lesiones tumorales infranqueables en el 8%. En las lesiones polipoideas se realizó terapéutica endoscópica en el 100% de los casos. Los médicos en formación cumplieron adecuadamente con los objetivos.

Background: the use of Videocolonoscopy is increasingly growing in surgical units. Objective: To estimate the diagnostic and therapeutic yield of colonoscopy and the effectiveness of training operators. Material and Methods: we reviewed all the colonoscopic exams from July 2009 to July 2011. Results: we performed 221 colonoscopies: 117 males (53%) and 104 females (47%). The indication was: hematochezia 54 (24%), suspected colorectal cancer 20 (9%), reconstruction of bowel transit: 19 (9%), abdominal pain: 13 (6%), change of bowel movement habits 9 (4%), anemia 8 (4%), screening 9 (4%), ovarian tumor 8 (4%), positive FOBT 4 (2%), chronic diarrhea 6 (3%) and ulcerative colitis 1 (0.50%). There were 179 (81%) complete exams and 42 (19%) incomplete. The diagnosis were: abscence of pathology 53 (24%), sessile polypoid lesions 43 (20%), pedunculated polypoid lesions 17 (8%), more than 2-3 sessile polypoid lesions 10 (5%), pathologic hemorrhoids 44 (20%), diverticulosis 37 (17%), idiopathic ulcerative rectosigmoiditis 2 (1%), anal canal tumor 2 (1%) and lipoma 1 (0.50%). Regarding neoplasic lesions there were 3 Paris type IIa (1%), and 23 advanced tumors (10%). Of them, 18 (8%) impaired a complete examination. There were other incomplete colonoscopies 24 (11%), mainly due to a bad preparation. Conclusions: complete colonoscopy was achieved in 90% of the studies, with obstructive tumors in 8% which did not allow a complete exam. Regarding polypoid lesions endoscopic therapy was performed in 100% of cases. Training operators adequately met the objectives.