Prostatitis: A Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pathologies of the prostate in men are one of the most prevalent clinical conditions today [1]. Specifically, pelvic inflammatory disease such as prostatitis can cause symptoms and syndromes different from urological ones, such as bowel or nervous system manifestations. This has a largely negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is convenient to know and update the information about the therapeutic approach to prostatitis, which is a challenge that involves different medical specialties. The aim of this article is to provide summarized and focused evidence to help in the therapeutic approach of patients with prostatitis. A computer-based search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was used to perform a comprehensive literature review on prostatitis, with special interest in recent findings and latest therapeutic guideline recommendations. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent discoveries about the epidemiology and clinical classifications of prostatitis seem to incur in an increasingly individualized and directed management, with the aim of covering all the confluent factors in prostatic inflammatory pathology. In addition, the role of new drugs and combination with phytotherapy open up a range of new treatment possibilities, although future randomized studies will be necessary to better understand how to use all treatment modalities. Despite all the knowledge acquired about the pathophysiology of prostate diseases, and due to their interrelation with other pelvic systems and organs, there are still gaps that make it difficult for us to provide an optimal and standardized treatment in many of our patients. Being aware of the influence of all the factors potentially involved in prostate symptoms is crucial for a correct diagnosis and establishing an effective treatment plan.

Microbiological water quality and its relation to nitrogen and phosphorus at the Pareja limno-reservoir (Guadalajara, Spain).

Bordering on the edge of the Entrepeñas reservoir (Guadalajara, Spain), next to the village of Pareja, a small dam that allows a body of water to develop with a constant level has been built. Initiatives like this (which we have termed "limno-reservoirs") are innovative in Spain and around the world. Earlier reservoirs such as this one were constructed to create a habitat for birds, but the Pareja limno-reservoir is the first to promote socio-economic development. In order to study this limno-reservoir, this research group set up an environmental observatory, analyzing, among other variables, microbiological water quality and nutrient content. After a year and a half of research, it was observed that the concentration of microorganisms is lower in the limno-reservoir than in the river that feeds it, possibly due to the nutrient depletion in the lentic ecosystem. In the limno-reservoir, the total coliforms and enterococci concentrations fall within the European Bathing Water Directive limits, but in the river these concentrations are sometimes higher. The nutrient load in the limno-reservoir is low, with nutrient variations influencing native microorganisms, but not for total coliforms and enterococci. However, the development of special conditions in the bottom has been observed in winter, facilitating coliforms and enterococci survival. This research is very interesting since the creation of limno-reservoirs is rising in Spain and no research is being done on their behaviour.

Parry-Romberg Syndrome and Temporal Lobe Refractory Epilepsy: Case Report.

The Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS), also known as hemifacial atrophy, is a rare neurocutaneous disease with the prevalence of 1/700,000 cases. It is more common in women than men, with an early onset of disease usually within the first two decades of life. Even though the etiology of PRS is unknown, it is thought to be a multifactorial disease that involves hereditary, posttraumatic, autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic factors. There are a variety of systemic manifestations described in PRS including neurological conditions that range from intractable headache to refractory epilepsy. The manifestations must be identified in a timely manner to ensure an early therapeutic intervention, considering that an appropriate approach during the initial phase might halt the disease progression and markedly improve the quality of life in these patients. This article is aimed to describe the case of a 23 years old female with left hemifacial atrophy and dermatologic, dental, and neurologic compromise, associated with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy evidenced in neuroimaging and electrodiagnostic testings.

[Development and validation of a patient satisfaction questionnaire on pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies]. / Desarrollo y validación de un cuestionario de satisfacción de pacientes con el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en farmacias comunitarias.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a rapid administration questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with the pharmaceutical care (PhC) service in Spanish community pharmacies. METHODS: A semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire was designed focused on the cumulative experience of patients with the PhC service. This was reviewed by a panel of 8 experts in 2 rounds. The validation was carried out in community pharmacies that performed the PhC service and agreed to participate. All patients or their caregivers who attended a pharmacy during the study period, and who could read and write, were included. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to assess the validity as evidence of internal structure and reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 8 community pharmacies belonging to 7 provinces of Spain took part and 103 questionnaires were obtained. Factor analysis revealed a single component explaining 33.6% of the total variance. We obtained a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.75. Patients additional comments expressed in 9.7% of the questionnaires were related to emphasising, and thanking for, the care provided by the PhC service. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire developed has provided evidence of content validity, internal structure validity, and reliability to assess the patient satisfaction with the PhC service in Spanish community pharmacies.