Expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL proteins in tooth repair processes after immediate and delayed tooth.

This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL proteins in the repair after immediate and delayed replantation of rat teeth. Fifty-six Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) had their maxillary right lateral incisor extracted and then replanted, according to the following conditions: group I (control; n = 8), teeth were not extracted; group II (n = 16), immediate replantation; group III (n = 16), delayed replantation without treatment; and group IV (n = 16), delayed replantation after root surface treatment (periodontal ligament removal and immersion in 2% acidulated-phosphate sodium fluoride) and calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing. Rats in group I were euthanized on the first day of the experiment, while the animals in the other groups were euthanized 10 and 60 days after replantation (n = 8/period). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were obtained for histological analysis. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of OPG and RANKL proteins in all groups and both postreplantation times, except for group II at 60 days. In the experimental groups, RANK expression was observed only at 10 days. In conclusion, there was strong immunostaining for the OPG-RANK-RANKL system at the earlier postreplantation time, suggesting a more effective participation of these proteins at the start of the healing process, as their expression decreased at 60 days.

A method for the geometric standardization of intraoral radiographs for long-term follow up of replanted teeth: a case report.

The interpretation of the set of radiographs taken during the follow-up period after tooth replantation might pose several difficulties, especially the inability to adequately reproduce the projection geometry of the exposures. This article describes a method for the geometric standardization of intraoral radiographs using a custom-made apparatus comprising a film-holder attached to an occlusal splint for the long-term follow up of dentoalveolar trauma. The method was applied in a patient who suffered an avulsion of the maxillary central incisors and had the teeth replanted after 4 h in saline storage. Endodontic treatment started 7 days after the trauma with changes of a calcium hydroxide intracanal medication every 15 days in the first 2 months and thereafter at 30-day intervals for 8 months. Root canal filling was carried out after this period. The radiographic exposures taken at the follow-up visits were standardized to identify the possible alterations during the repair process, such as root resorptions. A maxillary arch impression was made with alginate, and the model was cast in stone for fabrication of an acetate occlusal splint. The custom-made apparatus used for standardization of the radiographic exposures was fabricated by fixing a Rinn X-C-P film-holder and a 5-mm-long piece of 0.7-mm orthodontic wire to the occlusal splint with autopolymerized acrylic resin. Radiographs were taken at 4-month intervals, starting 10 months after replantation up to 76 months. The images were digitized and analysed using the Digora system. The length of the central incisors was determined to verify the reproduction of the projection geometry of the exposures and the orthodontic wire served to assess accuracy during length estimations in the radiographs. The method described in this article for geometric standardization of intraoral radiographs provided a consistent reproduction of the geometric exposure parameters, being indicated for use in the radiographic follow up of cases of dentoalveolar trauma.

Survey based assessment of diagnosis through periapical radiograph and CBCT and treatment of root resorption with Brazilian and American dentists and endodontists.

BACKGROUND: This study assesses and compares the knowledge level of endodontists (ENDs) and general dental practitioners (GPs) from Brazil and United States of America (USA) in the diagnosis and treatment of internal and external inflammatory root resorptions through periapical radiographic (PA) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional online questionnaire-based survey was presented to the volunteers containing questions regarding personal and professional profile, as well as three clinical cases of internal and external inflammatory root resorption. A series of multiple-choice questions about the diagnosis and treatment options were surveyed. The data collected was analysed by the Chi-square test with Yates correction with a significance level of 5 %. RESULTS: Most answers were considered adequate when all three questions about the diagnosis and all two questions relating to the treatment were answered accurately. A total of 374 dentists answered the survey (n: 229 from Brazil vs. 145 from USA) being 41% END and 59% GP. END presented higher level of knowledge than GP regarding to diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory root resorptions both in Brazil and USA (p<0.05); USA presented higher level of adequate responses than Brazil (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: END achieved a level of knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of root resorption superior to the GP. Comparing the results obtained in both countries, it was observed that the USA had a higher correct response rate than Brazil. Key words:Internal root resorption, external root resorption, management, diagnosis, treatment.

Antimicrobial action of NeoMTA Plus on mono- and dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial action of NeoMTA Plus on mono- and dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 171 sterile dentin blocks, measuring 4 mm × 4 mm × 1 mm, were incubated in media containing E. faecalis (3.1 × 108 cells/mL) and/or C. albicans (1 × 107 cells/mL) for 2 d. These blocks were randomly divided into three groups: the control (no treatment with biomaterials), MTA (treated with an MTA sample with width and thickness same as those of the dentin block after the material was set), and NeoMTA Plus (treated with NeoMTA Plus in a fashion similar to the treatment of the MTA group) groups. The biomaterials remained in contact with the biofilms for 24 h. Quantitative analyses of the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and metabolic activity (XTT), were performed. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of biofilm structure was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: XTT and the number of CFUs were similar among the groups (p > 0.05). The type of biofilm (mono- or dual-species) or the biomaterial used (MTA or NeoMTA Plus) did not affect the results. Biofilm structure exhibited a robust architecture composed of yeast and bacterial cell multilayers and was homogeneous among the groups. CONCLUSION: NeoMTA Plus was not effective against mono- and dual-species biofilms of E. faecalis and C. albicans. Further research investigating biofilm removal methods including those involving the use of biomaterials with antiseptics and other supporting therapies is warranted.

Reciprocating kinematics leads to lower incidences of postoperative pain than rotary kinematics after endodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Extrusion of infected debris into the periapical tissue has been cited as the major cause of postoperative pain, regardless of instrumentation technique. AIM: Comprehensively review two different kinematics of instrumentation (reciprocating and rotary) and association to the postoperative pain after endodontic treatment. METHODS: Two investigators performed a systematic review with meta-analysis. MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus supplied relevant data from studies published until February 2018 to answer the PICO question. Primary outcome was overall postoperative pain, and the secondary outcomes were nature of the pain (mild, moderate, and severe) at 12, 24, and 48 h. RESULTS: Ten randomized clinical trials fulfilled eligibility criteria, and five of them were submitted in the meta-analysis. Primary outcome indicated that reciprocating system results in less postoperative pain compared to rotary system (P < 0.05). As a secondary outcome, there was no statistical difference for mild, moderate, and severe pain after 12 and 24 h using reciprocating or rotary systems (P > 0.05). However, the reciprocation system showed less severe pain after 48 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rotary motion had a negative impact on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment. Furthermore, after 48 h, more patients presented severe pain under rotary motion. More randomized clinical studies would be helpful.

Antibiotics prescribing habits of Brazilian general dental practitioners during periodontal treatments / Hábitos de prescrição de antibióticos de dentistas brasileiros durante tratamentos periodontais

Introdução: O tratamento periodontal envolve procedimentos que visam reduzir a carga bacteriana, envolvendo ou não o uso de antibióticos locais ou sistêmicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas brasileiros sobre a prescrição de antibióticos durante o tratamento periodontal. Material e método: Foi disponibilizado um questionário online solicitando aplicação sistêmica de prescrição de antibióticos locais ou sistêmicos (frequência e sequência com tratamento periodontal mecânico) e em relação a diferentes doenças periodontais. A utilização de serviços de diagnóstico microbiano e dados demográficos dos voluntários também foram elucidados. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (Teste Binomial, p<0,05). Resultado: Trezentos e noventa e três voluntários responderam ao questionário. Vinte e três por cento do sexo masculino e 76,2% do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 27,7 anos. A minoria (19,2%) dos voluntários relatou indicar antibióticos sistêmicos para tratamento de gengivite ou periodontite estágios I e II (antiga periodontite crônica leve e moderada). A maioria dos profissionais indica para tratar abscesso periodontal, gengivite ou periodontite ulcerativa necrosante, periodontite em imunodeficiências graves, periodontite agressiva antiga e periodontite estágios III e IV (periodontite crônica grave antiga). Raramente (2,5%) a prescrição foi sem a associação com terapia mecânica. Os exames microbiológicos como método auxiliar de diagnóstico raramente (3,1%) são solicitados por falta de informação ou custo. As respostas mais frequentes sobre o número de vezes que os profissionais relataram prescrever antibióticos sistêmicos como parte do tratamento periodontal por trimestre foram "pelo menos uma vez", seguido de "2 vezes". Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que os cirurgiões-dentistas brasileiros possuem conhecimento sobre a correta prescrição de antibióticos na terapia periodontal

Introduction: Periodontal treatment involves procedures aimed to reduce bacterial load, involving or not the use of local or systemic antibiotics. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess Brazilian dentists' knowledge about antibiotics prescription during periodontal treatment. Material and method: An online questionnaire was available asking for systemic application of local or systemic antibiotics prescription (frequency, and sequence with mechanical periodontal treatment) and in relation to different periodontal diseases. The use of microbial diagnostic services and volunteers' demographic data were also elucidated. Data were statistically analyzed (Binomial Test, p<0.05). Result: Three hundred and ninety-three volunteers answered the questionnaire. Twenty-three percent males and 76.2% females. Average age was 27.7 years. Minority (19.2%) of the volunteers reported to indicate systemic antibiotics to treat gingivitis or periodontitis stages I and II (old slight and moderate chronic periodontitis). Majority of the professionals indicate it to treat periodontal abscess, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or periodontitis, periodontitis in severe immunodeficiencies, old aggressive periodontitis, and periodontitis stages III and IV (old severe chronic periodontitis). Rarely (2.5%) the prescription was without the combination with mechanical therapy. Microbiological tests as an auxiliary diagnostic method are rarely (3.1%) requested due to lack of information or cost. Most frequent answers about the number of times professionals reported prescribing systemic antibiotics as part of periodontal treatment per trimester was "at least once", followed by "2 times". Conclusion: It can be concluded that Brazilian dentists have knowledge about the correct prescription of antibiotics in periodontal therapy

Relationship between hypertension and periapical lesion: an in vitro and in vivo study.

The aim of this study was to compare potential aspects of periapical lesion formation in hypertensive and normotensive conditions using hypertensive (BPH/2J) and wild-type control (BPN/3J) mice. The mandibular first molars of both strains had their dental pulp exposed. At day 21 the mice were euthanized and right mandibular molars were used to evaluate the size and phenotype of apical periodontitis by microCT. Proteins were extracted from periapical lesion on the left side and the expressions of IL1α, IL1ß and TNFα were analyzed by ELISA. Bone marrow stem cells were isolated from adult mice femurs from 2 strains and osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vitro. The amount of differentiated osteoclastic cells was nearly double in hypertensive mice when compared to the normotensive strain (p < 0.03). Periapical lesion size did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive strains (p > 0.7). IL1α, IL1ß and TNFα cytokines expressions were similar for both systemic conditions (p > 0.05). Despite the fact that no differences could be observed in periapical lesion size and cytokines expressions on the systemic conditions tested, hypertension showed an elevated number of osteoclast differentiation.

Hypertension Undermines Mineralization-inducing Capacity of and Tissue Response to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Endodontic Cement.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effect of hypertension on tissue response to and mineralization capacity of white and gray mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (Angelus Industry Ontological Products, Londrina, Brazil), an endodontic reparative cement. METHODS: Polyethylene tubes containing gray MTA, white MTA, or intermediate restorative material (positive control) or an empty tube (negative control) were implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of spontaneous hypertensive and Wistar rats (n = 12 each). Six rats in each group were sacrificed after 7 days, and the remainder after 30 days. Tubes with surrounding tissue were removed, and a histologic analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin and von Kossa staining and examination by polarized light microscopy. RESULTS: The inflammatory response to all materials was greater in hypertensive compared with normotensive rats (P < .05). Positive von Kossa staining and birefringent structures in polarized light were observed for both gray and white MTA (P > .05), but these were more pronounced in normotensive rats (P < .05). Necrotic areas with positive von Kossa staining were observed for intermediate restorative material. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension undermines tissue repair and mineralization, which can negatively affect treatment outcome. Nonetheless, mineralization in response to MTA was observed even under hypertensive conditions.

Dragon's Blood Sap (Croton Lechleri) As Storage Medium For Avulsed Teeth: In Vitro Study Of Cell Viability.

Tooth replantation success depends on the condition of cementum periodontal ligament after tooth avulsion; which is influenced by storage medium. The dragon's blood (Croton lechleri) sap has been suggested as a promising medium because it supports collagen formation and exhibits healing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dragon's blood sap as a storage medium for avulsed teeth through evaluation of functional and metabolic cell viability. This in vitro study compared the efficacy of different storage media to maintain the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear and periodontal ligament cells. A 10% dragon's blood sap was tested while PBS was selected as its control. Ultra pasteurized whole milk was used for comparison as a commonly used storage medium. DMEM and distilled water were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The viability was assessed through trypan blue exclusion test and colorimetric MTT assay after 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h of incubation. The dragon's blood sap showed promising results due to its considerable maintenance of cell viability. For trypan blue test, the dragon's blood sap was similar to milk (p<0.05) and both presented the highest viability values. For MTT, the dragon's blood sap showed better results than all storage media, even better than milk (p<0.05). It was concluded that the dragon's blood sap was as effective as milk, the gold standard for storage medium. The experimental sap preserved the membrane of all cells and the functional viability of periodontal ligament cells.

Influence of the Vehicle on the Tissue Reaction and Biomineralization of Fast Endodontic Cement

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the tissue response and the biomineralization ability of CER prepared with epoxy resin or water compared to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). Material and Methods: Polyethylene tubes containing materials or empty tubes for control were inserted into the subcutaneous tissues of 30 rats. After 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, the rats were killed and the tubes were removed for analysis using hematoxylin-eosin staining, von Kossa staining, and under polarized light. Inflammation was graded through a score system; the thickness of the fibrous capsule was classified as thin or thick; the biomineralization ability was recorded as present or absent. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: Histologic analysis performed after 7 and 15 days for CER prepared with epoxy resin or water and for MTA showed moderate inflammation and a thick fibrous capsule (p>0.05). After 30, 60, and 90 days, mild inflammation, and a thin fibrous capsule were observed in all groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: All materials had structures positive for von Kossa and birefringent to polarized light. CER epoxy resin showed biocompatibility and biomineralization similar to CER water and MTA.

Storage media for avulsed teeth: a literature review.

Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injuries because it causes damage to several structures and results in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone. The ideal situation is to replant an exarticulated tooth immediately after avulsion because the extraoral time is a determinant factor for treatment success and for a good prognosis. However, it is not always possible. The success of replantation depends on a number of factors that may contribute to accelerate or minimize the occurrence of root resorption or ankylosis, among which is the type and characteristics of the medium used for temporary storage during the time elapsed between avulsion and replantation. Maintaining the tooth in an adequate wet medium that can preserve, as longer as possible, the vitality of the periodontal ligament cells that remain on root surface is the key to success of replantation. Recent research has led to the development of storage media that produce conditions that closely resemble the original socket environment, with adequate osmolality (cell pressure), pH, nutritional metabolites and glucose, and thus create the best possible conditions for storage. Although these storage media can now be purchased in the form of retail products, the most common scenario is that such a product will not be readily available at the moment of the accident This paper reviews the literature on the different storage media that have been investigated for avulsed teeth based on full-length papers retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO and SciELO electronic databases using the key words 'storage medium', 'transportation medium', 'avulsion', 'tooth avulsion', 'replantation', 'tooth replantation', 'milk' and 'propolis'. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 papers were selected and critically reviewed with respect to the characteristics, efficacy and ease of access of the storage medium. The review of the literature showed that a wide array of types of wet storage media have been evaluated in laboratory studies and clinical reports, including cell and tissue culture solutions like Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); medical/hospital products developed specifically for organ storage purposes, such as Viaspan® and Euro-Collins®; culture media, like Minimum Essential Medium (MEM); saline; natural products like water, saliva, bovine milk and its variations, propolis, green tea, Morus rubra (red mulberry), egg white and coconut water; rehydrating solutions, like Gatorade® and Ricetral, and even contact lens solutions. Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from solutions designed specifically for storage and culture purposes, regular pasteurized whole milk is the most frequently recommended and with the best prognosis among other solutions that are likely to be available at the scene of an accident, such as water, saline or saliva. Its advantages include its high availability, ready accessibility, physiologically compatible pH and osmolality (fluid pressure) with the root-surface adhered PDL cells, presence of nutrients and growth factors. However, there is not yet a single solution that fulfills all requirements to be considered as the ideal medium for temporary storage of avulsed teeth, and research on this field should carry on.

Dragon's Blood Sap (Croton Lechleri) As Storage Medium For Avulsed Teeth: In Vitro Study Of Cell Viability

Abstract Tooth replantation success depends on the condition of cementum periodontal ligament after tooth avulsion; which is influenced by storage medium. The dragon's blood (Croton lechleri) sap has been suggested as a promising medium because it supports collagen formation and exhibits healing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dragon's blood sap as a storage medium for avulsed teeth through evaluation of functional and metabolic cell viability. This in vitro study compared the efficacy of different storage media to maintain the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear and periodontal ligament cells. A 10% dragon's blood sap was tested while PBS was selected as its control. Ultra pasteurized whole milk was used for comparison as a commonly used storage medium. DMEM and distilled water were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The viability was assessed through trypan blue exclusion test and colorimetric MTT assay after 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h of incubation. The dragon's blood sap showed promising results due to its considerable maintenance of cell viability. For trypan blue test, the dragon's blood sap was similar to milk (p<0.05) and both presented the highest viability values. For MTT, the dragon's blood sap showed better results than all storage media, even better than milk (p<0.05). It was concluded that the dragon's blood sap was as effective as milk, the gold standard for storage medium. The experimental sap preserved the membrane of all cells and the functional viability of periodontal ligament cells.

Resumo O sucesso do reimplante dentário depende da condição apresentada pelo ligamento periodontal cementário pós-avulsão que pode ser influenciado pelo meio de estocagem. O Sangue de Dragão (Croton lechleri) é sugerido como um meio promissor por auxiliar na formação de novo colágeno e apresentar propriedades cicatrizante, anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da seiva Sangue de Dragão como meio de estocagem para dentes avulsionados por meio da aferição da viabilidade funcional e metabólica celular. Este estudo in vitro comparou a eficácia dos meios para a manutenção da viabilidade das células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano e do ligamento periodontal mantidas em cultura. Foi testada a diluição a 10% da seiva Sangue de Dragão enquanto que a PBS foi selecionada como seu controle. O leite ultrapasteurizado integral foi utilizado como meio comparativo por ser tradicionalmente utilizado como meio de estocagem. O DMEM e a água destilada foram os controles positivos e negativos, respectivamente. A avaliação da viabilidade foi feita por meio dos testes de exclusão por Azul de Tripan e colorimétrica a base de tetrazolato (MTT), após 1, 3, 6, 10 e 24 h de incubação. A seiva Sangue de Dragão apresentou resultados promissores devido à sua considerável manutenção da viabilidade celular. Para a metodologia com o Azul de Tripan, a seiva Sangue de Dragão foi semelhante ao leite.

Relationship between hypertension and periapical lesion: an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare potential aspects of periapical lesion formation in hypertensive and normotensive conditions using hypertensive (BPH/2J) and wild-type control (BPN/3J) mice. The mandibular first molars of both strains had their dental pulp exposed. At day 21 the mice were euthanized and right mandibular molars were used to evaluate the size and phenotype of apical periodontitis by microCT. Proteins were extracted from periapical lesion on the left side and the expressions of IL1α, IL1β and TNFα were analyzed by ELISA. Bone marrow stem cells were isolated from adult mice femurs from 2 strains and osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vitro. The amount of differentiated osteoclastic cells was nearly double in hypertensive mice when compared to the normotensive strain (p < 0.03). Periapical lesion size did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive strains (p > 0.7). IL1α, IL1β and TNFα cytokines expressions were similar for both systemic conditions (p > 0.05). Despite the fact that no differences could be observed in periapical lesion size and cytokines expressions on the systemic conditions tested, hypertension showed an elevated number of osteoclast differentiation.

Storage Media For Avulsed Teeth: A Literature Review

Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injuries because it causes damage to several structures and results in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone. The ideal situation is to replant an exarticulated tooth immediately after avulsion because the extraoral time is a determinant factor for treatment success and for a good prognosis. However, it is not always possible. The success of replantation depends on a number of factors that may contribute to accelerate or minimize the occurrence of root resorption or ankylosis, among which is the type and characteristics of the medium used for temporary storage during the time elapsed between avulsion and replantation. Maintaining the tooth in an adequate wet medium that can preserve, as longer as possible, the vitality of the periodontal ligament cells that remain on root surface is the key to success of replantation. Recent research has led to the development of storage media that produce conditions that closely resemble the original socket environment, with adequate osmolality (cell pressure), pH, nutritional metabolites and glucose, and thus create the best possible conditions for storage. Although these storage media can now be purchased in the form of retail products, the most common scenario is that such a product will not be readily available at the moment of the accident This paper reviews the literature on the different storage media that have been investigated for avulsed teeth based on full-length papers retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO and SciELO electronic databases using the key words ‘storage medium’, ‘transportation medium’, ‘avulsion’, ‘tooth avulsion’, ‘replantation’, ‘tooth replantation’, ‘milk’ and ‘propolis’. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 papers were selected and critically reviewed with respect to the characteristics, efficacy and ease of access of the storage medium. The review of the literature showed that a wide array of types of wet storage media have been evaluated in laboratory studies and clinical reports, including cell and tissue culture solutions like Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); medical/hospital products developed specifically for organ storage purposes, such as Viaspan® and Euro-Collins®; culture media, like Minimum Essential Medium (MEM); saline; natural products like water, saliva, bovine milk and its variations, propolis, green tea, Morus rubra (red mulberry), egg white and coconut water; rehydrating solutions, like Gatorade® and Ricetral, and even contact lens solutions. Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from solutions designed specifically for storage and culture purposes, regular pasteurized whole milk is the most frequently recommended and with the best prognosis among other solutions that are likely to be available at the scene of an accident, such as water, saline or saliva. Its advantages include its high availability, ready accessibility, physiologically compatible pH and osmolality (fluid pressure) with the root-surface adhered PDL cells, presence of nutrients and growth factors. However, there is not yet a single solution that fulfills all requirements to be considered as the ideal medium for temporary storage of avulsed teeth, and research on this field should carry on.

Dentre os traumatismos dento-alveolares, a avulsão dentária é a mais severa por causar danos em muitas estruturas e por consistir num deslocamento total do dente de seu alvéolo ósseo. O tratamento ideal é o reimplante dentário imediatamente após avulsão, pois o tempo extra-bucal é fator determinante para um bom prognóstico e o sucesso do tratamento. Infelizmente, isto nem sempre é possível. O sucesso do reimplante depende de muitos fatores que podem acelerar ou retardar a reabsorção radicular ou mesmo a anquilose e entre eles estão o tipo e as características do meio de armazenamento no qual esse dente foi mantido entre a avulsão e o reimplante. Manter o dente num meio úmido adequado que possa preservar pelo maior tempo possível a vitalidade das células do ligamento periodontal na superfície radicular é o elemento-chave do reimplante bem sucedido. Pesquisas recentes levaram ao desenvolvimento de meios de armazenamento que tem condições muito próximas às do alvéolo dental, possuindo osmolalidade (pressão celular) adequada, pH, metabólitos nutrientes e glicose. Embora estes meios de armazenamento possam ser adquiridos comercialmente, a situação mais comum é que o produto não esteja facilmente acessível no momento do acidente. Frente a isto, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre diversos meios de armazenamento para dentes avulsionados, considerando suas características, efetividade e acessibilidade. Para isto, foi realizada uma busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO e Scielo por meio das palavras-chave: ‘storage media’, ‘tooth replantation’, ‘tooth avulsion’, ‘milk’ e ‘propolis’. Após a avaliação dentro dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 39 artigos foram selecionados e os meios de armazenamento neles descritos foram criteriosamente estudados quanto às suas características, efetividade e acessibilidade. A revisão da literatura revelou uma grande variedade de meios úmidos de estocagem avaliada em estudos laboratoriais e casos clínicos, incluindo soluções para cultura de células e tecidos, como a Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); produtos médico-hospitalares desenvolvidos especificamente para armazenamento de órgãos, como Viaspan® e Euro-Collins®; meios de cultura como o Meio Mínimo Essencial (MEM); solução fisiológica; produtos naturais, como água, saliva, leite bovino em suas diferentes apresentações, própolis, chá verde, Morus rubra, clara de ovo e água de coco; produtos reidratantes como Gatorade® e Ricetral, até mesmo soluções para lentes de contato. Com base na literatura, pode-se afirmar que até agora, com exceção das soluções específicas para armazenamento e culturas, o leite pasteurizado integral é o mais indicado e o que tem o melhor prognóstico dentre as substâncias que estejam mais provavelmente disponíveis no local do acidente, como água, solução fisiológica ou saliva. Suas vantagens são a grande disponibilidade, fácil acesso, pH fisiologicamente compatível e osmolalidade (pressão do líquido) com as células do ligamento periodontal aderidas à superfície radicular, presença de nutrientes e fatores de crescimento. Apesar disso, o fato é que não se tem um produto que preencha todos os requisitos para ser considerado ideal para o armazenamento temporário de dentes avulsionados e as pesquisas para tanto devem prosseguir.

Influência da hipertensão arterial no padrão fenotípico da lesão periapical, na diferenciação dos osteoclastos, na resposta tecidual e na capacidade de mineralização do cimento reparador MTA / Influence of hypertension in periapical lesion phenotype pattern, in osteoclastic differentiation, in tissue response and mineralization capacity of MTA repairing cement

Entre as consequências da forma de ação do MTA e seus produtos encontra-se a participação na indução da mineralização nos tecidos onde é aplicado e a redução da inflamação ali presente. Sendo a hipertensão arterial uma desordem crônica de cunho inflamatório que parece agir negativamente na mobilização do cálcio e nas estruturas ósseas do organismo, pode-se inferir que o desenvolvimento da lesão periapical e o seu tratamento por meio do uso do MTA podem ser alterados pela presença do estado hipertensivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de estudar a influência da hipertensão arterial no padrão fenotípico da lesão periapical, na diferenciação dos osteoclastos, na resposta inflamatória tecidual e na capacidade de mineralização dos cimentos reparadores à base de MTA. Para isso o trabalho foi dividido em três artigos. O artigo 1 comparou aspectos potenciais da formação da lesão periapical nas condições de hipertensão e normotensão, tendo como hipóteses nulas que a hipertensão não altera a quantidade de osteoclastos diferenciados, o tamanho da lesão periapical e a expressão das citocinas inflamatórias IL1α, IL1β e TNFα da lesão periapical. Esse artigo teve como resposta que, apesar de não haver diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o tamanho da lesão periapical e a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias, ratos hipertensos apresentaram um elevado número de osteoclastos diferenciados. Já o artigo 2 investigou se a hipertensão afeta a resposta tecidual do MTA branco e cinza implantados subcutaneamente em ratos, bem como a capacidade dessas substâncias para induzir a mineralização, sendo a hipótese nula testada que a hipertensão não altera a resposta tecidual e capacidade de mineralização do MTA. Por meio dos resultados para as análises histológicas com as colorações Hematoxilina e Eosina e Von Kossa e sob luz polarizada, observou-se que a hipertensão exacerba a resposta inflamatória e diminui a capacidade de mineralização, prejudicando, dessa...

Among MTA and its products consequences, it is found the participation in mineralization induction in tissue where it is applied and reduction of inflammation maybe present. High blood pressure is a chronic inflammatory disorder that seems acting negatively on calcium mobilization and bone structures of the body. So it can be inferred that periapical lesion development and its treatment using MTA can be altered by the presence of a hypertensive state. Thus, the objective of this research was to study the influence of hypertension in periapical lesion phenotypic, in osteoclast differentiation, in tissue inflammatory response and mineralization ability of MTA repair cements. For this, work was divided into three articles. Article 1 compared potentials aspects of periapical lesion formation in hypertensive and normotensive conditions. Null hypothesis was high blood pressure does not change the number of differentiated osteoclasts, periapical lesion size and expression of IL1α, IL1β and TNFα inflammatory cytokines in apical periodontitis. Among results, although there was no statistically significant difference between periapical lesion size and inflammatory cytokines expression, hypertensive mice showed a large number of differentiated osteoclasts. Article 2 investigated whether hypertension affect tissue response and mineralization ability of white and grey MTA implanted subcutaneously in rats. Null hypotheses were that high blood pressure did not alter tissue response and mineralization capacity against MTA. Through histological analyzes with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Von Kossa stains and under Polarized Light was observed hypertension exacerbates inflammatory response and decrease mineralization capacity, damaging both tissue repair and mineralization. In turn, article 3 investigated whether hypertension affects white and gray MTA mineralization response when they were implanted subcutaneously in rats through osteoblast biomarkers RUNX-2, OPN and OCN. Null...

Influência da hipertensão arterial no padrão fenotípico da lesão periapical, na diferenciação dos osteoclastos, na resposta tecidual e na capacidade de mineralização do cimento reparador MTA / Influence of hypertension in periapical lesion phenotype pattern, in osteoclastic differentiation, in tissue response and mineralization capacity of MTA repairing cement

Entre as consequências da forma de ação do MTA e seus produtos encontra-se a participação na indução da mineralização nos tecidos onde é aplicado e a redução da inflamação ali presente. Sendo a hipertensão arterial uma desordem crônica de cunho inflamatório que parece agir negativamente na mobilização do cálcio e nas estruturas ósseas do organismo, pode-se inferir que o desenvolvimento da lesão periapical e o seu tratamento por meio do uso do MTA podem ser alterados pela presença do estado hipertensivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de estudar a influência da hipertensão arterial no padrão fenotípico da lesão periapical, na diferenciação dos osteoclastos, na resposta inflamatória tecidual e na capacidade de mineralização dos cimentos reparadores à base de MTA. Para isso o trabalho foi dividido em três artigos. O artigo 1 comparou aspectos potenciais da formação da lesão periapical nas condições de hipertensão e normotensão, tendo como hipóteses nulas que a hipertensão não altera a quantidade de osteoclastos diferenciados, o tamanho da lesão periapical e a expressão das citocinas inflamatórias IL1α, IL1β e TNFα da lesão periapical. Esse artigo teve como resposta que, apesar de não haver diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o tamanho da lesão periapical e a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias, ratos hipertensos apresentaram um elevado número de osteoclastos diferenciados. Já o artigo 2 investigou se a hipertensão afeta a resposta tecidual do MTA branco e cinza implantados subcutaneamente em ratos, bem como a capacidade dessas substâncias para induzir a mineralização, sendo a hipótese nula testada que a hipertensão não altera a resposta tecidual e capacidade de mineralização do MTA. Por meio dos resultados para as análises histológicas com as colorações Hematoxilina e Eosina e Von Kossa e sob luz polarizada, observou-se que a hipertensão exacerba a resposta inflamatória e diminui a capacidade de mineralização, prejudicando, dessa...

Among MTA and its products consequences, it is found the participation in mineralization induction in tissue where it is applied and reduction of inflammation maybe present. High blood pressure is a chronic inflammatory disorder that seems acting negatively on calcium mobilization and bone structures of the body. So it can be inferred that periapical lesion development and its treatment using MTA can be altered by the presence of a hypertensive state. Thus, the objective of this research was to study the influence of hypertension in periapical lesion phenotypic, in osteoclast differentiation, in tissue inflammatory response and mineralization ability of MTA repair cements. For this, work was divided into three articles. Article 1 compared potentials aspects of periapical lesion formation in hypertensive and normotensive conditions. Null hypothesis was high blood pressure does not change the number of differentiated osteoclasts, periapical lesion size and expression of IL1α, IL1β and TNFα inflammatory cytokines in apical periodontitis. Among results, although there was no statistically significant difference between periapical lesion size and inflammatory cytokines expression, hypertensive mice showed a large number of differentiated osteoclasts. Article 2 investigated whether hypertension affect tissue response and mineralization ability of white and grey MTA implanted subcutaneously in rats. Null hypotheses were that high blood pressure did not alter tissue response and mineralization capacity against MTA. Through histological analyzes with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Von Kossa stains and under Polarized Light was observed hypertension exacerbates inflammatory response and decrease mineralization capacity, damaging both tissue repair and mineralization. In turn, article 3 investigated whether hypertension affects white and gray MTA mineralization response when they were implanted subcutaneously in rats through osteoblast biomarkers RUNX-2, OPN and OCN. Null...

Nível de conhecimento dos professores de escolas públicas sobre a conduta frente ao traumatismo dentário / Level of knowledge of public school teachers on conduct outside the dental trauma

Introdução: o trauma dentário na infância ocorre com grande frequência, em especial em ambientes escolares. Portanto, é importante que educadores e funcionários das escolas saibam o que fazer frente a essa fatalidade, pois, após sua ocorrência, a rapidez na intervenção do cirurgião-dentista é um dos fatores que determinará o prognóstico de sucesso no tratamento. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento de professores de escolas públicas quanto ao tratamento emergencial em casos de traumatismo dentário. Métodos: quarenta professores de uma escola municipal e de uma creche foram entrevistados. O questionário abordava questões para identificação do perfil dos sujeitos, seu conhecimento acerca de primeiros socorros — incluindo traumas dentários —, qual tipo de traumatismo é mais frequente e quais são as condutas frente a esses traumatismos. Resultados: de um total de 40 entrevistados, 65% receberam treinamento de primeiros socorros, porém, apenas 52% receberam o treinamento do atendimento emergencial dos traumatismos dentários. Quarenta por cento já haviam presenciado casos de acidentes escolares envolvendo dentes, e a maioria dos entrevistados (55%) desconhecia a frequência com que isso ocorre. Um número significativo de pessoas tem dúvidas acerca da conduta correta a ser seguida quando da ocorrência de uma fratura coronária e da avulsão. Conclusão: conclui-se que o conhecimento dos professores sobre a conduta frente ao traumatismo dentário é inadequada. Programas educacionais, palestras explicativas e treinamentos devem ser realizados com esses profissionais, que são os primeiros a ter contato com casos de traumatismos dentários nas escolas

Influência da hipertensão em infecções bucais e no tratamento endodôntico / Influence of hypertension on oral infections and endodontic treatment

A hipertensão arterial é caracterizada pelo aumento da resistência vascular periférica, fazendo com que a pressão do sangue nas artérias seja maior que o normal, com várias alterações sistêmicas observadas, que podem ter influências negativas no estado de saúde bucal. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da influência da hipertensão em problemas bucais e no tratamento endodôntico. Os vasos sanguíneos, o cérebro e os rins são os principais órgãos acometidos por essa morbidade. Um estado hipertensivo pode levar a um aumento do nível de hormônios da paratireoide, metabolismo anormal da vitamina D, redução da concentração de cálcio ionizado e diminuição da absorção de cálcio. A partir de todas essas alterações sistêmicas que a hipertensão acarreta, pode-se inferir que ela pode ter uma íntima associação com problemas bucais, como, por exemplo, doenças periodontais, perda tardia de implantes, dificuldades na cicatrização óssea, diminuição do fluxo salivar e da concentração de proteínas na saliva, aumento da quantidade de neutrófilos e, como consequência, o favorecimento do processo inflamatório. Tem sido sugerido, ainda, que o índice de sucesso do tratamento endodôntico em pessoas hipertensas é menor que nos demais. A resposta do tratamento endodôntico, das medicações intracanais utilizadas, assim como dos cimentos obturadores em pacientes hipertensos, deve ser mais bem estudada para que se proporcione um conhecimento sobre as alterações, falhas e sucessos durante o tratamento endodôntico.

Influência da menopausa no tratamento endodôntico / Influence of menopause in endodontic treatment

A menopausa é uma das mudanças fisiológicas caracterizadas pelo encerramento dos ciclos menstrual e ovulatório, ocorrendo nas mulheres entre a quarta e a quinta década de vida. Com ela, ocorre uma diminuição na produção de estrógeno, um importante hormônio que atua em muitos processos fisiológicos do indivíduo, como a regulação do sistema esquelético. O declínio nos níveis de estrógeno resulta em perda de densidade mineral óssea, aumento do risco de fratura, bem como no aparecimento de doenças ósseas, como a osteoporose, um processo patológico onde há o aumento na reabsorção de cavidades que não são completamente preenchidas por osso neoformado. Além disso, a deficiência de estrógeno pode causar muitas mudanças na saúde bucal do indivíduo. Na presença de uma infecção bacteriana no tecido pulpar, essa deficiência pode agravar a periodontite apical. Vários medicamentos têm sido estudados como potenciais agentes terapêuticos para suprir a deficiência de estrógeno. Essas drogas têm como objetivo reduzir o risco de fraturas e prevenir a perda óssea e distúrbios cardiovasculares e mentais resultantes de deficiência hormonal pós-menopausa. O raloxifeno (RLX), é uma das drogas terapêuticas mais estudadas, demonstrando prevenir a perda óssea. Mesmo com a indicação e benefícios do raloxifeno no metabolismo ósseo e na manutenção da densidade óssea, estudos sobre o seu papel na infecção endodôntica em organismos osteopênicos precisam ser realizados.

Avaliação das nanopartículas de prata como solução irrigadora / Evaluation of silver nanoparticles as irrigating solution

Introdução: a irrigação é um procedimento importante durante o tratamento do canal radicular, auxiliando na limpeza de áreas do sistema de canais radiculares que não são alcançadas diretamente por instrumentos. Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade e a capacidade de desinfecção de nanopartículas de prata em dispersão, em comparação ao hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%. Métodos: trinta ratos receberam, individualmente, quatro tubos de dentina infectados e não infectados, irrigados com dispersão de nanopartículas de prata 47ppm e 23ppm, hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% e solução salina. Dezesseis ratos receberam um tubo de dentina infectada e um tubo de dentina não infectada como grupo controle. Após 7 e 30 dias, os animais foram sacrificados, os tubos e o tecido circundante foram removidos e preparados para análise em microscopia de luz. Avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas das reações foram realizadas. Resultados: todas as soluções em tubos não infectados causaram reações leves em 30 dias. Todas as soluções em tubos infectados causaram reações graves em 7 dias e leves em 30 dias. As respostas foram semelhantes às do grupo controle não infectado, mas melhores do que o grupo controle infectado. Conclusões: foi possível concluir que nanopartículas de prata em dispersão são biocompatíveis e podem atuar na desinfecção de tubos contaminados, especialmente em concentrações de 23ppm