Intake of whole grain and associations with lifestyle and demographics: a cross-sectional study based on the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health-Next Generations cohort.

PURPOSE: The aim was to analyze the intake of whole grain (WG) and associations with lifestyle and demographics in a newly established cohort of Danish adults. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2019, Danes were enrolled into The Diet, Cancer and Health-Next Generations cohort. A total of 38,553 persons were included in the current cross-sectional study, where all completed a 376-item food frequency questionnaire, a lifestyle questionnaire, and a physical examination in a study center where physical measurements and biological samples were collected. RESULTS: The median intake of WG was 79 g/10 mega joule (MJ) and 54% of the participants consumed the amount of WG recommended in Denmark, which is 75 g/10 MJ. The probability of consuming the recommended amount of WG was highest among men, persons < 30 years, students, persons with body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, persons participating in sports, who did not exceed the recommended maximum intake of alcohol and did not smoke. The probability of having a low intake of WG defined as < 25 g/10 MJ was highest among persons with short education, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, persons not participating in sports, persons having an alcohol intake above the recommended maximum level and persons being active smokers. CONCLUSION: The median intake of WG was 79 g/10 MJ. The probability of consuming at least 75 g WG/10 MJ was highest among persons who also adhered to healthy lifestyle measured by other factors. Only 6% of the cohort participants consumed < 25 g WG/10 MJ, these persons were more likely to have a general less healthy lifestyle.

Prostate cancer in Denmark 1978-2009--trends in incidence and mortality.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) has increased during the last 15 years in Denmark, whereas the mortality has remained largely unchanged. This register study aimed to investigate the trends in PC incidence and mortality in Denmark 1978-2009 with special focus on the recent 15 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry and Register of Causes of Death, we obtained information on all cases of PC and all deaths in Denmark during 1978-2009. Age-standardised (World Standard Population) incidence and mortality rates were computed for five-year calendar periods (1978-2007) and a two-year calendar period (2008-2009). Trends in incidence rates were estimated for specific age groups, birth cohorts, and clinical stage. RESULTS: The age-standardised incidence rate of PC increased from 29.2 per 100,000 person-years in 1978-1982 to 76.2 per 100,000 person-years in 2008-2009. The incidence increase began primarily in the mid-1990s. The corresponding mortality rates of PC remained largely unchanged during the entire study period; around 19 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence increase was most pronounced among men aged 60 + years. A clear pattern was also seen for selected birth cohorts, with increasing incidence rates among the youngest cohorts, and the highest relative increase in age-specific incidence rates was seen among men born between 1943 and 1947. The distribution of stage changed from 1998, with an increasing proportion of PC patients with localised disease. CONCLUSION: The observed increase in PC incidence during the period 1993-2009 in Denmark may be attributed primarily to increasing unsystematic use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing. The mortality rates remained stable during the same period suggesting that there is not yet any major influence of intensified PSA screening and more frequent use of curatively intended therapy on the overall prognosis of PC.

Risk of Parkinson's disease after hospital contact for head injury: population based case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a hospital contact for a head injury increases the risk of subsequently developing Parkinson's disease. DESIGN: Population based case-control study. SETTING: Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 13 695 patients with a primary diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in the Danish national hospital register during 1986-2006, each matched on age and sex to five population controls selected at random from inhabitants in Denmark alive at the date of the patient's diagnosis (n=68 445). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital contacts for head injuries ascertained from hospital register; frequency of history of head injury. RESULTS: An overall 50% increase in prevalence of hospital contacts for head injury was seen before the first registration of Parkinson's disease in this population (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 1.7). The observed association was, however, due almost entirely to injuries that occurred during the three months before the first record of Parkinson's disease (odds ratio 8.0, 5.6 to 11.6), and no association was found between the two events when they occurred 10 or more years apart (1.1, 0.9 to 1.3). CONCLUSIONS: The steeply increased frequency of hospital contacts for a head injury during the months preceding the date at which Parkinson's disease was first recorded is a consequence of the evolving movement disorder rather than its cause.