Encapsulation of biomacromolecules by soaking and co-crystallization into porous protein crystals of hemocyanin.

Encapsulation of guest molecules into the hollow spaces of crystals has been applied for a variety of purposes such as structure determination, separation, and catalysis of the guest. Although host-guest studies have been developed mainly in crystals of small molecules, those of biomacromolecules have recently been applied. In those reports, a huge hollow space in the protein crystal is commonly used for encapsulation of the guest. Our previous study revealed that cylindrical hemocyanins stack inside the crystal as a linear hollow structure. The diameter of the linear hollow is approximately 110 Å, which is large enough for most proteins to pass through. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of hemocyanin crystals as a host to encapsulate biomacromolecules. Confocal microscopy revealed that hemocyanin crystals encapsulate proteins of molecular mass up to 250 kDa, i.e., 27 kDa green fluorescence protein, 105 kDa allophycocyanin, 220 kDa C-phycocyanin, and 250 kDa phycoerythrin, and DNAs up to 200-bp long, whereas 440 kDa ferritin not. Further analysis revealed that hemocyanin crystals prefer a negatively charged guest rather than a positive charge to encapsulate. Moreover, a photobleaching experiment showed that the guest does not move once entrapped. This knowledge of the host-guest study using the hollow hemocyanin crystal should be of significance for further application of hollow proteinaceous crystals as a host.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of a 3.8-MDa respiratory supermolecule hemocyanin.

Many molluscs transport oxygen using a very large cylindrical multimeric copper-containing protein named hemocyanin. The molluscan hemocyanin forms a decamer (cephalopods) or multidecamer (gastropods) of approximately 330-450kDa subunits, resulting in a molecular mass >3.3MDa. Therefore, molluscan hemocyanin is one of the largest proteins. The reason why these organisms use such a large supermolecule for oxygen transport remains unclear. Atomic-resolution X-ray crystallographic analysis is necessary to unveil the detailed molecular structure of this mysterious large molecule. However, its propensity to dissociate in solution has hampered the crystallization of its intact form. In the present study, we successfully obtained the first crystals of an intact decameric molluscan hemocyanin. The diffraction dataset at 3.0-Å resolution was collected by merging the datasets of two isomorphic crystals. Electron microscopy analysis of the dissolved crystals revealed cylindrical particles. Furthermore, self-rotation function analysis clearly showed the presence of a fivefold symmetry with several twofold symmetries perpendicular to the fivefold axis. The absorption spectrum of the crystals showed an absorption peak around 345nm. These results indicated that the crystals contain intact hemocyanin decamers in the oxygen-bound form.

Crystal Structure of the 3.8-MDa Respiratory Supermolecule Hemocyanin at 3.0 Å Resolution.

Molluscan hemocyanin, a copper-containing oxygen transporter, is one of the largest known proteins. Although molluscan hemocyanins are currently applied as immunotherapeutic agents, their precise structure has not been determined because of their enormous size. Here, we have determined the first X-ray crystal structure of intact molluscan hemocyanin. The structure unveiled the architecture of the 3.8-MDa supermolecule composed of homologous functional units (FUs), wherein the dimers of FUs hierarchically associated to form the entire cylindrical decamer. Most of the specific inter-FU interactions were localized at narrow regions in the FU dimers, suggesting that rigid FU dimers formed by specific interactions assemble with flexibility. Furthermore, the roles of carbohydrates in assembly and allosteric effect, and conserved sulfur-containing residues in copper incorporation, were revealed. The precise structural information obtained in this study will accelerate our understanding of the molecular basis of hemocyanin and its future applications.