Size Segregation of Gold Nanoparticles into Bilayer-like Vesicular Assembly.

Size segregation of nanoparticles with different sizes into highly ordered, unique nanostructures is important for their practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate spontaneous self-assembly of the binary mixtures of small and large gold nanoparticles (GNPs; 5/15, 5/20, or 10/20 in diameter) in the presence of a tetra(ethylene glycol)-terminated octafluoro-4,4'-biphenol ligand, namely, TeOFBL, resulting in a size-segregated assembly. The outer single layer of large GNPs forming a gold nanoparticle vesicle (GNV) encapsulated the inner vesicle-like assembly composed of small GNPs, which is referred to as bilayer-like GNV and similar to the molecular bilayer structure of a liposome. The size segregation was driven by the solvophobic feature of the TeOFBLs on the surface of GNPs. A time-course study indicated that size segregation occurred instantaneously during the mixing stage of the self-organization process. The size-segregated precursors quickly fused with each other through the inner-inner and outer-outer layer fashion to form the bilayer-like GNV. This study provides a new approach to creating biomimetic bilayer capsules with different physical properties for potential applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering and drug delivery.

A New Concept for an Adhesive Material Inspired by Clingfish Sucker Nanofilaments.

Underwater adhesive materials are in high demand in various fields, and fish species with sucker disks have attracted attention due to their superior performance and interesting structures. The clingfish, in particular, is widely known for using hierarchical sucker disk structures to demonstrate rapid and strong adhesion to rocky surfaces under strong currents. We examined the combination of nanofilaments and mucus in the clingfish sucker disk. Nanofilaments reinforce mucus adhesion force by reducing the compliance without affecting the contact area. We prepared structures from hard polymers and soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that mimicked clingfish sucker nanofilaments and mucus, with these biomimetic structures showing significant adhesion force underwater. Furthermore, the hardness and length of the nanofilaments and Young's modulus and thickness of the mucus-mimicking PDMS layer had critical effects on the adhesion force. According to the results, clingfish nanofilaments act as hard bracing for the soft mucus, and the structural combination of the conflicting characteristics of hardness and softness, thus achieved, is crucial for strong adhesion.

Bifunctional rare metal-free electrocatalysts synthesized entirely from biomass resources.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are important processes for various energy devices, including polymer electrolyte fuel cells, rechargeable metal-air batteries, and water electrolyzers. We herein report the preparation of a rare metal-free and highly efficient ORR/OER electrocatalyst by calcination of a mixture of blood meal and ascidian-derived cellulose nanofibers. The obtained carbon alloys showed high ORR/OER performances and proved to be promising electrocatalysts. The carbon alloys synthesized entirely from biomass resources not only lead to a new electrocatalyst fabrication process but also contribute to CO2 reduction and the realization of a good life-cycle assessment value in fabrication of a sustainable energy device.

Effect of the Microstructures on Vulcanized Rubber Frictions.

Vulcanized rubber is widely used in a wide range of applications because of its flexibility, durability, sealing properties, and high degree of friction. However, this high degree of friction can also become an issue, as it leads to the wearing and breakage of parts. In this report, we investigated the effects of the vulcanized rubber microstructures on friction force by using simple, anisotropic microstructures. The line and space master microstructures were prepared from a photoresist, and the structures were transferred to PDMS, PSt, and then Ni. After surface modification of the Ni microstructures by TEOS, the vulcanized rubber microstructures were fabricated by a simple hot press process with the TEOS-coated Ni microstructure molds. The structural parameters of the vulcanized rubber line and space microstructures were found to be successfully varied by elongation, and the structural deformations were also investigated by FEM simulations. Measurements of the frictional force of the vulcanized rubber microstructures revealed the friction coefficient was reduced by the surface microstructures and was affected by the directions of the contact because of the microstructure anisotropy. The reason for of these results can be explained by the changes in the contact area and hysteresis friction. These results suggest that the friction coefficients of vulcanized rubbers can be reduced by the simple surface microstructures that are applicable to a wide range of fields.

Site-Selective Wettability Control of Honeycomb Films by UV-O3-Assisted Sol-Gel Coating.

Wettability control of porous materials is significant in lateral flow immunoassay, microfluidic systems, microdroplet manipulation, and so on. In this report, formation of metal oxide layers on self-organized polymer honeycomb films to control surface wettability by simple sol-gel coating and UV-O3 treatment was demonstrated. By the combination of bottom-up and top-down processes, silica thin layers can be formed by retaining their original three-dimensional honeycomb structures. Furthermore, photopatterning of metal oxides on honeycomb films can be achieved by UV irradiation through photomasks. Site-selective wettability control of honeycomb films was realized by patterning silica layers on the surface of the film.

Strategy for Finely Aligned Gold Nanorod Arrays Using Polymer Brushes as a Template.

The development of a strategy for the assembly of nanoscale building blocks, in particular, anisotropic nanoparticles, into desired structures is important for the construction of functional materials and devices. However, control over the orientation of rod-shaped nanoparticles on a substrate for integration into solid-state devices remains challenging. Here, we report a strategy for the fabrication of finely aligned gold nanorod (GNR) arrays using polymer (DNA) brushes as a nanoscale template. The gold nanorods modified with cationic surface ligands were electrostatically adsorbed onto the DNA brush substrates under various conditions. The orientational behavior of the GNRs was examined by spectral analyses and transmission electron microtomography (TEMT). As a result, we found several important factors, such as moderate interaction between GNRs and polymers and polymer densities on the substrate, related to the vertical alignment of GNRs on the substrates. We also developed a purification method to remove the undesired adsorption of GNRs onto the arrays. Finally, we have succeeded in the fabrication of extensive vertical GNR arrays of high quality via the easy bottom-up process.

Two-Step Assembly of Thermoresponsive Gold Nanorods Coated with a Single Kind of Ligand.

Gold nanorods (GNRs) coated with a single kind of ligand show thermoreponsive two-step assembly to provide a hierarchical structure. The GNRs (33 nm in length × 14 nm in diameter) coated with a hexa(ethylene glycol) (HEG) derivative form side-by-side assemblies at 30 °C (TA1 ) as a steady state through dehydration. By further heating to over 40 °C (TA2 ), larger assemblies, which are composed of the side-by-side assembled units, are formed as hierarchical structures. The dehydration temperature of the HEG derivative varies depending on the free volume of the HEG unit, which corresponds to the curvature of the GNRs. Upon heating, dehydration first occurs from the ligands on the side portions with a lower curvature, and then from the ligands on the edge portions with a higher curvature. The different sized GNRs (33 × 8 and 54 × 15 nm) also show two-step assembly. Both the TA1 and TA2 are dependent on the diameter of the GNRs, but independent of their length. This result supports that the dehydration is dependent on the free volume, which corresponds to the curvature. Anisotropic assembly focusing on differences in curvature provides new guidelines for the fabrication of hierarchical structures.

Size-Defined Cracked Vesicle Formation via Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles Covered with Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Surface Ligands.

The self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into a defined structure, particularly hollow capsule structures, provides great potential for applications in materials science and medicine. However, the complexity of the parameters for the preparation of those structures through self-assembly has limited access to critical mechanistic questions. With this in mind, we have studied GNP vesicle (GNV) formation through self-assembly by the surface modification of GNPs with low-molecular-weight ligands. Here, we successfully prepared GNVs composed of GNPs with a diameter of 30 nm by surface modification with carboxylic acid-terminated fluorinated oligo(ethylene glycol) ligands (CFLs). As the carboxylic acid has two states (protonated and deprotonated), the balance of the attraction and repulsion between GNPs covered with CFLs is tunable. Sodium carboxylate-terminated fluorinated oligo(ethylene glycol) ligands (SCFLs) provided smaller GNVs than did CFLs at 0.8 × 1011 NPs/mL. Time-course study revealed that CFL-covered GNPs quickly form small aggregates and gradually grow to larger GNVs (ca. 200 nm), but no gradual growth was observed for SCFL-covered GNPs. This result indicated that the electrostatic repulsion inhibits fusion of the small GNVs. The size of the GNVs formed with the aid of CFLs was independent of the initial GNP concentration, but the extinction spectra were concentration-dependent. Electron microscopy imaging and simulations supported the defect formation in the assemblies. These results provided new insights into the vesicle formation mechanism.

Near-field spectral properties of coupled plasmonic nanoparticle arrays.

We investigated the grating effect in complex gold dolmen structures, in which multiple plasmon modes are present due to plasmon hybridization, experimentally from both the far field and the near field. In particular, the near-field properties were investigated using photoemission electron microscopy, and it was demonstrated that two hybridized plasmon modes on the dolmen structures could be influenced by the grating effect. For comparison, we also investigated the grating effect in arrays of simple nanoblocks and heptamer structures, which were supposed to support a strong bright plasmon mode and a strong dark plasmon mode, respectively, in the near field. We found that the spectral responses of the two hybridized modes on the dolmen structures as the pitch size changed evolved in a manner similar to that of the bright dipole mode on the nanoblocks, whereas the dark mode on the heptamer structures is less sensitive to the pitch size.

Magnetic Properties of the Melilite-Type Oxysulfide Sr2MnGe2S6O: Magnetic Interactions Enhanced by Anion Substitution.

The synthesis, crystal structures, photoluminescence, and magnetic properties of the melilite-type oxysulfide Sr2MnGe2S6O were investigated. This compound crystallizes in the melilite structure with space group P4̅21m, in which two kinds of anions, S2- and O2-, occupy different crystallographic sites in an ordered manner. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of Sr2MnGe2S6O shows a broad peak due to a two-dimensional magnetic interaction between Mn ions in the ab plane. The specific heat data show that this compound has an antiferromagnetic transition temperature (TN = 15.5 K) that is much higher than that of the oxide analogue Sr2MnGe2O7 (TN = 4.4 K). DFT calculations showed that the magnetic interaction is enhanced by covalency in the Mn-S bonding.

Yolk/Shell Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles by Size Segregation in Solution.

We demonstrate that binary mixtures of small and large gold nanoparticles (GNPs) (5/15, 5/30, 10/30, and 15/30 nm in diameter) in the presence of a glucose-terminated fluorinated oligo(ethylene glycol) ligand can spontaneously form size-segregated assemblies. The outermost layer of the assembly is composed of a single layer of small-sized GNPs, while the larger-sized GNPs are located in the interior, forming what is referred to as a yolk/shell assembly. Time course study reveals that small and large GNPs aggregate together, and these kinetically trapped aggregations were transformed into a size-segregated structure by repeating fusions. A yolk/shell structure was directly visualized in solution by X-ray laser diffraction imaging, indicating that the structure was truly formed in solution, but not through a drying process.

Proton Conductivities of Lamellae-Forming Bioinspired Block Copolymer Thin Films Containing Silver Nanoparticles.

Size-controlled metal nanoparticles (NPs) were spontaneously formed when the amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of poly(vinyl catechol) and polystyrene (PVCa-b-PSt) were used as reductants and templates for NPs. In the present study, the proton conductivity of well-aligned lamellae structured PVCa-b-PSt films with Ag NPs was evaluated. We found that the proton conductivity of PVCa-b-PSt film was increased 10-fold by the addition of Ag NPs into the proton conduction channels filled with catechol moieties. In addition, the effect of humidity and the origin of proton conductivity enhancement was investigated.

Reverse Size Dependences of the Cellular Uptake of Triangular and Spherical Gold Nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) show promise as both drug and imaging carriers with applications in both diagnosis and therapy. For the safe and effective use of such gold nanomaterials in the biomedical field, it is crucial to understand how the size and shape of the nanomaterials affect their biological features, such as in vitro cellular uptake speed and accumulation as well as cytotoxicity. Herein, we focus on triangular gold nanoparticles (TNPs) of four different sizes (side length 46, 55, 72, and 94 nm; thickness 30 nm) and compare the cellular internalization efficiency with those of spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) of various diameters (22, 39, and 66 nm). Both surfaces were coated with anionic thiol ligands. Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry (ICP-ES) data demonstrated that TNPs with longer sides showed higher levels of uptake into RAW264.7 and HeLa cells. On the other hand, in the case of SNPs, those with smaller diameters showed higher levels of uptake in both cells. Our results support the notion of a reverse size dependence of TNPs and SNPs in terms of cellular uptake. For HeLa cells, in particular, 20-fold more efficient internalization was observed for TNPs with longer sides (72 nm side length) compared to SNPs (66 nm) with a similar surface area. These results highlight the importance of the shape of nanomaterials on their interactions with cells and provide a useful guideline for the use of TNPs.

Solid-State Electrochemical Thermal Switches with Large Thermal Conductivity Switching Widths.

Thermal switches that switch the thermal conductivity (κ) of the active layers are attracting increasing attention as thermal management devices. For electrochemical thermal switches, several transition metal oxides (TMOs) are proposed as active layers. After electrochemical redox treatment, the crystal structure of the TMO is modulated, which results in the κ switching. However, the κ switching width is still small (<4 W m-1 K-1). In this study, it demonstrates that LaNiOx-based solid-state electrochemical thermal switches have a κ switching width of 4.3 W m-1 K-1. Fully oxidized LaNiO3 (on state) has a κ of 6.0 W m-1 K-1 due to the large contribution of electron thermal conductivity (κele, 3.1 W m-1 K-1). In contrast, reduced LaNiO2.72 (off state) has a κ of 1.7 W m-1 K-1 because the phonons are scattered by the oxygen vacancies. The LaNiOx-based electrochemical thermal switch is cyclable of κ and the crystalline lattice of LaNiOx. This electrochemical thermal switch may be a promising platform for next-generation devices such as thermal displays.

Benchmarking pH-field coupled microkinetic modeling against oxygen reduction in large-scale Fe-azaphthalocyanine catalysts.

Molecular metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts with well-defined structures and metal-coordination environments exhibit distinct structural properties and excellent electrocatalytic performance, notably in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel cells. Metal-doped azaphthalocyanine (AzPc) catalysts, a variant of molecular M-N-Cs, can be structured with unique long stretching functional groups, which make them have a geometry far from a two-dimensional geometry when loaded onto a carbon substrate, similar to a "dancer" on a stage, and this significantly affects their ORR efficiency at different pH levels. However, linking structural properties to performance is challenging, requiring comprehensive microkinetic modeling, substantial computational resources, and a combination of theoretical and experimental validation. Herein, we conducted pH-dependent microkinetic modeling based upon ab initio calculations and electric field-pH coupled simulations to analyze the pH-dependent ORR performance of carbon-supported Fe-AzPcs with varying surrounding functional groups. In particular, this study incorporates large molecular structures with complex long-chain "dancing patterns", each featuring >650 atoms, to analyze their performance in the ORR. Comparison with experimental ORR data shows that pH-field coupled microkinetic modeling closely matches the observed ORR efficiency at various pH levels in Fe-AzPc catalysts. Our results also indicate that assessing charge transfer at the Fe-site, where the Fe atom typically loses around 1.3 electrons, could be a practical approach for screening appropriate surrounding functional groups for the ORR. This study provides a direct benchmarking analysis for the microkinetic model to identify effective M-N-C catalysts for the ORR under various pH conditions.

Spatially Uniform and Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering under Modal Ultrastrong Coupling Beyond Nanostructure Homogeneity Limits.

We developed a substrate that enables highly sensitive and spatially uniform surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This substrate comprises densely packed gold nanoparticles (d-AuNPs)/titanium dioxide/Au film (d-ATA). The d-ATA substrate demonstrates modal ultrastrong coupling between localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of AuNPs and Fabry-Pérot nanocavities. d-ATA exhibits a significant enhancement of the near-field intensity, resulting in a 78-fold increase in the SERS signal for crystal violet (CV) compared to that of d-AuNP/TiO2 substrates. Importantly, high sensitivity and a spatially uniform signal intensity can be obtained without precise control of the shape and arrangement of the nanoscale AuNPs, enabling quantitative SERS measurements. Additionally, SERS measurements of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on this substrate under ultralow adsorption conditions (0.6 R6G molecules/AuNP) show a spatial variation in the signal intensity within 3%. These findings suggest that the SERS signal under modal ultrastrong coupling originates from multiple plasmonic particles with quantum coherence.

Atomic layer deposition of Y2O3 films using a novel liquid homoleptic yttrium precursor tris(sec-butylcyclopentadienyl)yttrium [Y(sBuCp)3] and water.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Y2O3 thin films was studied using a novel homoleptic yttrium ALD precursor: tris(sec-butylcyclopentadienyl)yttrium [Y(sBuCp)3]. Y(sBuCp)3 is a liquid at room temperature. The thermogravimetry curve for Y(sBuCp)3 is clean, with no indication of decomposition or residue formation. Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis measurements showed that Y(sBuCp)3 is stable for 18 weeks at 190 °C. Y(sBuCp)3 has a homoleptic structure. Thus, a reduction in manufacturing costs is expected compared to those associated with heteroleptic precursors because additional chemical synthesis steps are usually necessary to produce heteroleptic compounds. In addition, ALD of Y2O3 was demonstrated using Y(sBuCp)3 and water as a co-reactant. The deposition temperature was varied from 200 to 350 °C. The growth rate was 1.7 Å per cycle. In addition, neither carbon nor nitrogen contamination was detected in the Y2O3 films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, smooth films were confirmed by X-ray secondary-electron microscopy. The root-mean-square roughness was measured to be 0.660 nm by atomic force microscopy. Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) Pt/Y2O3/p-Si devices were fabricated to evaluate the electrical properties of the Y2O3 films. An electric breakdown field of -6.5 MV cm-1 and a leakage current density of ∼3.2 × 10-3 A cm-2 at 1 MV cm-1 were determined. The permittivity of Y2O3 was estimated to be 11.5 at 100 kHz. Therefore, compared with conventional solid precursors, Y(sBuCp)3 is suitable for use in ALD manufacturing processes.

Solid-State Electrochemical Thermal Transistors with Strontium Cobaltite-Strontium Ferrite Solid Solutions as the Active Layers.

Thermal transistors have potential as thermal management devices because they can electrically control the thermal conductivity (κ) of the active layer. Recently, we realized solid-state electrochemical thermal transistors by utilizing the electrochemical redox reaction of SrCoOy (2 ≤ y ≤ 3). However, the guiding principle to improve the on/off κ ratio has yet to be clarified because the κ modulation mechanism is unclear. This study systematically modulates κ of SrCo1-xFexOy (0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2 ≤ y ≤ 3) solid solutions used as the active layers in solid-state electrochemical thermal transistors. When y = 3, the lattice κ of SrCo1-xFexOy is ∼2.8 W m-1 K-1 and insensitive to x. When x = 0 and y = 3, κ increases to ∼3.8 W m-1 K-1 due to the contribution of the electron κ. When y = 2, κ slightly depends on the ordered atomic arrangement. Materials that are high electrical conductors with highly ordered lattices when the transistor is on but are electrical insulators with disordered lattices when the transistor is off should be well-suited for the active layers of solid-state electrochemical thermal transistors.

Hydrophilic gold nanoparticles adaptable for hydrophobic solvents.

Surface ligand molecules enabling gold nanoparticles to disperse in both polar and nonpolar solvents through changes in conformation are presented. Gold nanoparticles coated with alkyl-head-capped PEG derivatives were initially well dispersed in water through exposure of the PEG residue (bent form). When chloroform was added to the aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles, the gold nanoparticles were transferred from an aqueous to a chloroform phase through exposure of the alkyl-head residue (straight form). The conformational change (bent to straight form) of immobilized ligands in response to the polarity of the solvents was supported by NMR analyses and water contact angles.

Hysteresis in the Thermo-Responsive Assembly of Hexa(ethylene glycol) Derivative-Modified Gold Nanodiscs as an Effect of Shape.

Anisotropic gold nanodiscs (AuNDs) possess unique properties, such as large flat surfaces and dipolar plasmon modes, which are ideal constituents for the fabrication of plasmonic assemblies for novel and emergent functions. In this report, we present the thermo-responsive assembly and thermo-dynamic behavior of AuNDs functionalized with methyl-hexa(ethylene glycol) undecane-thiol as a thermo-responsive ligand. Upon heating, the temperature stimulus caused a blue shift of the plasmon peak to form a face-to-face assembly of AuNDs due to the strong hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions between their large flat surfaces. Importantly, AuNDs allowed for the incorporation of the carboxylic acid-terminated ligand while maintaining their thermo-responsive assembly ability. With regard to their reversible assembly/disassembly behavior in the thermal cycling process, significant rate-independent hysteresis, which is related to their thermo-dynamics, was observed and was shown to be dependent on the carboxylic acid content of the surface ligands. As AuNDs have not only unique plasmonic properties but also high potential for attachment due to the fact of their flat surfaces, this study paves the way for the exploitation of AuNDs in the development of novel functional materials with a wide range of applications.