Fourteen-year experience with laparoscopic ventrosuspension in patients with retroverted and retroflected uterus and pelvic pain syndromes.

BACKGROUND: In women with a retroverted uterus, who have dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, or dysmenorrhea, laparoscopic ventrosuspension of the uterus has been reported effective in achieving symptom relief. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To critically review our experience with our method of laparoscopic ventrosuspension. DESIGN: Cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Sixty-three women who had undergone laparoscopic ventrosuspension for treatment of pain syndromes during 1995 through 2008. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic ventrosuspension, and a questionnaire about the long-term outcome of the operation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were no adverse events except for 2 repeat operations within 3 postoperative days. Forty-nine women (77.8%) answered the questionnaire about long-term outcome, and in these patients, significant pain relief was achieved (p <.001). Pain levels decreased, based on a numeric rating scale, from a mean (SD) of 6.35 (1.92) to 0.97 (1.40) in patients without endometriosis, and from 6.93 (2.09) to 3.80 (2.08) in those with endometriosis. Of 34 patients without endometriosis, 1 (2.9%) stated that the operation had not led to symptom relief, compared with 4 of 15 (26.7%) with endometriosis (p = .03). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic ventrosuspension is clearly beneficial in women with a retroverted and retroflected uterus who have pelvic pain syndromes, even in the long term.

Villous mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix in a postmenopausal woman.

OBJECTIVE: To present the case of a postmenopausal woman, who was suspected of having an ovarian cyst. Instead, a cystadenoma of the appendix was discovered during laparoscopy. METHODS: A 64-year-old postmenopausal nulliparous woman was admitted to our hospital because of a cystic lesion, which had been detected in the course of a routine gynecological examination. The patient underwent vaginal ultrasound, magnetic resonance tomography, and laparoscopy. RESULTS: During vaginal ultrasound, a dumbbell-shaped anechogenic cystic structure 70 x 32 x 22 mm in diameter was found in the region of the right adnexa. Magnetic resonance tomography revealed no additional information. During diagnostic laparoscopy, the cystic lesion was found to be a distended appendix. A laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. Subsequent histological analysis revealed a villous mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. CONCLUSION: Gynecologists should routinely consider this disease in the differential diagnosis of right lower dumbbell abdominal cysts. Eleven percent to 20% of mucoceles are caused by mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, which carry the risk of peritoneal tumor implantation caused by rupture or laparoscopic resection. Therefore, it should be mandatory that a general surgeon be involved in the laparoscopic procedure and the conversion to laparotomy for resection of the structure.

Serum soluble Fas levels in ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of serum soluble Fas levels as a prognostic marker for survival of women with ovarian cancer and as a discriminator between benign and malignant adnexal masses. METHODS: Serum soluble Fas levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 52 women with ovarian cancer, 30 women with benign ovarian cysts, and 35 healthy women. RESULTS: Median serum soluble Fas levels in women with ovarian cancer, women with benign ovarian cysts, and healthy women were 3.7 (range 1.6-14.5), 2.3 (range 1.3-4.1), and 1.5 ng/mL (range 0.1-5.6), respectively (P <. 001). A univariate logistic regression model showed a significant influence of serum soluble Fas and CA 125 levels on the odds of presenting with ovarian cancer versus benign cysts (P <.001 and P =. 001, respectively). In a multivariable logistic regression model for soluble Fas and CA 125, both markers showed a statistically significant influence on the odds of presenting with ovarian cancer versus benign cysts (P =.01 and P =.01, respectively). Increased pretreatment serum soluble Fas levels were associated with shortened disease-free and overall survival (P =.002 and P =.001, respectively). A multivariable Cox regression model identified serum soluble Fas levels as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival, independent of tumor stage (P =. 04 and P =.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: Soluble Fas levels might be useful as a discriminator between benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer, adding to the information obtained with the use of the established tumor marker CA 125. Pretreatment serum soluble Fas levels also might be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in patients with uterine smooth muscle tumors: an immunohistochemical analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein expression in leiomyoma, uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential, and leiomyosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested to play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We compared the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein in patients with leiomyoma, uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP), and leiomyosarcoma (LMS). METHODS: MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissue in 26 patients with leiomyoma, in 24 patients with STUMP, and in 21 patients with LMS. RESULTS: MMP-1 was expressed in 92% of leiomyomas, in 83% of STUMP, and in 86% of LMS, whereas MMP-2 was expressed in 12% of leiomyomas, in 17% of STUMP, and in 48% of LMS. A statistically significant difference regarding the frequency of MMP-2 expression was observed between LMS and STUMP (P =.025) as well as between LMS and leiomyoma (P =.006), but not between STUMP and leiomyoma (P >.05). Likewise, the staining intensity did significantly differ between LMS and leiomyoma (P =.025), but no statistical significant difference was observed between LMS and STUMP (P >.05) and between STUMP and leiomyoma (P >.05). CONCLUSION: The stronger MMP-2 expression in patients with LMS compared with STUMP and leiomyoma indicates that this protein might be a marker for tumor invasion or metastasis in patients with uterine LMS. Furthermore, MMP-2 seems to be a useful immunohistochemical parameter to distinguish cases of smooth muscle tumors in which histologic features are ambiguous or borderline. Further studies including larger numbers of patients are necessary to establish MMP-2 as a routine marker for tumor invasion and progression.

MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression in uterine leiomyosarcoma and correlation with different clinicopathologic parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested to play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis because they degrade a wide range of components of the extracellular matrix. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 proteins in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma. METHODS: MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissue sections in 21 patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS). The immunohistochemical findings were correlated with different clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients. RESULTS: MMP-1 was expressed in 86% and MMP-2 was expressed in 48% of uterine LMS. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between vascular space involvement and MMP-2 expression (P =.05) and between age and MMP-2 expression, with patients over 50 years old having significantly more frequent MMP-2-positive tumors than patients younger than 50 years (P =.006). The relationship between MMP-2 expression and tumor stage and recurrence disease did not reach statistical significance. A trend towards prolonged disease-free survival was observed in women with MMP-2-negative LMS compared with patients with MMP-2-positive LMS (P =.09). Furthermore, a univariate analysis revealed that early tumor stage (P =.0001), age at diagnosis less than 50 years (P =.02), and the absence of vascular space involvement (P =.04) were associated with longer overall survival. CONCLUSION: The statistically significant positive correlation between MMP-2 expression and vascular space involvement as well as the prolonged disease-free survival rate in patients with MMP-2 negative uterine LMS suggest that MMP-2 plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of cases need to be performed to verify these findings.

Psychological burden of women with mild cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Forty women with diagnosis of CIN I attending our outpatient colposcopic clinic were evaluated regarding psychological distress and compliance to follow-up after they had been informed about their diagnosis. In our study 52.9% of the women (n=21) (group A) reported that they did not get sufficient information concerning diagnosis, while 47.1% of the women (n=19) received sufficient information (group B). Women with adequate information had less fear of having cancer than women with inadequate information (P=0.03). As expected these women had a statistically increased distress (P=0.004). In group A the patients reported that the follow-up period reinforced the anxiety compared to group B (P=0.04). The compliance for regular attendance of cervical cancer screening programs after treatment was significantly better in group B compared to group A (P=0.02). Our study indicates that adequate information for women about the diagnosis CIN I, reassurance and understanding from medical staff are vital for the success in the treatment of patients with mild dyskaryosis. The gynaecologist's counselling strategy plays a major role in these psychological effects.

Paclitaxel/carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: efficacy and adverse effects with special consideration of peripheral neurotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the response and survival probability of patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with a combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy. Additionally we investigated the extent of adverse effects due to chemotherapy with special consideration for peripheral neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven women with epithelial ovarian cancer, treated with a combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin, were included in the analysis. A total of 234 courses of paclitaxel/carboplatin were applied. Paclitaxel was administered at a dose of 175 mg/m2, infused over 3 hours, every 21 days. Carboplatin was administered at an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 6. RESULTS: Thirty of the 37 patients responded to the chemotherapy, demonstrating an overall response of 81%. Seven patients died of the disease (19%). The mean overall survival was 20 months (25% quartile: 19, median and 75% quartile not reached). Thirteen patients (34%) developed peripheral neurotoxicity. In 10 cases (76%) neurotoxicity occurred after the fifth and sixth chemotherapy cycle. In all cases of severe neurotoxicity pathologic sensory nerve conduction-measurements were observed. In one patient a weakness of the left leg was observed. Apart from alopecia, other adverse effects were rare. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the therapeutic benefit of the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer. Neurologic toxicity, increasing with every cycle of the chemotherapy, was a clinically significant adverse effect in our study. However, peripheral neuropathy mainly affected sensory fibers, without involving motor nerves.

Fibrosarcoma of the uterus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: This case report presents the management of a patient with fibrosarcoma of the uterus. Until recently, no cases of fibrosarcomas of the uterus have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORT: A 40-year-old woman presented with complaints of slight vaginal bleeding, watery, white discharge and abdominal pain of 3 weeks' duration. The patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy. Intraoperative findings included an enlarged irregular-shaped uterus with lots of leiomyoma nodules. The largest leiomyoma nodule was about 8 cm in size and contained an area classified as a fibrosarcoma, presenting cellular immature-appearing fibroblasts growing in a fascicular arrangement. Because of the limited extension of the fibrosarcoma, no adjuvant therapy was performed. After surgical therapy the patient was followed without any evidence of disease for five years. CONCLUSION: Fibrosarcoma is a poorly-circumscribed infiltrative spindle soft tissue sarcoma, which is characterized by local growth and has a propensity for local recurrence. Metastases can occur, mostly to lung and bone. The treatment of choice is wide surgical excision usually followed by radiation therapy due to the high local recurrence rate.

Serum levels of angiogenin (ANG) in invasive cervical cancer and in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

BACKGROUND: The propensity of malignant tumors to increase in size, to invade locally and to metastasize is dependent on angiogenesis, which is induced by a variety of proteins including the family of fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin (ANG). The aim of the present study was to measure the serum levels of ANG in patients with CIN and invasive cervical cancer and to evaluate a possible correlation between ANG and various clinicopathologic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected from 62 patients with invasive cervical cancer and 47 patients with CIN. Serum samples of 30 age-matched healthy women acting as a control group were obtained. Determination of serum levels of ANG was performed using a quantitative human ANG immunoassay. RESULTS: The overall median ANG serum level was 272.0 pg/ml (range 101.6-869.2). The median serum levels of ANG were 248.9 (range 101.6-307.2) for healthy female controls, 246.8 (range 169.7-468.1) for patients with CIN and 308.1 pg/ml (range 180.1-869.2) for patients with invasive cervical cancer. Serum levels of ANG were significantly elevated in patients with invasive cervical cancer compared with patients with CIN (p < 0.05) as well as healthy female controls (p < 0.05). No difference was found between ANG serum levels in women with CIN, and healthy controls (p < 0.05). No correlations were found between serum levels of ANG and clinico-pathologic parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate the important role of ANG in tumor angiogenesis in invasive cervical cancer as ANG serum levels were significantly elevated in these patients. However, elevated ANG serum levels seem to occur only after the transformation from pre-invasive to invasive lesions.

pS2 and PAI-1 in ovarian cancer: correlation to pathohistological parameters.

The estrogen regulated pS2 protein and the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) have been reported as important tumor parameters both in breast and in ovarian cancer. We analysed the cytosolic concentrations of pS2 in 111 ovarian carcinoma and the cytosolic concentrations of PAI-1 in 104 ovarian cancers by RIA and ELISA. Using a cut-off level of 2 ng/mg protein we found 27% pS2+ tumors. We observed 42% PAI-1+ tumors using a out-off level of 1 ng/mg. We found a statistically significant decline in the pS2 status corresponding with an increase in the PAI-1 status from well to poor differentiation grade. The highest levels of pS2 and the lowest levels of PAI-1 were measured in borderline carcinoma. Significantly higher concentrations of pS2 were measured in mucinous over serous carcinoma. We found no significant correlation between PAI-1 and histologic subtypes, or between pS2 or PAI-1 and estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, age and tumor stage. To conclude, we found pS2 and PAI-1 concentrations to be correlated with the grade of differentiation. A correlation between protein status and histologic subtypes could be observed for pS2 but not for PAI-1.

Prognostic parameters in carcinosarcomas of the uterus: a clinico-pathologic study.

BACKGROUND: Carcinosarcomas of the uterus are highly aggressive malignant neoplasms with early lymphatic and hematogenous spread. The most important prognostic factor in carcinosarcoma is the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. The prognostic impact of other factors such as myometrial invasion, menopausal age, age, parity and adjuvant therapy is still being discussed controversially. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients with histologically proven carcinosarcoma were included in the analysis. The patients were staged according to a modification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for endometrial cancer. For each patient, the histological material was reviewed by an experienced pathologist. Carcinosarcoma was defined histologically as any tumor of uterine origin composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 91 months (25% quartile, 47 months; 75% quartile, 145 months). The median overall survival of the 19 patients was 59 months, resulting in a 5-year overall survival rate of 43%. Three out of the nineteen (16%) patients demonstrated progressive disease while 6 out of 10 (32%) patients developed recurrent disease with a median disease free survival of 16 months (range 8-54). Eleven out of nineteen (58%) patients died of the disease. A univariate model revealed that early tumor stage (stage 1) (p<0.023), low myometrial invasion (p<0.017) and late onset of the menopause (p<0.050) were significantly associated with a lengthened overall survival in patients with carcinosarcoma. Age (p=0.34), parity (p=0.16) and adjuvant radiotherapy (p=0.45) did not influence overall survival of patients with carcinosarcoma. CONCLUSION: Early tumor stage, low myometrial invasion and late onset of the menopause are associated with a lengthened overall survival in patients with carcinosarcoma.

Humoral p53 antibody response is a prognostic parameter in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Mutant p53 protein may become the target of a tumor-specific humoral and cellular immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a specific qualitative p53 antibody ELISA to investigate serum samples of 33 patients with ovarian cancer taken prior to therapy. Additionally, we sought to evaluate whether p53 antibodies are also present in the sera of 17 patients with benign ovarian tumors. RESULTS: p53 antibodies were detected in 36% of serum samples. There was a statistically significant association between p53 serum antibody response and poor overall survival (p < 0.006). No significant associations were found between p53 antibody status and histological type, histological grade, and tumor stage. In 81% of serum samples, no changes from p53 antibody negativity to positivity or vice versa during follow-up were observed. p53 antibodies were also detected in the sera of 18% of patients with benign ovarian tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study suggest that a p53 antibody response in patients with ovarian cancer is associated with poor prognosis. A qualitative method of p53 antibody detection cannot be used to monitor the clinical course of ovarian cancer.

A paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy does not cause central nervous adverse effects: a prospective study in patients with ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of a paclitaxel containing chemotherapy on different neuropsychological parameters in women with ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight women with histologically documented epithelial ovarian carcinoma and treated with a combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin entered the study. The patients were tested with a battery of different neuropsychological tests before, after 3 cycles and at the end of the chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty of the 28 patients responded to the chemotherapy (71%). Eleven patients (39%) developed peripheral neurotoxicity. The median values of 6 tests performed before the first chemotherapy cycle scored out of the normal range. These patients with deviant test results at the beginning of the paclitaxel/carboplatin infusions did not deteriorate during chemotherapy. We found a statistically significant improvement of the alphabetical cross out test from the first to the third measurement (mean increase = 4.07; 95% confidence interval = [0.99; 7.15]) (p < 0.05), indicating an improvement of the short-term attention, the concentration and the constancy of working during chemotherapy. The other tests failed to show statistically significant changes during chemotherapy (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our results, a chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel/carboplatin caused no signs of acute central nervous toxicity or neuropsychological deterioration.

Paclitaxel-carboplatin chemotherapy does not cause encephalopathy in patients with ovarian cancer: a prospective EEG mapping study in 28 patients.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate possible effects of a paclitaxel containing chemotherapy, on the central nervous system (CNS) in women with ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight women with histologically documented epithelial ovarian carcinoma and treated with a combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin entered the study. Patients were tested with resting EEG (R-EEG) before and after chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty of the 28 patients responded to the chemotherapy (71%). Eleven patients (39%) developed peripheral neurotoxicity. A decrease of beta power and an increase of delta and theta power as well as a deceleration of the total centroid frequency clearly demonstrated a reduced vigilance in patients with ovarian cancer compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, the observed increase of beta power, a decrease of delta and theta power, and an acceleration of the total centroid from pre- to post-treatment demonstrated an improvement of vigilance in patients with ovarian cancer after treatment with paclitaxel/carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin does not cause adverse effects on the central nervous system. Improved vigilance was measured in patients with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy.

Knowledge of tumor markers and the psychological consequences of tumor marker sampling in patients with gynecologic cancers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of knowledge about serum tumor markers in patients suffering from gynecologic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 360 women with a median age of 60 years (range: 26-88 years) visiting the oncological outpatient clinic of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University of Vienna, between February and July 1998, were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of patients (85.2%) believed it was important to know about tumor markers and felt safe when they knew the recent level of the tumor marker (71.6%). On the other hand, many patients felt they were insufficiently informed (43%). 88.9% of the patients did not know the recent serum level of the tumor marker. The patients who had been informed by a physician were significantly better informed about tumor markers than women relying on other sources such as nurses, relatives or other patients (p < 0.001). Patients with an age of more than 65 years significantly less frequently knew the meaning of tumor markers (p < 0.001). Fewer women suffering from ovarian cancer were uninformed about tumor markers as compared to women suffering from other malignancies (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the majority of patients in oncological follow-up are interested in tumor markers and want to be informed about these substances. Periodical serum tumor marker sampling is regarded as a safety measure by patients, but information about tumor markers should be improved.

The application of fibrin glue after axillary lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of human breast cancer.

Experimental studies point out that a reduction of lymph flow can be obtained by the local application of fibrin glue following axillary lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. In a prospective study the influence of human fibrin glue on postoperative axillary lymph secretion and the period of drainage of the wound cavity were evaluated. In 40 patients, 5 ml of fibrin glue (Tissucol) was applied to the wound cavity by the use of a spray applicator (Tissumat) immediately after axillary dissection of the lymph nodes. For drainage of the wound area Redon suction-drains were used. The daily amount of postoperative lymph secretion was measured and drains were removed at a lymph secretion of less than 20 ml. 40 patients who underwent surgery and axillary lymphadenectomy without subsequent application of fibrin glue sourced as control group. No significant difference concerning the total amount of lymph secretion, the mean period of drainage or the incidence of lymphatic cysts was observed. In our study, the expected occlusion of the wound cavity by the application of fibrin glue after axillary lymphadenectomy did not lead to any advantage when compared with the control group.

P53 antibody response in patients with vulvar cancer.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most common genetic changes identified in cancer cells. Several studies report alterations of the p53 gene in vulvar cancer. As observed in a wide variety of human malignomas, mutant p53 protein may provoke a specific humoral immune response. The possible occurrence of p53 antibodies in patients with vulvar cancer has not been investigated so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a specific p53 antibody ELISA to investigate serum samples of 41 patients with vulvar cancer taken prior to therapy and serum samples of 17 healthy controls. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients with vulvar cancer, 4 (10%) were found to be positive for serum p53 antibodies, contrary to the 17 healthy volunteers without p53 serum antibodies (chi-square test, p = 0.2). No significant correlations were found between p53 antibody status and tumor stage (p = 0.64), histological grade (p = 0.89), and patients' age (p = 0.87). We found no significant association between the p53 serum antibody status in vulvar cancer patients and disease-free (p = 0.67) and overall survival (p = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, it is the first time that p53 antibodies have been detected in the sera of patients with vulvar cancer. However, p53 serum antibodies did not serve as prognostic markers in vulvar cancer.

Risk factors for third-degree perineal tears in vaginal delivery, with an analysis of episiotomy types.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for third-degree perineal tears during vaginal delivery and to investigate the relation between different types of episiotomy and the occurrence of such tears. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective multicenter study consisted of an analysis of data from the delivery databases of the University Hospital of Vienna and Semmelweis Frauenklinic Wien between February and July 1999. The study was restricted to a sample that included all women with uncomplicated pregnancy as well as uncomplicated first and second stages of labor, gestational age > 37 weeks and a pregnancy with cephalic presentation. Women with multiple gestations, noncephalic presentation, cesarean deliveries, shoulder dystocia and gestational age < or = 37 weeks were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Among the 1,118 births, 37 women (3.3%) experienced third-degree perineal tears. The use of episiotomy per se and the type of episiotomy (midline) as well as forceps delivery, primiparity, large infant head diameter, prolonged second stage of labor and use of oxytocin were identified as risk factors for third-degree perineal tears during vaginal delivery. When analyzing different types of episiotomy, there was approximately a sixfold-higher risk of third-degree perineal tears in women undergoing midline episiotomy as compared to mediolateral episiotomy. A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that episiotomy, prolonged second stage of labor and large infant head diameter remained independent risk factors for third-degree perineal tears. CONCLUSION: We found several risk factors for third-degree perineal tears. The use of midline episiotomy was associated especially with an increased risk of severe anal sphincter tears. To prevent women from long-term sequelae due to third-degree perineal tears, avoidable risk factors should be minimized whenever possible.

Perineal lacerations during spontaneous vaginal delivery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of perineal lacerations during normal spontaneous vaginal delivery and to evaluate potential risk factors. METHODS: The study is based on an analysis of data from the obstetric database of the University Hospital of Vienna and the Semmelweis Women's Hospital Vienna, from February 1999 through to July 1999. Women with vaginal deliveries, uncomplicated pregnancies, uncomplicated first and second stage of labor, gestational age > 37 weeks and pregnancies with cephalic presentation were included. RESULTS: Of 1009 women, 36.2% had perineal lacerations (18.1% had first-degree, 15.2% second-degree, and 2.9% third-degree perineal tears). Univariate logistic regression models showed that only low parity (p = 0.004), the absence of episiotomy (p = 0.0001), and a large head diameter of the infant (p = 0.005) increased the risk for perineal laceration. After adjustment in multivariate analysis, low parity (p = 0.0001), the absence of episiotomy (p = 0.0001) and a large head diameter (p = 0.0004) remained independent risk factors for perineal laceration. Additionally, advanced age of the mother was associated with an increased risk of perineal laceration (p = 0.03). When analyzing the probability for third-degree perineal tears, a strong association with primiparity (p = 0.01), the use of episiotomy (p = 0.0001), a prolonged second stage of labor (p = 0.0001), a large head diameter of the infant (p = 0.01) and the use of oxytocin (p = 0.008) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Primiparous women who are being delivered of a large child are at a greater risk for severe perineal lacerations. In the study population episiotomy did not appear to protect against severe perineal lacerations.

Paclitaxel does not cause central nervous adverse effects: a prospective vigilance-controlled EEG mapping study in ovarian cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate potential adverse effects of paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy on the central nervous system in women with ovarian cancer. METHODS: Twenty-eight women with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian carcinoma and treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin were entered into the study. Patients were tested with vigilance-controlled EEG before and after chemotherapy. Additionally, a battery of neuropsychologic tests before, after 3 cycles and at the end of the chemotherapy were performed. RESULTS: Twenty of the 28 patients responded to chemotherapy (71%). Eleven patients (39%) developed peripheral neurotoxicity. A reduced vigilance in patients with ovarian cancer prior to chemotherapy compared to healthy controls was observed (clearly demonstrated by an attenuated total power, a decrease in fast alpha and slow beta activity, an increase in delta and theta activity as well as a deceleration of the centroid of the total power spectrum). On the other hand, an improved vigilance in patients with ovarian cancer treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin was observed (demonstrated by an increase in total power and an increase in beta power, being more pronounced in the right than in the left hemisphere, between pre- and post-treatment). The results of EEG mapping concurred with those of psychometric tests. The test results did not deteriorate during chemotherapy. A statistically significant improvement in the alphabetical crossout test from the first to the third measurement was observed, indicating an improvement in short-term attention, concentration and the constancy of work during chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin does not cause encephalopathy, but a trend towards an improved vigilance and an improvement of short-term attention and concentration was observed in patients with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy.