Using HIV surveillance data: recent experiences and avenues for the future.

HIV surveillance systems provide information that is crucial to our understanding of epidemic dynamics among different populations in different settings. Surveillance data are also used for advocacy, to inform policies and programming, and for monitoring. Multiple data sources may be used and will expand in the future as service statistics from prevention and treatment programmes become available. Important and new priorities in HIV surveillance data use at the national and local levels can build on past experience with surveillance reports, national estimates, advocacy materials, and communications to the media. A new framework, integrated analysis of data from expanded surveillance systems and other sources, is proposed to inform improved programming. The approach allows making effective programme choices, based on the analysis of biological and behavioral data and the coverage of interventions in an integrated fashion. The comparison of surveillance data with financial data provides added insights in the adequacy of the response. These findings and experiences set a new agenda for technical and structural directions to improve data use in countries.

Sentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted infections/HIV and risk behaviors in vulnerable populations in 5 Central American countries.

In El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, we recruited 2466 female sex workers (FSWs) by probabilistic or comprehensive sampling and 1418 men who have sex with men (MSM) by convenience sampling to measure sociobehavioral risk and sexually transmitted infections. For MSM, HIV seroprevalence ranged from 7.6% in Nicaragua to 15.3% in El Salvador, and estimated HIV seroincidence per 100 person-years ranged from 2.7 in Panama to 14.4 in Nicaragua; 61% reported using condoms consistently with casual male partners, 29% reported exposure to behavioral interventions, and 22% reported recent sex with male and female partners. For FSWs, HIV seroprevalence ranged from 0.2% in Nicaragua and Panama to 9.6% in Honduras, where estimated HIV seroincidence was also highest (3.2 per 100 person-years); 77% and 72% of FSWs reported using condoms consistently with new and regular clients. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seroprevalence averaged 85.3% in FSWs and 48.2% in MSM, and syphilis seropositivity averaged 9.6% in FSWs and 8.3% in MSM. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalences in FSWs averaged 20.1% and 8.1%, and Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis prevalences averaged 11.0% and 54.8%. An ongoing HIV epidemic involves Central American MSM with potential bridging to women. In FSWs, HSV-2 infection was associated with HIV infection (odds ratio = 11.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 7.9). For these vulnerable populations, prevention must incorporate acceptable and effective sexual health services, including improved condom access and promotion.