RESUMO
The aims of this practice-based evidence study were to (a) examine clients' trajectories of psychological and spiritual distress over the course of spiritually integrated psychotherapies (SIPs) and (b) explore the role of varying types of spiritual interventions in these outcomes. In total, 164 practitioners of SIPs from 37 settings in a practice-research network administered the Clinically Adaptive Multidimensional Outcome Survey (Sanders et al., 2018) at each session with 1,227 clients and reported their use of theoretical orientations and spiritual interventions on an after-session summary checklist. Focusing on sessions over an initial 12-week period, latent growth curve modeling analyses revealed that clients, on average, experienced significant reduction of psychological distress during their engagement in SIPs with improvements occurring most sharply in the first month. Further, other findings revealed a salient reciprocal interplay with spiritual distress throughout treatment, such that clients who were struggling with their religious faith and/or spirituality were more psychologically distressed and displayed a more attenuated and gradual pattern of symptom reduction. In such cases, clinicians frequently utilized spiritual interventions involving basic skills (e.g., spiritual assessment), virtues (e.g., discuss self-control), and religious attachment (e.g., encourage acceptance of divine love) that were uniquely associated with clients' rate and duration of decline in psychological and spiritual distress. The present findings affirm the routine effectiveness of SIPs along with highlighting the potential value of certain spiritual interventions in supporting holistic recovery among clients who want clinicians to be culturally responsive to their spiritual and/or religious identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Angústia Psicológica , Psicoterapia , Espiritualidade , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Psicoterapia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Terapias Espirituais/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This practice-based evidence study examined trajectories of God representations and psychological distress among Christians participating in spiritually integrated psychotherapies (SIPs). METHODS: In total, 17 clinicians practicing SIPs in a mid-sized city on the US Gulf Coast implemented session-to-session assessments of these outcomes with 158 clients over a 4-month period and also reported their use of specific spiritual interventions after each session (e.g., affirmed client's divine worth). RESULTS: Multivariate growth modeling revealed clients' psychological distress decreased over the study period whereas authoritarian God representations increased and benevolent God representations remained stable. In addition, clients who increased in benevolent representations of God had a greater likelihood of experiencing alleviation of psychological distress. CONCLUSION: These findings affirm the potential efficacy of SIPs and cultural importance of belief in a benevolent deity as a source of strength, identity, and potential healing among Christians clients who prefer a spiritually integrated approach in psychotherapy.
Assuntos
Psicoterapia , Espiritualidade , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Researchers have documented significant psychological problems among nursing students, but findings have been inconclusive as to whether nursing students are "at-risk" for mental health problems compared with their non-nursing peers. AIMS: This study examined whether nursing students have unique mental health characteristics compared with students from other professions. METHOD: Undergraduates (N = 18,312; nursing n = 1,399) were selected from the 2016-2017 National Healthy Minds Study. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (anxiety), and the Flourishing Scale (positive psychology). RESULTS: Nursing students were equally likely to screen positive for depression and anxiety compared with their non-nursing peers. However, when controlling for gender, age, and year in school, multigroup structural equation modeling analyses revealed that female (but not male) nursing students reported significantly higher levels of specific anxiety symptoms and certain psychological strengths than female students from other professions. Nursing students are equally likely to screen positive for depression or anxiety as their non-nursing peers; however, anxiety disorders may reflect symptom profiles unique to nursing students. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest a need for tailored screening and interventions to reduce mental health problems and harness psychological strengths unique to nursing students.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estudantes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Research has indicated that pornography viewing is related to romantic relationship problems. However, the correlations across past studies have been small. We tested a model in which playboy norm conformity (i.e. desires to have frequent sex with multiple partners) functions as a confound between pornography viewing constructs on three romantic relationship wellbeing indicators: Relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and infidelity proclivity. Results from men (n = 286) and women (n = 717) indicated that the significant inverse correlations between relationship satisfaction and relationship commitment with pornography viewing constructs becomes non-significant when playboy norm conformity is accounted. Further, the positive relationship between pornography viewing and infidelity proclivity also becomes non-significant in women (no initial connection between pornography viewing and infidelity proclivity was found in men). Though conformity to playboy norms was more strongly related to all romantic relationship wellbeing indicators across genders, pornography viewing frequency was still significantly inversely correlated with relationship satisfaction for women; though the effect size was small. Moderation analyses suggested that pornography viewing frequency was more strongly inversely correlated with relationship satisfaction for women than men. Cumulatively, our results suggest conformity to playboy norms is a significant confounding variable between pornography viewing and romantic relationship wellbeing.
Assuntos
Literatura Erótica/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Satisfação Pessoal , Parceiros Sexuais , Adulto , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Papel de Gênero , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
AIM: Academic distress is a leading cause of attrition among nursing students. The present study tested a positive psychology-oriented model detailing the potential links between nursing students': (a) psychological resilience; (b) depressive symptoms; (c) intrapersonal well-being; (d) interpersonal well-being; and (e) academic distress. Additionally, we tested whether the academic benefits of resilience were conditional upon nursing students' perceptions of their campus climate as supportive of mental health and well-being. DESIGN: A correlational, cross-sectional design was employed. METHOD: Nursing students (N = 933) were selected from the national 2017-2018 Healthy Minds Study (HMS). Students completed measures of resilience, depressive symptoms, intrapersonal well-being (flourishing), interpersonal well-being (belonging), and academic distress. RESULTS: Conditional process modelling tested depression, belonging, and flourishing as mediators of the associations between resilience and academic distress variables. Furthermore, perceptions of campus climate were included as potential moderators of these mediation effects. Results indicated that the protective academic benefits of resilience were primarily explained by decreases in depression but that this effect was strongest for nursing students with negative perceptions of their campus climate. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the psychological and academic benefits of greater resilience and the moderated mediation results suggest that such benefits were conditional on the broader campus climate. IMPACT: Nurse educators and policymakers should consider addressing contextual factors, such as campus climate, in addition to resilience training in their efforts to reduce the negative academic impacts of mental health problems and stress in nursing school.
Assuntos
Resiliência Psicológica , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Estudos Transversais , Depressão , Docentes de Enfermagem , HumanosRESUMO
Although the empirical link between experience of racism and academic concerns has been documented, researchers have not used a cross-lagged longitudinal design to disentangle the temporal relations between perceived discrimination and academic outcomes among Latinx college students. It is important to identify whether perceived discrimination predicts greater academic concerns or whether academic concerns predict higher levels of sensitivity to rejection and, therefore, increased self-reports of discrimination. To address this gap in the empirical literature, the present study tested a cross-lagged model to investigate the temporal relations between Latinx college students' perceived discrimination and academic distress while controlling for the effects of depression. Participants were 203 Latinx college students from a Southwestern U.S. public university who completed the same questionnaires at 2 time points, 1 year apart. The authors found that a cross-lagged model exhibited superior fit to a model with only autoregressive paths (e.g., Time 1 academic distress predicting Time 2 academic distress). Only one cross-lagged effect was significant: Time 1 perceived discrimination positively predicted academic distress at Time 2, although the reverse was not true. The practical implications of these findings for the prevention of discrimination and academic distress on college campuses are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Sucesso Acadêmico , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Racismo/psicologia , Racismo/tendências , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Percepção , Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The psychology of hope is used to conceptualize how college students successfully meet their personal and professional goals and ultimately persist to graduation. However, limited evidence has suggested that high levels of hope might have a paradoxical effect for Black college students when faced with experiences of discrimination. The present study examined the moderation effects of hope on the associations between experiences of discrimination and perceptions of stress and academic integration among a sample of 1st-year U.S. Black college students (N = 203) partly derived from secondary data. Structural equation modeling revealed inverse associations between hope and stress, as well as positive associations between hope and academic integration. However, latent variable moderation revealed that students with high levels of hope had the strongest positive associations between discrimination and stress, thus supporting a paradoxical effect. By contrast, the negative association between discrimination and academic integration emerged for only students with low levels of hope. Results suggest the psychological and academic benefits of hope are complex. Specifically, in the context of discrimination experiences, hope may have a paradoxical effect for Black students' mental health while still retaining a positive and buffering effect for their academic integration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Esperança , Saúde Mental , Racismo/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades , Logro , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental/tendências , Racismo/tendências , Universidades/tendências , Adulto JovemRESUMO
More than half of practicing nurses have suboptimal physical or mental health. Impaired health is associated with a 76% higher likelihood that nurses will make medical errors. Improving the health habits of nursing students is essential to shaping and sustaining health prior to joining the workforce. Technology such as mobile health applications holds great promise in facilitating behavioral change and encouraging healthy habits in nursing students. Identifying the predictors of willingness to use mobile health is essential to creating mobile health applications that will engage nursing students and promote sustainable usage. Evaluation of psychological, attitudinal, and health-related correlates of mobile health can highlight predictors of willingness to use mobile health, which can influence nursing students' utilization and long-term engagement with mobile health applications. Analysis of these correlates shows that psychological attributes, such as hope, play a role in the willingness to use and may facilitate engagement in the utilization of a mobile health application. Development of a mobile health application that increases hope and helps establish healthy habits may enable nursing students to remain healthy throughout their lives, creating a new generation of happier, healthier nurses and, ultimately, improving safety for patients under their care.
Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Telemedicina/normas , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Promoção da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Estudantes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Telemedicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Universidades/organização & administração , Universidades/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Military personnel may encounter morally injurious events that lead to emotional, social, and spiritual suffering that transcend and/or overlap with mental health diagnoses (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]). Advancement of scientific research and potential clinical innovation for moral injury (MI) requires a diversity of measurement approaches. Drawing on results from the bifactor model in Currier et al.'s (2017) psychometric evaluation of the Expressions of Moral Injury Scale-Military version (EMIS-M), this study validated a four-item short form of the instrument with two samples of veterans with a history of war-zone service. Namely, despite the reduced number of items, the EMIS-M-Short Form (SF) yielded favourable internal consistency and comparable levels of convergent validity with theoretically related constructs (e.g., PTSD and struggles with morality and ultimate meaning) as the full-length version. Notwithstanding the possible utility of distinguishing between self- and other-directed forms of MI, factor analytic results further revealed that the EMIS-M-SF was best conceptualized with a unidimensional factorial model that might allow for a general assessment of MI-related outcomes. Overall, these initial results suggest that the EMIS-M-SF may hold promise as a short, reliable, and valid assessment of overall outcomes related to a possible MI.
Assuntos
Militares/psicologia , Princípios Morais , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Veteranos/psicologia , Adulto , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estados Unidos , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
War zone veterans who experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms might struggle with co-occurring cognitive, emotional, and behavioral expressions of suffering that align with conceptual definitions of moral injury (MI). However, given that PTSD is a multidimensional condition, disentangling the apparent interplay with MI may inform clinical practice and research. This study incorporated a cross-lagged design to explore temporal associations between self- and other-directed outcomes related to MI and severity of DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters while accounting for depressive symptoms. Drawing on the Expressions of Moral Injury Scale-Military Version in a community sample of 182 previously deployed veterans, MI-related outcomes were linked with severity of PTSD symptom clusters at two assessments spaced apart by 6 months, rs = .58-.62. Of possible models for conceptualizing the temporal nature of these associations, structural equation modeling analyses revealed a cross-lagged primary MI model best fit veterans' responses. Within this model, veterans' self-directed MI at Time 1 predicted greater PTSD symptoms at the 6-month follow-up. However, an equivalent cross-lagged path also emerged between Time 1 PTSD Cluster D symptoms and self-directed MI at Time 2, suggesting the value of a reciprocal MI model for this symptom domain. In contrast, other-directed outcomes of MI were not linked with PTSD in the presence of other variables. Overall, these findings support the prognostic value of assessing for MI-related outcomes among veterans who might be struggling with PTSD symptomatology, particularly with respect to self-directed problems associated with enduring moral distress.
Spanish Abstracts by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET) Asociaciones temporales entre daño moral y grupos sintomáticos de TEPT en veteranos militares ASOCIACIONES TEMPORALES ENTRE DAÑO MORAL Y TEPT Los veteranos en zona de guerra que experimentan síntomas de trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) pueden tener dificultades con las expresiones de sufrimiento cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales concomitantes que se alinean con las definiciones conceptuales de daño moral (DM). Sin embargo, dado que el TEPT es una condición multidimensional, desenredar la interacción aparente con el DM puede informar la práctica clínica y la investigación. Este estudio incorporo un diseño cruzado para explorar las asociaciones temporales entre los resultados auto-dirigidos y dirigidos por otros relacionados con el DM y la gravedad de los grupos sintomáticos de TEPT del DSM-5 mientras se toman en consideración los síntomas depresivos. Basándose en las Escala de Expresiones de Daño Moral - Versión Militar en una muestra comunitaria de 182 veteranos previamente desplazados, los resultados relacionados con DM estuvieron ligados con la severidad de los grupos sintomáticos de TEPT en las dos evaluaciones, espaciadas por 6 meses, rs = .58 -.62. De los posibles modelos para conceptualizar la naturaleza temporal de estas asociaciones, el análisis de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales revelo que un modelo de DM primario cruzado se adapta mejor a las respuestas de los veteranos. Dentro de este modelo, los veteranos con DM auto-dirigido en el momento 1 predijeron más síntomas de TEPT a los 6 meses de seguimiento. Sin embargo, tambien surgió un camino cruzado equivalente entre el tiempo 1 del grupo sintomático D de TEPT y DM auto-dirigido en el tiempo 2, sugiriendo el valor de un modelo de DM recíproco para este dominio de síntomas. En contraste, los resultados de DM dirigido a otros no estuvieron ligados con TEPT en la presencia de otras variables. En general, estos hallazgos apoyan el valor pronóstico de la evaluación de los resultados relacionados con DM entre veteranos que podrían estar luchando con sintomatología de TEPT, particularmente con respecto a los problemas auto-dirigidos asociados con sufrimiento moral duradero.
Assuntos
Princípios Morais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Vergonha , Inquéritos e Questionários , Síndrome , Lesões Relacionadas à Guerra/psicologiaRESUMO
Many college men express stigma of seeking psychological help, possibly due to masculine gender role socialization proscribing help seeking. However, not every man who buys into restrictive masculine roles expresses self-stigma of seeking help, suggesting the presence of potential moderating variables. The present study examined self-compassion and self-coldness as potential moderating variables on the associations between men's masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help. College men (N = 777) were recruited via e-mail to participate in a brief online survey. Structural equation modeling revealed that masculine gender role stress was positively associated with self-stigma and self-coldness but was negatively associated with self-compassion. Both self-compassion and self-coldness were significant moderators. Men with low levels of self-compassion evidenced the strongest positive associations between masculine gender role stress and self-stigma, whereas men with low (but not high) self-coldness evidenced positive associations with self-stigma. These findings highlight differences between self-compassion and self-coldness and suggest that high levels of self-compassion may be a protective factor in reducing the associations between rigid masculinities and men's stigma of seeking help. By contrast, men with extremely negative and critical self-views may be likely to report stigma of seeking help regardless of their endorsement of rigid masculinities. Intervention and prevention implications include helping men enhance their self-compassion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Empatia , Masculinidade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Autoimagem , Estigma Social , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Empatia/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico/terapia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study had three aims: assess the extent to which middle school children in southern Alabama were classified as overweight or obese; determine the magnitude of the relation between children's attitudes toward healthy eating and their actual dietary choices; and examine the role of race, sex, and ZIP codes on children's eating attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: Registered dietitians took height and weight measurements of middle school children in southern Alabama to establish body mass index (BMI). Children were given a Likert-type survey with multiple-choice items to assess the study's objectives. Descriptive statistics were generated, and structural equation modeling was used to examine potential moderating effects on the associations between a latent variable of healthy eating attitudes and a latent variable of healthy eating behaviors across race and ethnicity. A series of analyses of variance was used to determine any significant differences in the children's attitudes across schools. The χ2 tests were used to examine potential race differences in BMI. RESULTS: A total of 630 children participated in the study. Their average age was 12 years. More than half (53%) of the children were girls, and more than half (61%) were White. Approximately one-third (29%) identified as Black/African America. A large proportion of children across the sample (42.3%) were classified as overweight or obese. The multigroup structural equation modeling yielded a significant direct path between healthy attitudes and healthy eating behaviors. Healthy eating attitudes strongly predicted intentions toward healthy eating behaviors for children classified as normal weight and for those children classified as overweight or obese. Children's BMI classifications did not differ significantly across schools, race, or sex. CONCLUSIONS: A large percentage of children in south Alabama were classified as overweight or obese, conditions that are preventable. Moreover, evidence suggests a lack of nutritious food in their diets. Children overall endorsed healthy eating attitudes, and those attitudes were strongly related to healthy food choices; however, their level of healthy food consumption was not related to their BMI classification. Although children in this study were from three schools and represented a variety of racial, sex, and socioeconomic systems, there were more similarities than differences in their healthy eating attitudes or behavior. These similarities highlight the need for research to examine other factors, such as southern culture, as a potential contributor to childhood obesity.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Preferências Alimentares , Obesidade Infantil , Alabama/epidemiologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação Nutricional , Obesidade Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
There is consensus that military personnel can encounter a far more diverse set of challenges than researchers and clinicians have historically appreciated. Moral injury (MI) represents an emerging construct to capture behavioural, social, and spiritual suffering that may transcend and overlap with mental health diagnoses (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder). The Expressions of Moral Injury Scale-Military Version (EMIS-M) was developed to provide a reliable and valid means for assessing the warning signs of a MI in military populations. Drawing on independent samples of veterans who had served in a war-zone environment, factor analytic results revealed 2 distinct factors related to MI expressions directed at both self (9 items) and others (8 items). These subscales generated excellent internal consistency and temporal stability over a 6-month period. When compared to measures of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and other theoretically relevant constructs (e.g., forgiveness, social support, moral emotions, and combat exposure), EMIS-M scores demonstrated strong convergent, divergent, and incremental validity. In addition, although structural equation modelling findings supported a possible general MI factor in Study 2, the patterns of associations for self- and other-directed expressions yielded evidence for differential validity with varying forms of forgiveness and combat exposure. As such, the EMIS-M provides a face valid, psychometrically validated tool for assessing expressions of apparent MI subtypes in research and clinical settings. Looking ahead, the EMIS-M will hopefully advance the scientific understanding of MI while supporting innovation for clinicians to tailor evidence-based treatments and/or develop novel approaches for addressing MI in their work.
Assuntos
Princípios Morais , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: National health priorities identify adolescent sexual-risk behavior outcomes as research and intervention targets for mental health. OBJECTIVE: Reduce sexual-risk behavioral outcomes by applying self-determination theory to focus on decision-making autonomy. This study examined late adolescents' recollections of parental autonomy support/sexual-risk communication experiences and autonomy motivation as predictors of sexual-risk behaviors/knowledge. METHOD: A convenience sample ( N = 249) of 19- and 20-year-old university students completed self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling with latent variables examined direct/indirect effects in the hypothesized model. RESULTS: Parents contributed uniquely through sexual-risk communication and/or autonomy support to late adolescents' autonomous motivation. The final model evidenced acceptable fit and explained 12% of the variation in adolescent sexual-risk behavior, 7% in adolescent autonomous motivation, and 2% in adolescent sexual-risk knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric mental health nurses should conduct further research and design interventions promoting parent autonomy support and adolescent autonomous motivation to reduce sexual risk-behavior and increase sexual-risk knowledge.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Autonomia Pessoal , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Pais/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The purpose of this brief report was to ascertain student veterans' patterns of help-seeking from professional, informal, and religious sources. In total, 350 veterans from an academic institution on the Gulf Coast completed assessments of help-seeking intentions from a range of potential sources in their communities. Analyses revealed that veterans had a neutral probability to seek help from professional sources (e.g., physicians and psychologists) but were likely to pursue informal sources (e.g., partner/spouse, friend) in a psychological/emotional crisis. However, when compared with their nonclinical counterparts, veterans with a probable need for treatment for PTSD and/or depression generally reported less probability to seek help from informal and religious sources. In addition, sex, ethnicity, and religious background each contributed a significant influence in shaping preferences for seeking help for psychological or emotional concerns. Given unmet mental health needs of student veterans, findings highlight the importance attending to help-seeking preferences in this growing population.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento de Busca de Ajuda , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Using multigroup structural equation modeling in a large sample of online-survey respondents (N = 6,744), the present study examined the reliability and dimensionality of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF), a popular measurement of traditional masculinity ideology (TMI), and also tested measurement invariance between individuals that do and do not fit the White heterosexual male TMI reference group. Results indicated that (a) it is appropriate to model the MRNI-SF using either a bifactor or unidimensional model but not a second-order model, (b) the raw MRNI-SF total score is a suitable measure of the general TMI construct, (c) the raw self-reliance through mechanical skills and negativity toward sexual minorities subscale scores may be appropriate measures of their respective specific factors (akin to subscale factors), and (d) SEM or ipsatizing procedures should be used to model the 5 other specific factors, given the insufficient model-based reliability of their raw subscale scores. When comparing men to women, White men to Black and Asian men, and gay men to heterosexual men, the MRNI-SF demonstrated configural invariance and at least partial metric invariance (i.e., measured similar constructs). However, scalar and residuals invariance were only supported for Asian men compared to White men. Taken together, these findings suggest that a general TMI factor of the MRNI-SF is best represented by a bifactor model, even in individuals that do not fit the White heterosexual male TMI reference group, but the instrument may be tapping somewhat different constructs in women, Black men, and gay men. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Masculinidade , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , População Branca/psicologiaRESUMO
The current study extended prior work on the Femininity Ideology Scale (FIS), a multidimensional measure of traditional femininity ideology (TFI), in several ways. First, we conducted exploratory factor and bifactor analyses, which revealed a general TFI factor and 3 specific factors: dependence/deference, purity, and emotionality/traditional roles. Second, based on these results we developed the 12-item FIS-Short Form (FIS-SF). Third, we assessed the FIS-SF using confirmatory factor analysis on a separate sample, finding that the items loaded on the general factor and 3 specific factors as hypothesized, and that the bifactor model fit better than common factors and unidimensional models. Fourth, model-based reliability estimates tentatively support the use of raw scores to represent the general TFI factor and the emotionality/traditional roles specific factor, but the other 2 specific factors are best measured using SEM or by ipsatizing their scores. Fifth, we assessed measurement invariance across 2 gender groups, finding evidence for configural invariance for all factors, and for partial metric invariance for the specific factors. Sixth, we found evidence for the convergent construct validity of the FIS-SF general factor and the emotionality/traditional roles specific factors by examining relationships with the latent variables of several constructs in the nomological network. The results are discussed in relationship to prior literature, future research directions, applications to counseling practice, and limitations. Data (N = 1,472, 907 women, 565 men, 530 people of color) were from community and college participants who responded to an online survey. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assuntos
Feminilidade , Identidade de Gênero , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores Sexuais , Apoio Social , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Confirmatory factor analysis of responses to the Male Role Norms Inventory-Adolescent-revised (MRNI-A-r) from 384 middle school students (163 boys, 221 girls) indicated that the best fit to the data was a bifactor model incorporating the hypothesized 3-factor structure while explicitly modeling an additional, general factor. Specifically, each item-level indicator loaded simultaneously on 2 factors: a general traditional masculinity ideology factor and a specific factor corresponding to 1 of the 3 hypothesized masculine norms for adolescents: Emotionally Detached Dominance, Toughness, and Avoidance of Femininity. Invariance testing across gender supported metric invariance for the general factor only. Although item loadings on the general factor were similar across boys and girls, the specific factor loadings varied substantially, with many becoming nonsignificant in the presence of the general factor for girls. A structural regression analysis predicting latent variables of the Meanings of Adolescent Masculinity Scale (MAMS), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and the Discipline, School Difficulties, and Positive Behavior Scale (DSDPBS) indicated that the general factor was a strong predictor of MAMS for both genders and DSDPBS for girls. Findings indicate that the MRNI-A-r general factor is a valid and reliable indicator of overall internalization of traditional masculinity ideology in adolescents; however, the specific factors may have different meanings for boys as compared with girls and lack validity in the presence of the general factor. These findings are consistent with a developmental perspective of gender ideology that views adolescence as a time when a differentiated cognitive schema of masculine norms is beginning to develop. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assuntos
Identidade de Gênero , Masculinidade , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Nearly 85 % of emerging adults report using at least one social media site. Research suggests that viewing and internalizing unrealistic body ideals often displayed online may pose harmful effects on young people's body image. However, studies on the relationships between social media usage and body image have predominantly focused on women's drive for thinness. We sought to explore the relationships between social media appearance-related preoccupation (SMARP), body shame and surveillance, and drives for leanness, muscularity, and thinness, specifically examining the moderating role of gender within these relationships. Data from 939 undergraduate students (n = 240 men) were analyzed using multigroup structural equation modeling. Surveillance significantly mediated the positive associations between SMARP and drive for leanness for women and men. For SMARP and drive for muscularity, surveillance was a mediator for men only. Shame emerged as a significant mediator of the positive association between SMARP and drive for thinness for women and men. Moderated mediation was supported, such that the indirect effect of SMARP on drive for thinness was significantly stronger for women. These results suggest that for men in particular, SMARP is not necessarily associated with increased drives for leanness and muscularity unless men are also engaging in body surveillance.
RESUMO
Primary prevention of men's intimate partner violence (IPV) toward women in dating relationships is an important area of psychological inquiry and a significant concern for counselors working with college student populations. Previous research has identified that certain beliefs condoning or accepting physical, sexual, and psychological violence in relationships are key risk factors for IPV perpetration; however, comparatively few studies have examined the social and relational variables related to IPV acceptance attitudes. In the present study, we proposed and tested a structural model examining the combined contributions of adult attachment dimensions (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and masculine gender role stress in the prediction of IPV acceptance attitudes in a large sample of college men (N = 419). We hypothesized that the relationship between attachment insecurity and IPV acceptance attitudes would be partially mediated by men's gender role stress. A partially mediated model produced the best indices of model fit, accounting for 31% of the variance in an IPV acceptance attitudes latent variable. A bootstrapping procedure confirmed the significance of mediation effects. These results suggest that aspects of adult attachment insecurity are associated with tendencies to experience stress from violations of rigidly internalized traditional male role norms, which, in turn, are associated with acceptance of IPV. Findings are further discussed in relation to adult attachment theory (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007), gender role strain theory (Pleck, 1995), and their implications for IPV prevention in college student populations.