RESUMO
Poor retention in HIV care remains a major problem for Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA). A Standardized Patient (SP) clinical training intervention was developed to improve healthcare worker (HCW) "adolescent-friendly" competencies in Kenya. Professional actors were trained to portray HIV-infected AYA according to standardized scripts. HCWs completed a 2-day SP training that included didactic sessions, 7 video-recorded SP encounters, and group debriefing. AYA health experts rated HCWs by reviewing the video recordings. All HCWs (10/10) reported high satisfaction with the intervention and overall improvement in self-rated competency in caring for HIV-infected AYA. Cases were reported to be realistic and relevant by between 7 and 10 of 10 HCWs. The case on disclosure and adherence was rated as most challenging in communication and making medical decisions by HCWs. Areas identified by SPs for improvement by HCWs included allowing patients time to ask questions, and enabling SP to share sensitive information. The overall ICC by experts was low 0.27 (95% CI: -0.79 to 0.95), however, ICCs in assessment of HIV disclosure 0.78 (95% CI: 0.17-0.98), and sexual behavior 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89-0.99) were high. This intervention was acceptable for Kenyan HCWs and improved self-rated competency in caring for HIV-infected AYA.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde do Adolescente/organização & administração , Assistência à Saúde Culturalmente Competente , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Simulação de Paciente , Treinamento por Simulação , Adolescente , Adulto , Características Culturais , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Quênia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Projetos Piloto , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Gravação de Videoteipe , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Behavioral cues are believed to be useful to identify pain among elders who may be experiencing pain but unable to express it. To examine this assumption, we recruited 192 elders who could verbally express pain to determine whether regression models combining behavioral cues (motor and gait patterns) predicted verbal pain reports. In the best model, age (p < .01) and subscales that measured guarding (p < .001) and joint flexion (p < .01) motor patterns were significant predictors of verbal pain reports. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the best cutoff for predictive probability was 40-44%, with a fair to good C statistic of .78 (SD = .04). With a 40% cutoff, sensitivity and specificity were 71.6% and 71.0%, respectively. The investigators concluded that the final model could serve as a building block for the development of a tool using behavioral cues to identify elders' pain.
Assuntos
Comunicação não Verbal , Osteoartrite do Joelho/diagnóstico , Dor/diagnóstico , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Marcha/fisiologia , Humanos , Locomoção/fisiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Comunicação não Verbal/fisiologia , Comunicação não Verbal/psicologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/fisiopatologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/psicologia , Dor/fisiopatologia , Dor/psicologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Many elderly individuals with cognitive impairment (CI) suffer from chronic pain resulting from osteoarthritis (OA). They have diminished ability to communicate their pain to health care providers, and when pain is undetected, it may be untreated. A method of detecting chronic OA pain in elderly individuals with Cl and measuring treatment outcomes is thus urgently needed. This article examines indicators of chronic OA pain in cognitively intact elderly individuals that could be used to identify pain in elderly individuals with Cl. The review suggests that patients with severe knee or hip OA pain tend to show specific motor patterns, disturbances of gait patterns, and reduction of activity level. Therefore, these behaviors could serve as alternatives to verbal report of chronic pain in elderly individuals with Cl and knee or hip OA.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Avaliação Geriátrica/métodos , Avaliação em Enfermagem/métodos , Osteoartrite do Quadril/complicações , Osteoartrite do Joelho/complicações , Medição da Dor/métodos , Dor/diagnóstico , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Viés , Doença Crônica , Barreiras de Comunicação , Marcha , Enfermagem Geriátrica/educação , Enfermagem Geriátrica/métodos , Humanos , Destreza Motora , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/educação , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/psicologia , Dor/etiologia , Dor/psicologia , Medição da Dor/enfermagem , Procurador/psicologia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Falling is associated with psychosocial sequelae that may influence functional performance and fall risk. Exercise can improve psychosocial factors. To address the research questions (1) Do psychosocial variables differ among persons with and without falls? and (2) Among persons who fall, can exercise improve psychosocial variables? we evaluated psychosocial and functional performance variables in older persons with and without recent falls. A pretest and posttest design with a nonequivalent control group was used. Community-residing elderly individuals participated, 66 had falls in the past year (fallers) and 77 had no falls (nonfallers). Participants completed measures of self-esteem, depression, psychological impact, and functional performance at baseline and 6 weeks. Baseline descriptive characteristics for fallers and nonfallers were similar. Fallers then completed a 6-week exercise program. Exercise benefited fallers' self-esteem, depression, mobility, social role, social activity, and anxiety. Nearly 40% of fallers were clinically depressed before exercise and 24% were depressed after (p = 0.04). Psychosocial variables correlated significantly with quality of functional performance (p < 0.019). Among fallers, moderate exercise produced a significant improvement in psychosocial variables and functional performance (p < 0.045).
Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas , Terapia por Exercício , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Idoso , Ansiedade/reabilitação , Depressão/reabilitação , Feminino , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , AutoimagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term effect of an exercise-based rehabilitation intervention on balance, mobility, falls and injuries. DESIGN: This randomized, controlled trial with repeated measures was performed at an outpatient rehabilitation center. Elderly, ambulatory, community-dwelling volunteers underwent 6 wks of supervised stretching, balance, endurance, coordination, and strengthening exercises. Controls attended seminars. Data were recorded for time and quality performance on a functional obstacle course and for self-reported falls and injuries. RESULTS: From baseline through 6-mo follow-up, participants in the exercise group (n = 122) significantly outperformed those in the control group (n = 83). The exercise group's functional obstacle course quality improved 2.3% postintervention and 1.57% at follow-up compared with 0.3% for the control group for each time period (P = 0.001). Functional obstacle course completion time improved 7.69% at postintervention and 8.35% at follow-up for the exercise group compared with 4.0% and 3.4% for the control group. Of baseline fallers in the intervention group, 87% (compared with 34.5% for the controls) reported no falls in the subsequent 6 mos. Of those reporting injuries in the 6 mos preintervention, 89.7% in the intervention group (compared with 55.6% for controls) reported no injury at 6 mos postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention can improve functional performance and protect against falls and fall-related injuries.