[Child abuse in the Emergency department: Epidemiology, management, and follow-up]. / Maltrato infantil en Urgencias: epidemiología, manejo y seguimiento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological features, management, and follow-up of child abuse suspicions diagnosed in the Paediatric Emergency Unit. METHODS: A single-centre, observational and retrospective study was conducted between 2008 and 2017. Clinical, epidemiological and follow-up data were collected in those patients younger than 16 that were reported as child abuse suspicions. A descriptive and analytic study was performed, as well as a bivariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 404 out of 570,648 emergency patients (0.07%) were diagnosed with potential abuse. Physical abuse was the most frequent kind of abuse (40.3%). The median age was 4.3 years (IQR 1.6-10.2), and 55% were girls, with sexual abuse being more common in them (OR 3.71; 95% CI: 2.23-6.17), and physical abuse more frequent in boys (OR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.15-2.57). A total of 89 patients (22%) required admission. Age and type of abuse were independently associated with risk of admission. More than half (56%) of the cases required additional follow-up, with sexual (OR 3.98; 95% CI: 1.93-7.03) and emotional abuse (OR 4.93; 95% CI: 1.82-13.35) requiring more mental health follow-up, and physical abuse requiring more social services follow-up (OR 4.39; 95% CI: 1.61-11.98). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, child abuse is more frequent in pre-school children. Age and type of abuse are associated with the need of admission. The kind of follow-up is determined by the type of abuse.

[Treatment with high-flow oxygen therapy in asthma exacerbations in a paediatric hospital ward: Experience from 2012 to 2016]. / Tratamiento con oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en las crisis asmáticas en la planta de hospitalización de pediatría: nuestra experiencia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the experience with oxygen therapy with a high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in hospital on patients with asthmatic exacerbation (AE) in a paediatric ward, and to assess the clinical outcome according with the initial oxygen flow (15lpm or <15lpm). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of children aged 4 to 15 years with AE admitted to a paediatric ward in a tertiary level hospital between 2012 and 2016. Two groups of patients were compared; Group 1: patients treated with HFNC, and Group 2: patients treated with conventional oxygen therapy. A logistic regression model was constructed in order to identify predictive variables of HFNC. The clinical outcome of the patients was also compared according to the initial flow of HFNC (15lpm VS <15lpm). RESULTS: The study included a total of 536 patients with AE, 40 (7.5%) of whom required HFNC. The median age was 5 (4-6) years. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and Pulmonary Score (PS) significantly decreased at 3-6hours after starting HFNC in Group 1. In the multivariate analysis, patients with high Pulmonary Score values and greater number of previous admissions required HFNC more frequently. Patients treated with an initial flow of 15lpm were admitted less frequently to the PICU than those with an initial flow less than 15lpm (13% vs 47%, p=.05). CONCLUSION: HFNC seems to be a useful therapy for asthma exacerbation in paediatric wards. Severity of Pulmonary Score and the number of previous admissions could enable a risk group that needs HFNC to be identified.

The Identification of Congeners and Aliens by Drosophila Larvae.

We investigated the role of Drosophila larva olfactory system in identification of congeners and aliens. We discuss the importance of these activities in larva navigation across substrates, and the implications for allocation of space and food among species of similar ecologies. Wild type larvae of cosmopolitan D. melanogaster and endemic D. pavani, which cohabit the same breeding sites, used species-specific volatiles to identify conspecifics and aliens moving toward larvae of their species. D. gaucha larvae, a sibling species of D. pavani that is ecologically isolated from D. melanogaster, did not respond to melanogaster odor cues. Similar to D. pavani larvae, the navigation of pavani female x gaucha male hybrids was influenced by conspecific and alien odors, whereas gaucha female x pavani male hybrid larvae exhibited behavior similar to the D. gaucha parent. The two sibling species exhibited substantial evolutionary divergence in processing the odor inputs necessary to identify conspecifics. Orco (Or83b) mutant larvae of D. melanogaster, which exhibit a loss of sense of smell, did not distinguish conspecific from alien larvae, instead moving across the substrate. Syn97CS and rut larvae of D. melanogaster, which are unable to learn but can smell, moved across the substrate as well. The Orco (Or83b), Syn97CS and rut loci are necessary to orient navigation by D. melanogaster larvae. Individuals of the Trana strain of D. melanogaster did not respond to conspecific and alien larval volatiles and therefore navigated randomly across the substrate. By contrast, larvae of the Til-Til strain used larval volatiles to orient their movement. Natural populations of D. melanogaster may exhibit differences in identification of conspecific and alien larvae. Larval locomotion was not affected by the volatiles.

Chemical cues influence pupation behavior of Drosophila simulans and Drosophila buzzatii in nature and in the laboratory.

In the wild, larvae of several species of Drosophila develop in heterogeneous and rapidly changing environments sharing resources as food and space. In this scenario, sensory systems contribute to detect, localize and recognize congeners and heterospecifics, and provide information about the availability of food and chemical features of environments where animals live. We investigated the behavior of D. simulans and D. buzzatii larvae to chemicals emitted by conspecific and heterospecific larvae. Our goal was to understand the role of these substances in the selection of pupation sites in the two species that cohabit within decaying prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica). In these breeding sites, larvae of D. simulans and D. buzzatii detect larvae of the other species changing their pupation site preferences. Larvae of the two species pupated in the part of the fruit containing no or few heterospecifics, and spent a longer time in/on spots marked by conspecifics rather than heterospecifics. In contrast, larvae of the two species reared in isolation from conspecifics pupated randomly over the substrate and spent a similar amount of time on spots marked by conspecifics and by heterospecifics. Our results indicate that early chemically-based experience with conspecific larvae is critical for the selection of the pupation sites in D. simulans and D. buzzatii, and that pupation site preferences of Drosophila larvae depend on species-specific chemical cues. These preferences can be modulate by the presence of larvae of the same or another species.

Cambios térmicos y superficiales de implantes de oseointegración al aplicar radiocirugía: Un estudio in vitro / Thermal and superficial changes of osseointegrated implants when radiosurgery is applied: an in vitro study

Para evaluar la radiocirugía como alternativa para lograr estética gngival alrededor de implantes, se realizó un estudio in vitro midiendo los cmabio térmicos y superficiales de implantes, al aplicar esta técnica con dieferentes intensidades a intervalos entre 5 y 60 seg. Se tomaron 6 implantes roscados de titanio comercialmente puro de la casa 3i de 3.75 mm de diamétro y longitudes entre 8 y 18mm, a los cuales se les aplicó un electrodo a nivel de la superficie de asentamiento del pilar. Del lado opuesto al mimso nivel se colocó una termocupia para medir la temperatura. Lo cambios en la superficie fueron observados al microscopio electrónico de barrido. La temperatura aumentó proporcionalmente a la longitud del implante y al tiempo de aplicación de la técnica.