Assuntos
Vacina BCG/efeitos adversos , Osteomielite/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Vacinação/normasRESUMO
We investigated how naively produced prosody affects listeners' end interpretations of ambiguous utterances. Non-professional speakers who were unaware of any ambiguity produced ambiguous sentences couched in short, unambiguous passages. In a forced-choice task, listeners could not tell which context the isolated ambiguous sentences came from (Exp. 1). However, listeners were able to correctly paraphrase the least ambiguous subset of these utterances, showing that prosody can be used to resolve ambiguity (Exp. 2). Nonetheless, in everyday language use, both prosody and context are available to interpret speech. When the least ambiguous sentences were cross-spliced into contexts biasing towards their original interpretations or into contexts biasing towards their alternative interpretations, answers to content questions about the ambiguous sentence, confidence ratings, and ratings of naturalness all indicated that prosody is ignored when context is available (Exp. 3). Although listeners can use prosody to interpret ambiguous sentences, they generally do not, and this makes sense in light of the frequent lack of reliable prosodic cues in everyday speech.
Assuntos
Semântica , Acústica da Fala , Percepção da Fala , Comportamento Verbal , Adulto , Atenção , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , PsicolinguísticaRESUMO
We investigated how people produce simple and complex phrases in speaking using a newly developed immediate recall task. People read and tried to memorize a target sentence, then read a prime sentence, then did a distractor task involving the prime sentence. Despite the delay and activity between memory and recall, people could still recall the target sentence although the syntactic form of the recalled sentence was influenced by the syntactic form of the prime sentence. This result replicates the syntactic priming effect found with other experimental paradigms. Using this task, we tested how people used abstract syntactic plans to produce simple and complex noun phrases. We found syntactic priming both when targets and prime sentences matched in complexity and when they did not match, suggesting that simple and complex noun phrases are built by the same syntactic routines during speech production.
Assuntos
Fala , Humanos , Linguística , Rememoração Mental , Comportamento VerbalRESUMO
Both freezing tolerance and NaCl tolerance are improved when antifreeze proteins are expressed as fusion proteins with two domains of staphylococcal protein A (SPA) in Escherichia coli. To characterize these properties further we created a randomly mutated expression library in E. coli, based on the winter flounder antifreeze protein HPLC-8 component gene. Low-fidelity PCR products of this gene were fused to the spa gene encoding two domains of the SPA. The library was screened for enhanced NaCl tolerance and four clones were selected. The freezing tolerance of each of the selected clones was enhanced to varying extents. DNA sequencing of the isolated mutants revealed that the amphiphilic properties of the native antifreeze protein were essentially conserved. Furthermore, by studying the primary sequence of the randomly mutated clones, in comparison with the degree of freezing tolerance, we have identified clues which help in understanding the relationship between salt and freezing tolerance.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Congelamento , Glicoproteínas/genética , Seleção Genética , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Adaptação Biológica , Proteínas Anticongelantes , Escherichia coli/genética , Expressão Gênica , Biblioteca Gênica , Glicoproteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutagênese , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Análise de Sequência , Proteína Estafilocócica A/genéticaRESUMO
In this study, a respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell line with a defect in succinate dehydrogenase activity is shown to result from a single base change in a codon in the coding sequence for the membrane anchor protein CII-3 (also referred to as QPs-1). A premature translation stop results in the truncation of 33 amino acids from the C terminus. Bovine cDNA encoding this peptide complements the mutation. There is about 82% identity between these two mammalian proteins. The gene for CII-3 was mapped on human chromosome 1, and because it is also found on minichromosomes characterized by our laboratory, we can localize it on the short arm within 1-2 megabases from the centromere.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Transporte de Elétrons , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Complexos Multienzimáticos/genética , Complexos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Oxirredutases/genética , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Succinato Desidrogenase/genética , Succinato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Centrômero , Clonagem Molecular , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Primers do DNA , DNA Complementar/metabolismo , Complexo II de Transporte de Elétrons , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Complexos Multienzimáticos/química , Mutação , Oxirredutases/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Mapeamento por Restrição , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Succinato Desidrogenase/química , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Recognition of an avirulent pathogen stimulates an oxidative burst generating O2- and H2O2, and these reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) cue the induction of defense genes and cell death in the development of a restricted lesion. This localized hypersensitive response (HR) is accompanied by the development of systemic acquired resistance to virulent pathogens. Here we show that inoculation of Arabidopsis leaves with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae induces secondary oxidative bursts in discrete cells in distant tissues, leading to low-frequency systemic micro-HRs. The primary oxidative burst induces these systemic responses, and both the primary burst and the secondary microbursts are required for systemic immunity. Hence, ROIs mediate a reiterative signal network underlying systemic as well as local resistance responses.