Relationship between the serum creatinine concentrations of preterm neonates within 24 h of birth and their mothers before delivery.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal serum creatinine (n-sCr) concentrations during the first few days of life have been reported to correlate with the maternal serum Cr (m-sCr) concentrations. We aimed to derive a regression equation to describe the relationship between n-sCr within 24 h of birth in preterm neonates and m-sCr before delivery, and to perform multiple regression analysis to identify factors related to n-sCr and the difference between n-sCr and m-sCr. METHODS: We recruited preterm neonates who were treated at the University of the Ryukyus Hospital between March 2012 and October 2022. Patients with underlying diseases or conditions that might affect hemodynamics were excluded, as were patients whose n-sCr and m-sCr were not measured in pairs. A total of 278 cases were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) gestational age, birth weight, n-sCr, and m-sCr were 33.9 weeks (32.0-35.1 weeks), 1901 g (1579-2284 g), 0.55 mg/dL (0.48-0.64 mg/dL), and 0.47 mg/dL (0.42-0.57 mg/dL), respectively. The regression equation derived was n-sCr = 0.092 + 0.970 × m-sCr (R2 = 0.768, p < 0.001). The multiple regression analysis showed that m-sCr was the most potent influencer of n-sCr, and the ratio of placental weight to birth weight (PW/BW ratio) was the most potent influencer of the difference between n-sCr and m-sCr. CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained an approximate equation of n-sCr = 0.1 + m-sCr for preterm neonates. In addition, the high PW/BW ration may reduce the difference between n-sCr and m-sCr.

Risk Factors of Preterm Birth in Okinawa Prefecture, the Southernmost Island Prefecture of Japan.

OBJECTIVES: A high rate of preterm birth has been reported in Okinawa Prefecture, the southernmost island prefecture of Japan. Hence, this study aimed to identify the risk factors for preterm birth in this prefecture. METHODS: This retrospective study included data from January 2013 to December 2019 from three facilities in Okinawa Prefecture. Of 13,468 cases of preterm birth at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, 11,868 were included in this study. Stillbirth and multiparity cases were excluded. First, we compared the overall preterm and full-term birth groups by categorizing the patient background, obstetric, and fetal risk factors. Further, we categorized preterm births into three groups (22-27, 28-33, and 34-36 weeks of gestation) and examined patient background factors to identify potential risk factors for the occurrence of preterm birth in each group. RESULTS: Preterm births accounted for 21.2% (2,521 cases) of all cases, with the rates of 2.6% (317 cases), 6.7% (800 cases), and 11.8% (1,404 cases) at 22-27, 28-33, and 34-36 weeks of gestation, respectively. To prevent preterm birth in Okinawa Prefecture, the present study specifically focused on patient background characteristics. In the multinomial logistic regression, the risk factors for preterm birth at 22-27 weeks of gestation were previous preterm birth (P < 0.0001) and lower age (P = 0.026); at 28-33 weeks of gestation, the risk factors were previous preterm birth (P < 0.0001) and history of cervical conization (P = 0.009); and at 34-36 weeks of gestation, only previous preterm birth (P < 0.0001) was a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Previous preterm birth, younger age, and history of cervical conization were risk factors for Preterm birth in Okinawa. To reduce premature births in Okinawa Prefecture, it is important to pick up women with these risk factors and provide them with appropriate guidance and education on an ongoing basis.

Microbiome analysis in women with endometriosis: Does a microbiome exist in peritoneal fluid and ovarian cystic fluid?

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the microbiome of the female genital tract and endometriosis. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 36 women who underwent laparoscopic surgery for ovarian tumor from July 2019 to April 2020. Of them, 18 had endometriosis, and 18 did not have endometriosis. Vaginal secretions, endometrial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and ovarian cystic fluid were collected during surgery. Next-generation sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA was performed to characterize the microbiome. Results: Specific microbiomes were not detected in either peritoneal fluid or ovarian cystic fluid regardless of the presence or absence of endometriosis and the type of cyst. When the cutoff value of infectious bacterial abundance in the vagina was set as 64.3%, there were many cases more than a cutoff value in the endometriosis group significantly (p = 0.01). When the cutoff value of infectious bacterial abundance in the endometrium was set as 18.6%, there were many cases more than a cutoff level in the endometriosis cases significantly (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Peritoneal fluid and ovarian cystic fluid are almost sterile, although dysbiosis may occur in the vaginal and endometrial microbiome in women with endometriosis.

Threatened uterine rupture following laparoscopic surgery in interstitial tubal pregnancy.

Contraception is recommended for a certain period following a hysterotomy; however, no consensus exists on the required duration of contraception. A 21-year-old female was brought to the emergency room in a state of shock due to intraperitoneal bleeding. An emergency laparoscopic cornuostomy indicated for ruptured interstitial pregnancy was performed. Despite contraception, the patient got pregnant 1.5 months after surgery. At 16 weeks of gestation, threatened uterine rupture was suspected, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hematogenous amniotic fluid and a subchorionic hematoma near the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube. An MRI at 21 weeks showed hematoma shrinkage and disappearance of the hematogenous amniotic fluid. At 37 weeks, an elective cesarean section was performed, which resulted in a live birth. Pregnancy shortly after surgery is a risk factor for uterine rupture. In such cases, MRI could be useful in the evaluation of threatened uterine ruptures.

Impact of the one-carbon metabolism on oocyte maturation, fertilization, embryo quality, and subsequent pregnancy.

PURPOSE: To investigate impact of the one-carbon metabolism (OCM) on oocyte maturity and embryo development. METHODS: This prospective study analyzed 18 women who agreed to participate. We measured the OCM biomarkers' concentrations including Vitamin B12 (VB12), folic acid (FA), and homocysteine (Hcy) in serum and follicular fluid (FF), and assessed their correlation. We also evaluated the influence of such OCM biomarker concentrations in mono-FF on oocyte maturation, fertilization, embryo quality, and consequent pregnancy after embryo transfers. RESULTS: All biomarkers showed a high concentration variability in different follicles of each woman, but their mean levels correlated with the serum levels. Among the 106 collected oocytes, 92 were mature, 59 were fertilized, and 16 yielded good-quality embryos. We performed 26 single embryo transfers, and 7 patients achieved clinical pregnancies. VB12 concentration (FF) was significantly lower in fertilized than unfertilized oocytes by univariate analysis. In multivariate logistic analysis, a significant correlation was found between FA concentration (FF) <14.25 ng/mL and good-quality embryos and between Hcy concentration (FF) <4.9 nmol/mL and clinical pregnancy. CONCLUSION: OCM in FF may affect fertilization, embryo quality, and clinical pregnancy.

Comparative study of obstetric and neonatal outcomes of live births between poor- and good-quality embryo transfers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of embryo quality on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 80 live singleton births, resulting from morphologically good-quality embryo transfers, and 25 live singleton births that resulted from morphologically poor-quality embryo transfers between January, 2008 and December, 2014. Cleavage embryos that were graded as ≥2, according to the Veeck classification system, and blastocysts that were graded as ≥3BB, according to the Gardner classification system, were defined as good quality. The obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between the poor- and good-quality embryo transfer groups. RESULTS: The mean maternal age between the groups was similar. The blastocyst transfer rate was higher in the good-quality, than in the poor-quality, embryo transfer group. Other characteristics, including parity, infertility duration, the intracytoplasmic sperm injection rate, frozen-thawed embryo transfer rate, endometrial thickness, and hormone values before the embryo transfer, were similar between the groups. The obstetric and neonatal outcomes of live births between the two groups were not different in terms of preterm delivery, birthweight, small or large size for gestational age, malformation, umbilical artery cord pH of <7.20, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, chorioamnionitis, placenta previa, and placental abruption. CONCLUSION: The obstetric and neonatal outcomes of live births between the poor- and good-quality embryo transfers were equivalent.

Evaluation of brain development and damage using magnetic resonance imaging of congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors: An analysis using the global brain abnormality score.

BACKGROUND: The short-term prognosis of central nervous system in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors has been determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but its relationship with acute management is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between the intubation period and the Global Brain Abnormality Score (GBAS) in CDH survivors using brain MRI. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with CDH who were hospitalized at a single NICU between January 2004 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. After excluding 5 patients who died shortly after birth and two who could not be weaned from the ventilator, the acute management of the 50 remaining patients was investigated. We also investigated the relationship between the GBAS and intubation period in 25 patients who underwent brain MRI at discharge. RESULTS: The long-intubation group (intubation ≥12 days) had lower Apgar scores and fetal lung-thoracic ratios, and longer time to radical surgery, and parenteral nutrition and tube feeding periods. Nitric oxide inhalation, liver prolapse, patch closure, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were independent risk factors for long-intubation. Eighty-four percent of CDH survivors had some imaging abnormalities, including developmental and signaling abnormalities. In the long-intubation group, the body of the corpus callosum was thin and the cerebral hemispheric space was widened, and GBAS deterioration was significantly related to the intubation period. CONCLUSION: Brain MRI abnormalities were found in 84% of CDH survivors. Prolonged intubation is associated with worsening of the GBAS. Thus, the duration of intubation may be a surrogate outcome for the neurological prognosis of CDH survivors.

Placenta Accreta Spectrum with Ureteral Invasion due to Progression of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy.

Expectant management is not recommended for cesarean scar pregnancies because they are often associated with placenta accreta, cesarean hysterectomy, and massive life-threatening hemorrhages during delivery. Herein, we report a case of placenta accreta spectrum with ureteral invasion due to the progression of a cesarean scar pregnancy. Case. A 41-year-old woman, with a history of three cesarean sections and two miscarriages, was referred to our hospital at 25 weeks of gestation with a diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum and bladder invasion. Although the gestational sac was located anterior to the lower uterine segment, a cesarean-scar pregnancy was not diagnosed. A cesarean hysterectomy was performed at 31 weeks of gestation with the placement of an aortic balloon. The placenta was found to adhere to the ureter with more than the expected parenchymal tissue displacement (FIGO Classification 3b). The ureter was not obstructed and was preserved by leaving the placenta slightly on the ureteral side. Postoperatively, a ureteral stent was placed because of the ureteral stricture in the area where the placenta had adhered. Two months after surgery, the ureteral stent was removed after observing an improvement in stenosis. An adherent placenta due to continued cesarean scar pregnancy should be managed by assuming placental invasion beyond the parenchyma into the ureter.

Endometrial and vaginal microbiomes influence assisted reproductive technology outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The role of Lactobacillus-dominant microbiota in the endometrium in reproductive function is unclear. We therefore aimed to explore the impact of the balance of Lactobacillus and pathological bacteria in the endometrial and vaginal microbiomes on the pregnancy outcomes of women treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART). METHODS: This study included 35 women with infertility submitted to good-quality embryo transfers. The cutoff values for abundance of Lactobacillus species (spp.) and pathological bacteria in the endometrium and vagina were calculated. Women with Lactobacillus spp. and pathological bacteria abundance above the cutoff values were categorized in the high-abundance group, whereas those with abundance below cutoff values were categorized in the low abundance group. We divided the patients into four groups based on the combination of high/low abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and pathological bacteria. RESULTS: The 35 cases of good-quality embryo transfer resulted in 21 pregnancies. Pregnant women were present in significantly higher proportions in the high Lactobacillus spp. abundance and low pathological bacteria abundance group, whereas the opposite combination (i.e., low Lactobacillus spp. abundance and high pathological bacteria abundance) saw a significantly higher proportion of nonpregnant women (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The balance between Lactobacillus and pathological bacterial abundance in the endometrial and vaginal microbiomes is associated with pregnancy from ART.

Vaginal Microbiota and Pregnancy Outcomes of Patients with Conization Histories.

Background: One of the major risks of preterm birth is a history of conization. However, the risk of infection due to this procedure is still not well known. Using next-generation sequencing, we aimed to reveal the influence of conization on vaginal microbiota in the following pregnancy, and their relationship between spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 133 pregnant patients, of whom 25 had conization histories and 108 did not. Vaginal microbiome samples were collected using swabs by an obstetrician upon inclusion in the first trimester and during delivery. V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and analyzed to identify the bacteria. Results: The conization group had a significantly lower delivery week (34 weeks vs. 36 weeks, p = 0.003) and higher sPTB rate (64% vs. 8.3%, p ≤ 0.001) than the control group. In the conization group, alpha (Chao 1, p = 0.02; phylogenetic diversity whole tree, p = 0.04) and beta diversity (permutational multivariate analysis of variance test, p = 0.04) of the vaginal microbiota was significantly higher during delivery in patients who delivered preterm than in those who delivered term. Community-state type IV in the first trimester was significantly associated with sPTB (overall odds ratio 3.80, 95% confidence interval 1.33-10.8, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Conization is a risk factor for sPTB. Increased risk of sPTB in patients after conization may belong to the vulnerable defense mechanism, due to the shortened cervix and decreased cervical mucus.

Comparison between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist long protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in the first in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycle in an unspecified population of infertile couples.

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the efficacy of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol and a GnRH agonist long protocol used in the first in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycle in an unspecified population of infertile couples. METHODS: Fifty and 34 patients were treated with a GnRH agonist long protocol (agonist group) and GnRH antagonist protocol (antagonist group), respectively, in the first treatment cycle. The primary and secondary outcome measures were cumulative live birth rates after fresh and cryopreserved-thawed ETs and incidence of grades II and III ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), respectively. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in clinical pregnancy rates (38.0 vs. 32.4%) and live birth rates (22.0 vs. 23.5%), which included both fresh and cryopreserved-thawed ETs, between the 2 groups. However, the incidence of grade III OHSS was significantly lower with the GnRH antagonist protocol than the GnRH agonist long protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Used in the first IVF-ET cycle in an unspecified population of infertile patients, the GnRH antagonist protocol showed the same clinical outcome as the GnRH agonist long protocol.

Low-set umbilicus in a pregnant woman with bladder pseudoexstrophy: A case report.

Bladder pseudoexstrophy is a rare form of bladder exstrophy. Bladder exstrophy occurs in 1 in every 30,000 to 50,000 live births. Because bladder pseudoexstrophy is asymptomatic, it may be undiagnosed even in adulthood. A 31-year-old woman with uterus bicornis unicollis and a low-set umbilicus underwent emergency cesarean delivery during the 37th week of pregnancy for chorioamnionitis. Perioperatively, asymptomatic anatomical abnormalities were identified, which included separated rectus abdominis muscles and diastasis of the symphysis pubis. The urinary tract was normal. The patient was diagnosed with bladder pseudoexstrophy. A low-set umbilicus may be a potential marker for the diagnosis of bladder pseudoextrophy.

A Neonatal Case of Mild Encephalopathy/Encephalitis with a Reversible Splenial Lesion.

The neurological symptoms of pediatric mild encephalopathy/encephalitis with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) are mild and have a good prognosis. However, some aspects of neonatal MERS are unclear due to a lack of clinical knowledge. We present a neonatal case of MERS with features of poor activity and prolonged poor oxygenation after birth without asphyxia. He was diagnosed with MERS by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day10, because the diffusion restriction of the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) seen on diffusion-weighted MRI on day 5 was attenuating. He was discharged due to good progress on day 26, but growth issues and developmental delay were observed in the follow up from 1-10 months. In rare neonatal cases, many aspects of the clinical course and prognosis are thus unclear. MERS should be considered in newborns who show unexplained non-neural or other encephalopathic symptoms.

Hysteroscopic tubal catheterization under laparoscopy for proximal tubal obstruction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fertility outcomes of infertile patients having proximal tubal obstruction treated with hysteroscopic tubal catheterization (HCT) for recanalization under diagnostic laparoscopy. METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2008, diagnostic laparoscopy was used to assess the tubal status of 61 patients with unilateral or bilateral proximal tubal obstruction, as confirmed by hysterosalpingography. Among them, 35 patients with tubal obstruction confirmed by chromopertubation under laparoscopy subsequently underwent HCT. The pregnancy outcomes and success rates of recanalization were investigated. RESULTS: In the 35 patients with confirmed tubal obstruction, HCT was performed in 54 fallopian tubes. The success rate of recanalization was 25.9% (14/54) per tube and 37.1% (13/35) per patient. Of the patients in whom tubal patency was restored, 4 achieved pregnancy, including 1 tubal pregnancy and 1 miscarriage. Among the 61 patients, excluding 14 who underwent in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) after laparoscopy, 13 were pregnant (27.7%), 9 gave live births, 1 had tubal pregnancy, and 3 had miscarriages. CONCLUSIONS: HCT under laparoscopy is an option for couples with tubal infertility who do not prefer IVF-ET.

Sigmoid Volvulus in Pregnancy Assessed by Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Scanning.

Sigmoid volvulus requires urgent treatment, and it is particularly rare among pregnant women without a history of laparotomy. A delay in diagnosis may lead to serious consequences for the mother and fetus, and a rapid diagnosis and treatment in this setting is essential. The patient was a 19-year-old primiparous woman. She complained of repeated exacerbations and remissions of abrupt lower abdominal pain for the past 2 days and was transported to our hospital at 33 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography revealed no placental thickening, and maternal bowel dilation was difficult to identify. Plain abdominal X-ray showed a dilated colon on the left side of the abdomen. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen revealed a volvulus on the dorsal side of the uterus. The proximal end of the transverse to sigmoid colon was markedly dilated, and the distal end was collapsed. The elevated lactate level on blood gas analysis suggested intestinal ischemia. She was suspected of having a sigmoid volvulus at 33 weeks and 3 days of gestation. We decided to perform a cesarean section to secure the operative field for an intestinal resection following delivery. A male weighing 1840 g with Apgar scores 8/8 was delivered. The sigmoid colon was approximately 80 cm in length. A 360-degree clockwise rotation of was observed with a very distended but viable sigmoid loop. Following reduction of the volvulus, the sigmoid colon was fixed to the left side of the peritoneum. The mother had an uneventful postoperative course, and the infant was discharged without any sequelae. This case demonstrates two important lessons. First, sigmoid volvulus can occur in pregnant women even if they never had a laparotomy. Second, abdominal contrast-enhanced CT is useful for rapid diagnostic and treatment decisions relative to this pathology.

Transabdominal cerclage in early pregnancy for cervical shortening after radical trachelectomy: A case report.

Radical trachelectomy (RT) is a method of fertility preservation for patients with early invasive uterine cervical cancer stage IA2 or IB1 with a tumor diameter of ≤2 cm. However, women who have undergone RT have high risks of abortion and premature birth. To prevent premature birth, cervical cerclage is performed in patients with an ultra-short cervix, but the portio vaginalis is not visible in these patients, and transvaginal uterine cervical cerclage is almost impossible. In such cases, transabdominal cerclage (TAC) is considered. The patient reported here was a 39-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 2, para 0. At 37 years, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer, stage IB1 (according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] classification), so abdominal modified RT was performed. One year after the operation, she became pregnant through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The cervical length was 17 mm at 13 weeks of gestation but was shortened to 5 mm at 16 weeks of gestation, so TAC was performed. An emergency cesarean section was performed because of increased genital bleeding at 34 weeks of gestation and a live baby was delivered.

Live birth outcomes from IVF treatments in younger patients with low AMH.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is used to predict in vitro fertilization outcomes. However, predicting live birth is difficult in younger patients with low AMH. Thus, this study aimed to determine the live birth rates from younger patients with low anti-Müllerian hormone levels. METHODS: A total of 296 infertile patients with AMH measured (younger group, aged 25-38 years; older group, aged 39-42 years) were included in this study. In vitro fertilization outcomes between patients with AMH levels of <1.0ng/mL and ≥1.0ng/mL were compared. RESULTS: Younger patients with AMH levels <1.0ng/mL (younger low AMH group) exhibited lower number of oocytes retrieved than patients with AMH levels ≥1.0ng/mL (younger normal AMH group). However, there were no significant differences in cumulative pregnancy or cumulative live birth rates between groups. Older patients with AMH levels ≥1.0ng/mL (older normal AMH group) had significantly better outcomes as per mean number of oocytes, cumulative pregnancy rate, and cumulative live birth rate than older patients with AMH levels <1.0ng/mL (older low AMH group). In the younger low AMH group, the frequency of oocyte retrieval was significantly higher in patients who achieved live birth. In addition, the blastocyst transfer rate was significantly higher in individuals with live births versus subjects with non-live births. CONCLUSIONS: AMH is a predictor of live birth among older, but not younger, women. Our report suggests that younger women may become pregnant even with low AMH levels when they obtain blastocysts from frequent oocyte retrievals.

Two cases of polycystic ovary syndrome with onset of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome following controlled ovarian stimulation with aromatase inhibitors for fertility preservation before breast cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) involve high estrogen (E2) levels. We report two breast cancer patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome who underwent fertility preservation and had severe OHSS; their E2 levels were lowered using aromatase inhibitors (AI). CASE REPORTS: A 36-year-old woman underwent controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with AI and cryopreserved 10 blastocysts. She was hospitalized with OHSS (E2 = 139.1 pg/mL). She improved with infusion alone. A 31-year-old woman underwent COS with AI and cryopreserved 8 blastocysts. She was hospitalized for OHSS (E2: 429 pg/mL). Her vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were high (62 pg/mL) at 8 days after the procedure. She needed hospitalization for 9 days. The planned adjuvant therapy was delayed for a week in both cases. CONCLUSION: Elevated VEGF levels should be considered as a risk factor of OHSS even if E2 levels are low with AI treatment.

Sex ratio of infants born through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: Results of a single-institution study and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: The possible effects of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) on sex ratio at birth are extremely significant. This study aimed to determine whether ART affects the sex ratio of infants born through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We ran this retrospective study on 290 singleton infants born following IVF-ET from February 2014 to August 2018 at a single institution. We compared the sex ratios of these infants with respect to insemination versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), early-cleavage embryo versus blastocyst transfer, fresh versus frozen-thawed embryo transfer and normal sperm versus asthenospermia. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the sex ratio with respect to the fertilization method, transfer time, fresh embryo or frozen-thawed embryo transfer. In addition, the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that these factors did not significantly affect the sex ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that the differences in the fertilization method transfer time and sperm motility rate did not affect the sex ratio of IVF live births. However, with increasing numbers of ICSI and blastocyst transfer cycles, factors possibly affecting the sex ratio need to be further investigated.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Suburethral Vaginal Mucosal Necrosis after Interstitial Irradiation for Recurrent Cervical Cancer.

Patients with gynecological malignancies can develop radiation injuries, such as cystitis, proctitis, and soft tissue necrosis which have approved indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). A 76-year-old Japanese woman with vaginal recurrence of cervical cancer was treated with the high-dose rate interstitial brachytherapy. Twenty-one months after the irradiation, she developed radiation necrosis on the external urethral opening. Two cycles of HBOT were performed. HBOT consisted of delivering 100% oxygen for 60 minutes at 2.4 atmospheres absolute. Pressure exposure was performed once daily, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Eventually, the necrotic mucosa was completely replaced by the normal mucosa. No adverse effects were observed. We successfully treated a case of late adverse events of radiation therapy with HBOT. It was noninvasive and appears to be a useful treatment option which should be considered standard treatment practice.