Participation of NO-Dependent Mechanisms in the Effects of Increased Systemic Level of Interleukin-1ß on Pial Microvessels under Conditions of Acute Hypoxia.

We studied the effect of increased systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß on the vasomotor reactions of pial microvessels in anesthetized rats under conditions of experimentally simulated progressively increasing acute normobaric hypoxia. Vital microscopy showed that more pronounced dilatation of pial vessels in response to IL-1ß under hypoxic conditions was almost completely prevented by pretreatment with non-specific NO synthase blocker L-NAME. These findings indicate the involvement of NO-dependent mechanisms in the vasodilator effect of proinflammatory cytokines under conditions of acute hypoxic exposure.

Effect of Hypothermia-Induced Respiratory Arrest on Cerebral Circulation in Rats.

Intravital microscopy was employed to examine cerebral circulation in rats assessed by blood flow in the venules with diameter of 10-30 µ during immersion hypothermia continued to the moment of respiratory arrest and for 10 min thereafter. Circulation in the cerebral microvessels continued during severe hypothermia, and it went on even after hypothermic respiratory arrest while the heart was beating. In pial venules, the blood continued to fl ow for 8-10 min after respiratory arrest.

Effects of Vascular Peptide Bioregulator on the Density of Microvascular Network in the Brain Cortex of Aged Rats.

Using a TV unit for microcirculation studies, we studied the density of the entire microvascular network and its arterial compartment in the pia mater of the sensorimotor cortex in intact young and aged rats (2-3 and 22-24 months) and aged rats after a course of vascular peptide bioregulator Slavinorm. The experiments showed that the density of microvascular network in intact animals decreased by 1.6 times with aging. Treatment with the peptide bioregulator 2.5-fold increased the density of the microvascular network in aged rats in comparison with intact animals of the same age, the density of the arterial compartment of the microvascular network in the pia mater increased by 2.8 times.

[Effect of immune modulation on immunogenic and protective activity of a live plague vaccine].

AIM: Comparative evaluation of the effect of polyoxidonium and betaleukin on immunogenic and protective activity of a live plague vaccine in model animal experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plague vaccine EV, polyoxidonium, betaleukin, erythrocytic antigenic diagnosticum for determination of F1 antibodies and immune reagents for detection of lymphocytes with F1 receptors (LFR) in adhesive test developed by the authors were used. The experiments were carried out in 12 rabbits and 169 guinea pigs. RESULTS: Immune modulation accelerated the appearance and disappearance of LFR (early phase) and ensured a more rapid and intensive antibody formation (effector phase). Activation by betaleukin is more pronounced than by polyoxidonium. The more rapid and intensive was the development of early phase, the more effective was antibody response to the vaccine. Immune modulation in the experiment with guinea pigs significantly increased protective activity of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: The use of immune modulators increased immunogenic (in both early and effector phases of antigen-specific response) and protective activity of the EV vaccine. A connection between the acceleration of the first phase of antigen-specific response and general intensity of effector phase of immune response to the EV vaccine was detected. ,

Blood circulation in rat lungs under conditions of reduced oxygen level in inhaled air.

According to some authors, reduction in oxygen level in the lung alveoli results in constriction of afferent vessels, while others observed no vessel constriction. The issue is of principle importance in relation to the lung involvement in body adaptation to hypoxia. Conventional methods are inefficient to solve it, therefore we used a contact microscope allowing observation of lung circulatory system structure and condition of the lung circulatory system in whole, virtually intact animal, on whole undamaged lungs in situ, at normal physiological lung position in the thorax. We found that large vessels carrying blood to the alveoli do not constrict or dilate at reduced Po(2)in lung alveoli. These vessels with a diameter of 15 to 40 µ and more are the only blood source for alveoli.

Structure of microvascular networks in the lungs and peculiarities of blood circulation in them.

Microvessels and their relationship with alveoli in the lungs of albino rats under physiological condition in the thorax were studied by intravital microscopy. The structure of a network of large microvessels 20-30 µ in diameter surrounding each alveolus along the perimeter from all sides was demonstrated. Blood flow was investigated by video.

[Morphodynamic analysis of lung microcirculation (a supravital morphological study)].

Using the system of contact optics, the circulation (microcirculation) was studied in the lungs of 15 adult Wistar rats during the normal physiological location of the organs inside the thorax. A 4x4 mm "window" was made in the tissues of the thorax of an anaesthetized rat, through which the pleura was incised, resulting in the lung collapse. The lung was filled with oxygen or hypoxic gas mixture under the pressure of 10-15 cm of water column through a tracheotomic cannula. Then the lung was brought in contact with the contact objective aperture (1.7 mm in diameter). Each alveolus was supposed earlier to be supplied with blood via a thinnest (5-10 microm in diameter) lung arteriole. The present study has shown that there exists a system of wide (20-30 microm in diameter and larger) microvessels, which run between the alveoli. These microvessels surround each alveolus, practically, from all the sides. In such a manner each alveolus is supplied by a maximal amount of blood. Such a structure of the lung circulation system accounts for a great blood flow through the lungs (up to 6 1 per minute in humans) and a rapid saturation of the blood with oxygen.

Leukocyte-endothelial interactions in pial arterioles and venules on development of cerebral ischemia in rats.

In vivo microscopy was used to study the interaction between leukocytes and the pial venular and arteriolar endothelium in rats during cerebral ischemia evoked by bilateral ligation occlusion of the carotid arteries. Specimens were obtained from 40 arterioles and 30 venules (diameter up to 40 micron) of the pia mater from Wistar rats (n = 7) subjected to ischemia for 5 h to respiratory arrest. The experimental data demonstrated significant differences in changes in the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium of arterial and venous microvessels during the development of hypoxia.

Recovery of brain microcirculation during ischemia.

Blood pressure in the circle of Willis in rats decreased to about 40 mmHg after ligation of both carotid arteries. Developing ischemia was accompanied by massive adhesion of leukocytes to the walls of brain venules and the smallest veins. Blood pressure in the vessels of the circle of Willis decreased to 16-20 mmHg 2 h after ligation. The number of adhesion events increased sharply. Leukocyte aggregates formed in these vessels, resulting in complete occlusion of the vessels and death of the animals. These processes were found to be reversible. Introduction of 4-4.5 ml of the plasma replacement polyglucin directly into the vessels of the circle of Willis "washed away" the leukocyte aggregates and some of the adhered leukocytes, with restoration of circulation in venules and the smallest veins by 10-15 min.

[The specific features of bacterial isolation and drug resistance of Mycobacteria in extrapulmonary tuberculosis].

The reduced viability and enzymatic activity of the pathogen from the foci of extrapulmonary tuberculosis are twice more frequently than those in pulmonary tuberculosis. The isolation of mycobacterial L-forms and the use of polymerase chain reaction significantly enhance the efficiency of the etiological diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. There are extremely poor trends for drug resistance to develop in mycobacteria, in 2005 the rate of which was 92.5% in pulmonary tuberculosis and 83.4% in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. However, multidrug resistance is much less common in extrapulmonary tuberculosis than in pulmonary tuberculosis; the rates were 33.9 and 73.9%, respectively. Levofloxacin resistance was also completely preserved so the reserves for the treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis are higher than those in pulmonary tuberculosis.

[Physiological problems of biological evolution. "Errors" in the development of physiological functions].

During the evolution the physiological functions grow more perfect and complex. However, sometimes a developing function can show some evidence of regress and in certain cases can become the cause of dangerous diseases. The autoimmune diseases are among them. We conventionally call such cases the "error" of the evolution. In this work a negative role of leukocytes in the brain microcirculation is considered. With the help of experimental studies it was shown that leukocytes owing to their large volume (by a factor of 2-2.5 greater than the volume of an erythrocyte) slow down the capillary blood flow. As the result of the increasing tendency to adhesion, under the influence of hypoxia they make leukocyte conglomerates which cause the occlusion of venules and smallest veins of the brain. This is the reason for the known effect "no reflow" and results in an organism death.

[Organization and differential staining of chromosomes from the endomitotic nucleus of trophocytes Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)]. / Organizatsiia i differentsial'naia okraska khromosom éndomitoticheskikh iader trofotsitov Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The structure of primary polytene chromosomes and general architecture of nurse cell nuclei was studied in Calliphora erythrocephala using various methods of differential chromosome banding(G-, R-, C-banding; Ag- and DAPI staining), chromospecific DNA probes and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This analysis revealed differential compaction of particular chromosome regions. The localization of material of polytene chromosome 6 is retained after its rearrangement and the formation of the internal reticular structure of the nucleus. Polytene chromosomes of ovarian nurse cells were shown to have blocks of dense compact material; some of them were more intensely stained by AgNO3. The dynamics of the nucleolus formation was traces at all stages of chromosome polytenization in the C. erythrocephala nurse cells.

[The role of leukocytes in microcirculation dynamics in the norm and pathology]. / Rol' leikotsitov v dinamike mikrotsirkuliatsii v norme i pri patologii.

The physiological functions grow to be more perfect and complicated in the process of evolution. However, a developing function could display some evidence of regress and, in certain cases, it can trigger serious diseases including autoimmune ones. Conventionally, we refer to the above cases as to "errors" of evolution. The present case study deals with a negative factor of leukocytes in the cerebral microcirculation. Leukocytes were shown, experimentally, to inhibit the capillary blood flow owing to their big volume (2-2.5-fold more versus that of erythrocytes). An increasing trend to adhesion due to hypoxia is responsible for shaping of leukocytes' conglomerates, which cause the occlusion of venules and of the smallest cerebral veins. It entails the effect known as "no re-flow" resulting in death.

[Morphodynamic analysis of the role of leukocytes in the microcirculation disorder of the cerebral cortex]. / Morfodinamicheskii analiz roli leikotsitov v narusheniiakh mikrotsirkuliatsii v kore mozga.

The aim of this work was to establish the reasons for the disturbances of microcirculation (no reflow) during various kinds of oxygen starvation of the brain. Using contact optics and video-recording, direct observations were performed and leukocyte and erythrocyte displacement was monitored in the blood vessels of rat cerebral cortex in vivo in normoxia, during the development of various kinds of oxygen deficiency up to the terminal periods of life of an organism. In normoxia leukocytes were shown to decelerate erythrocyte movement in capillaries and to cause the irregularity of the capillary blood flow. Using the color videofilm recording it was shown that at deep stages of brain oxygen deficiency the disturbances of microcirculation up to its complete cessation were explained by the occlusion of venous microvessels as a result of massive adhesion of leukocytes to the inner surface of venules and the smallest veins. The co-adhesion of leukocytes was also found to take place. The latter leads to the formation of large leukocyte aggregates in venous vessels, results in "no reflow" effect. Leukocyte aggregates in veins block the venous outflow from the brain and may become the immediate cause of organism death as a result of disruption of circulation and oxygen deficiency.

[Skeletal mineralization in cattle in 1960 and 1990 based on trephine biopsy data]. / Mineralizatsiia skeleta krupnogo rogatogo skota v 1960 g. i v 1990 g. po materialam trepanobiopsii.

Skeleton of cows living in the zone of Kiev Polesye (Woodlands), a comparatively safe area of radioactive pollution, as compared with 1960, was found to have practically the same content of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, copper; the content of potassium decreased, that of zinc was greater; the increased content of magnesium, manganese, strontium and lead was statistically valid. An increased incorporation of magnesium, zinc and manganese and a decreased fixation of iron and potassium were mainly due to changed conditions of feeding and maintenance of the animals, while the increased content of strontium and lead was a result of the increased pollution of the environment.

[Formation and function of the bean-rhizobium symbiosis in soy plants upon introduction of strains of Azotobacter and Bacillus species]. / Formirovanie i funktsionirovanie bobovo-rizobial'nogo simbioza u rastenii soi pri introduktsii shtammov rodov Azotobacter i Bacillus.

The effects of bacteria belonging to the genera Azotobacter and Bacillus in a mixed culture with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains on formation and function of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis of soybean plants were studied. The data showed that the bacterial compositions B. japonicum 634b + B. subtilis 5, B. japonicum 634b + A. chroococcum 20, and B. japonicum 10k + A. vinelandii 56 with a cell ratio of 1:0.1 increased the number and weight of root nodules as well as the height and weight of the aboveground plant parts in almost all the cases by 22-105% compared with the control variants. These binary microbial cultures may be used for development of combined bacterial preparations for soybean.

[Various characteristics of the protein composition of ribosomes separated from granular membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver]. / Nekotorye osobennosti belkovogo sostava ribosom, otdelennykg ot granuliarnykh membran éndoplazmaticheskogo retikuluma pecheni krys.

New data on protein composition of endoplasmic reticulum membranes are obtained by PAAG electrophoresis using DS-Na detergent. In preparations of proteins separated from membranes of liver and spleen ribosomes as well as of rat liver after inhibition of protein synthesis by ethionine there were found three additional lacking in free ribosomes of protein fractions with molecular mass 50, 150 and 170 kDa. Their relative content decreases due to isolation of membranes and ribosomes in the medium with high ionic strength as well as due to additional purification using gel-filtration. The mentioned proteins are supposed to belong to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and not to be organospecific.

[Seasonal changes in the mineral composition of colostrum and milk whey of cows]. / Sezonnye izmeneniia mineral'nogo sostava syvorotki moloziva i moloka korov.

It is shown that in summer the level of sodium, potassium and calcium in the colostrum and milk serum of cows for the first ten days of lactation is 1.5-2.0 times higher and the content of inorganic phosphorus lower than the analogous indices for cows in winter-spring. The concentration of iron, copper, zinc and chlorides in the colostrum and milk serum of cows in different seasons is unchanged.

[Electrolyte composition of cow and calf tissues in health and in acute digestive disturbances]. / Elektrolitnyi sostav tkanei korov i teliat v norme i pri ostrom rasstroistve pishchevareniia.

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and chloride contents in the blood plasma of calves at parturition have been established to correspond to their levels in blood of cows during their calving period. Iron and inorganic phosphorus contents in calves blood plasma appeared to increase and copper content to be lower in this period as compared to postnatal period. By the third day of postnatal ontogenesis sodium concentration in calves blood decreased, copper level increased and the rest indices of water-salts metabolism in calves and adult animals were alike. Digestion disturbances in the calves were accompanied by changes in levels and magnitude of Na+/K+ ratio, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc contents in blood, liver and kidneys as well as Ca++/Pi ratio in mitochondria and cytosol of liver and jejunum mucose layer cells in comparison with clinically healthy animals.

[Characteristics of the electrolyte balance of the blood of healthy newborn calves and calves with diarrhea]. / Osobennosti élektrolitnogo balansa krovi novorozhdennykh teliat v norme i pri diaree.

Cows and newborn (just after the birth, and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 10th days after it) calves were tested for the peculiarities of the electrolyte blood composition and acid-base balance under normal and diarrheic conditions. The values of Na+/K+, Cl-/HCO3-, Pn/Ca2+ ratios in the blood serum of sick animals remain unchanged, which testifies to the deep disturbances of the water-salt metabolism in tissues.