Contamination of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in soils in Arica commune (Chile).

The objectives of this study are (a) to determine the background concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in Arica commune; (b) to determine the degree of soil contamination in Arica city using environmental indices and (c) to evaluate the human health risk of these potentially toxic elements. In the rural area of Arica commune, 169 samples were taken and 283 samples were taken in the urban area of Arica city. Total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr were determined by EPA 3052 and EPA 6010 C. Mercury was determined by EPA 7473. Arsenic was determined by EPA 7061A. The available concentrations of As and Cr were determined by dilute hydrochloric acid and EPA 6010C. Environmental indices were applied for pollution and US EPA model was used to evaluate human health risk. Background concentrations were As 18.2, Cd 1.12, Cr 73.2, Hg 0.02 and Pb 11.8 mg kg-1, respectively. Environmental indices show that soil samples are located between slightly contaminated to extremely contaminated. Human health risk analysis shows that children have higher levels of risk than adults. The analysis with available concentrations of As and Cr shows no carcinogenic risk for adults and children, but 81% and 98% of the samples were between 10-6 and 10-4, that means intermediate risk.

Distribution of potentially harmful elements in attic dust from the City of Coronel (Chile).

Attic dusts provide an indirect measure of airborne pollutants deposited in the urban environment. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn in attic dust in the City of Coronel, (2) to evaluate the source apportionment of PHE and (3) to assess the risk of health effects from exposure in adults and children. In the City of Coronel, attic dust samples were collected in 19 houses. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn were measured in ICP-OES after Aqua Regia digestion of < 75 µm dust sample. The median (and the range) concentration (mg kg-1) of potentially harmful elements was: As 16 (7-72), Ba 154 (53-251), Cd 0.8 (0.25-14.5), Co 12, (8-22), Cr 38 (22-482), Cu 107 (44-1641), Mn 698 (364-1245), Ni 51 (24-1734), Pb 66 (18-393), Sr 131 (52-252), V 129 (57-376) and Zn 815 (107-9761). The exploratory data analysis shows that Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb and As distribution is dominated by anthropogenic sources and characterized by high extreme values. Principal component analysis shows four factors. One factor is geogenic, while the other three factors are associated with transport emissions and the industrial park. The resulting median of cumulative noncarcinogenic risk (HIs) value for attic dust was 3.49 for children. This is significant, as any value greater than one indicates an elevated risk.