Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese children and adolescents when compared to eutrophic controls. METHODS: Systematic review with meta-analysis covering studies with patients aged 0-18 years old diagnosed with obesity and vitamin D deficiency and control group of eutrophic patients. The studies were retrieved in the PubMed, Embase, and LILACS databases in December 2019. The search used the terms "obesity" in combination with "pediatric population" and "vitamin D". RESULTS: Through the search 3155 articles were retrieved; and after analysis, 20 studies were selected according to the study objectives. A total of 24,600 children and adolescents were included. Through meta-analysis, the relative risk for the association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency in the pediatric population was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.26-1.59) (I²â€¯= 89%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with obesity have higher risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate hematologic variables related to iron deficiency and food intake in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. METHOD: The sample comprised 62 children and adolescents (6-15 years old) divided into three groups: Group 1: 19 (30.6%) patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using methylphenidate for 3 months; Group 2: 22 (35.5%) patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who were methylphenidate naive and Group 3: 21 (33.9%) patients without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, nutritional diagnostic parameters - Body Mass Index Coefficient, food surveys were evaluated among the groups. RESULTS: The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group drug naive for methylphenidate presented the highest red cell distribution width among the three groups (p = 0.03). For all other hematologic and food survey variables, no significant differences were found among the groups. No significant correlation between dimensional measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and ferritin levels was found in any of the three groups. CONCLUSION: Peripheral markers of iron status and food intake of iron do not seem to be modified in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but further studies assessing brain iron levels are needed to fully understand the role of iron in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology.

Vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients using antiepileptic drugs: systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (through the 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolite) in pediatric patients using antiepileptic drugs. SOURCE OF DATA: Meta-analysis of studies identified through search in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases, on February 19, 2019. SUMMARY OF DATA: A total of 748 articles were identified, 29 of which were relevant to the objectives of this study. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency found was 0.32 (95% CI=0.25-0.41; I2=92%, p<0.01). In the subgroup analyses, the most significant results were observed in the group of patients using cytochrome P450-inducing antiepileptic drugs, with a prevalence of 0.33 (95% CI=0.21-0.47; I2=86%, p<0.01) and, considering the study design, in the subgroup of cohort studies, with a prevalence of 0.52 (95% CI=0.40-0.64; I2=76%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the deleterious effects of vitamin D deficiency on the bone health of individuals using antiepileptic drugs, it is suggested to include in their care 25-hydroxyvitamin D monitoring, cholecalciferol supplementation, and treatment of the deficiency, when present.

Nutritional aspects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents in a tertiary hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) some factors may impact on the patient's nutritional status (NS). Conditioning regimen, as well as signs and symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract, can negatively infl uence on oral food intake. Patients may require the use of complementary nutritional therapies aiming at an adequate caloric intake with the objective of avoiding decreasing in NS. Objective: the study aims to describe the nutritional aspects relevant to the maintenance of NS during hospitalization of children and adolescents undergoing HSCT at a tertiary hospital. Method: a retrospective study with a review of medical records of patients undergoing HSCT, aged between 0 and 19 years of age (incomplete) between January 2009 and December 2014. Data were collected regarding food intake, nutritional therapies used, and clinical signs and symptoms in six times: hospitalization, D0 (day of cell infusion), D+7, D+14, D+21 and D+28. Results: sixty-three patients were evaluated, being 56% males, with a median age of ten years. At the time of hospitalization, 100% of patients had their energy needs met by mouth, decreasing from D0 (about 30%), with more prevalent use of parental nutritional and enteral nutrition from D+7. Loss of appetite, mucositis and nausea were the most frequent signs and symptoms. From D+21 it was possible to observe an increase in caloric intake by mouth. Conclusion: patients showed decreased food intake throughout hospitalization. However, it has been shown that the prescription of complementary nutritional therapies has reduced the impact of weight loss.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: durante el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (TCMH) algunos factores pueden influir en el estado nutricional (EN) del paciente. El régimen de acondicionamiento, así como los signos y síntomas del tracto gastrointestinal, pueden influir negativamente en la ingesta oral de alimentos. Los pacientes pueden requerir el uso de terapias nutricionales complementarias dirigidas a una ingesta calórica adecuada con el objetivo de evitar el deterioro del EN. Objetivo: el estudio tiene como objetivo describir los aspectos nutricionales relevantes para el mantenimiento del EN durante la hospitalización de niños y adolescentes sometidos al TCMH en un hospital terciario. Método: un estudio retrospectivo con una revisión de los registros médicos de los pacientes sometidos al TCMH, con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 19 años (incompletos) entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2014. Se recopilaron datos sobre la ingesta de alimentos, las terapias nutricionales utilizadas y los signos y síntomas clínicos en seis tiempos: hospitalización, D0 (día de infusión celular), D+7, D+14, D+21 y D+28. Resultados: se evaluaron sesenta y tres pacientes, siendo 56% del sexo masculino, con una edad media de diez años. En el momento de la hospitalización 100% de los pacientes cubrían sus necesidades energéticas con la alimentación oral, disminuyendo en el D0 (alrededor del 30%), con un uso más prevalente de nutrición enteral y parenteral en el D+7. La inapetencia, mucositis y náuseas fueron los signos y síntomas más frecuentes. Desde el D+21 fue posible observar un aumento en la ingesta calórica por vía oral. Conclusión: los pacientes mostraron una disminución en la ingesta de alimentos durante la hospitalización. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que la prescripción de terapias nutricionales complementarias ha reducido el impacto de la pérdida de peso.

Relationship between Dyslipidemia, Cultural Factors, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. RESULTS: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). CONCLUSION: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

Assessment of nutritional status in children and adolescents with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents with bronchiolitis obliterans and to analyze associations with clinical and nutritional factors. METHODS: The study included 57 patients. Nutritional status was assessed using z scores for weight/age, stature/age, weight/stature in children, and stature/age and body mass index percentiles in adolescents. Body composition was assessed via tricipital skin folds, subscapular skin folds, and the sum of both plus the muscular circumference of the arm; pulmonary function was also investigated in subjects over 8 years old. RESULTS: The high percentages of malnutrition and risk for malnutrition are noteworthy: 21.7 and 17.5%, respectively. Among children, weight/age and stature/age detected higher percentages of malnutrition (21.6 and 16.2%), while weight/stature underestimated this diagnosis. Among adolescents, body mass index detected a high percentage of malnutrition (25%) and of risk for malnutrition (20%). Body composition analysis detected 51% of patients with low muscle reserves, and the majority of patients had normal fat reserves. Compromised pulmonary function was associated with poor performance at exercise (r = 0.434; p = 0.024). Malnutrition and/or nutritional risk and low muscle reserves were significantly associated with the 6-minute walk test (p = 0.032; p = 0.030). There was no association between spirometry and the nutritional variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results emphasize the need for nutritional intervention, and suggest that, in addition to using weight and height indices for nutritional assessment, it is necessary to combine these with an analysis of body composition, so that a larger number of patients with malnutrition and/or at an increased risk for developing malnutrition may be identified and correctly managed.

Correlation of body mass index Z-scores with glucose and lipid profiles among overweight and obese children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of abnormalities in plasma lipid and glucose profiles among overweight and obese children and adolescents, and to assess the presence of a correlation between body mass index Z-scores and indicators of comorbidities related to both profiles. METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted at two outpatient clinics. The study included all 417 comers for the first visit from 2008 to 2012, aged between 7 and 18 years, with BMI above the Z-score +1. Anthropometry and blood sampling were obtained. The prevalence of dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance were evaluated, together with the correlations of these variables with the increase of Z-BMI. RESULTS: Dyslipidemia was observed in 43.4% of the boys and 66.1% of the girls, with no difference between genders. High glucose levels were detected in 6.2% of the individuals. Insulin resistance was present in 32.3% and 41.7% of the cases, with no statistical significance between boys and girls. Correlations between the Z-BMI were noted for triglycerides in the entire group and among girls; for HDL-c, only among girls; for glucose, a correlation was observed for the entire group, but not when stratified by gender. The indicators of insulin resistance were all correlated with Z-BMI, even when corrected for age. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity give origin to a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. BMI Z-scores showed a weak positive correlation with glucose and triglyceride, and negative with HDL-c. In turn, the strongest positive correlation was found with insulin resistance indicators.

The triglyceride-glucose index as an indicator of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To set cutoff points for the triglyceride and glucose index (TyG) as a marker of insulin resistance (IR) for the pediatric population. Subjects and methods: This was a cross-sectional study with schoolchildren population-based data using data of 377 schoolchildren age 10 to 17 years of both sexes. We studied metabolic variables associated with IR indicators, such as fasting insulin and blood glucose, to calculate the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), and we studied triglycerides (TG) to determine the TyG index. We obtained TyG cutoff values for IR using the receiver operation characteristic (ROC), with definitions of sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spe), and area under the ROC curve (AUC), with the HOMA-IR as reference. Results: The cutoff points of the TyG index for IR in adolescents are 7.94 for both sexes, 7.91 for boys, and 7.94 for girls, indicating moderate discriminatory power. When we also considered anthropometric variables of excess weight [TyG-BMI (body mass index)] and visceral fat [TyG-WC (waist circumference)], these indexes reached AUC values higher than 0.72, enhancing their potential use for a good diagnosis. Conclusion: TyG has proven to be a useful instrument for identifying IR in adolescent health screening, with high discrimination capacity when added to anthropometric variables, making it a feasible and inexpensive option.

Walkability and physical activity: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis / Associação entre walkability e atividade física: um protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise

The appropriate area for walking, related to the flow of walking, on the sidewalks and crossing (walka-bility) influences the practice of physical activity. However, there is no evidence of meta-analyses that have evaluated this association. Therefore, this study presents a protocol to assess the association be-tween walkability and physical activity. The systematic review protocol was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and will includes a search in the following databases: PubMed, SPORT-Discus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane. It will include observational studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal, that assessed the association between walkability in the neighborhood and physical activity. The process of study selection will be conducted independently by two reviewers. The process will start by reading the titles and abstracts of interest, followed by the full reading of the articles through the Rayyan platform. We will assess the methodological and indi-vidual quality across the studies utilizing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Chi-Squared test (I2). To test the influence of variables in the meta-analysis results, we will use, whenever possible, the meta-regression technique. The meta-analysis results will be presented as Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, through a random or fixed-effects model, according to estimate of clinical, statistical, and methodological heterogeneity. If possible, stratifications will be performed according to age group, sex, and physical activity levels.With the expected results, we hope that the knowledge will be useful to encourage the implementation of public policies for walkability in the neighborhood to increase physical activity levels

A área adequada para caminhada, relacionada ao fluxo de caminhada, nas calçadas e travessias (walkability) influencia na prática de atividade física. No entanto, não há evidências de meta-análises que tenham avaliado essa associação. Portanto, este estudo apresenta um protocolo para avaliar a as-sociação entre walkability e atividade física. O protocolo de revisão sistemática será realizado seguin-do as recomendações do PRISMA 2020 e incluirá uma busca nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase e Cochrane. Serão incluídos estudos observacionais, transversais e longitudinais, que avaliaram a associação entre walkability na vizinhan-ça e atividade física. O processo de seleção dos estudos será conduzido de forma independente por dois revisores. O processo terá início pela leitura dos títulos e resumos de interesse, seguido da leitura completa dos artigos por meio da plataforma Rayyan. Avaliaremos a qualidade metodológica e in-dividual entre os estudos utilizando a Escala de Newcastle Ottawa (NOS) e o teste Qui-Quadrado (I2). Para testar a influência das variáveis nos resultados da meta-análise, utilizaremos, sempre que possível, a técnica de meta-regressão. Os resultados da meta-análise serão apresentados como Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95%, por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios ou fixos, de acordo com a estimativa clínica, estatística e metodológica da heterogeneidade. Se possível, serão realizadas estratificações de acordo com faixa etária, sexo e níveis de atividade física. Com os resulta-dos do estudo, esperamos que o conhecimento seja útil para incentivar a implementação de políticas públicas de walkability no bairro para aumentar os níveis de atividade física

Relationship between Cardiometabolic Parameters and Elevated Resting and Effort Heart Rate in Schoolchildren.

Background: Little has been studied on heart rate and its relationship with metabolic disorders. Objective: To identify possible association between heart rate (HR) and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 2.098 subjects, aged between 7 and 17 years. The variables evaluated were: HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), double-product (DP), myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO2), lipids, glucose and uric acid levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The values of HR at rest and effort were divided into quartiles. The association between continuous values of HR and cardiometabolic indicators was tested by linear regression. Results: LDL cholesterol presented a significantly higher mean (p = 0.003) in schoolchildren with resting HR greater or equal to 91 bpm, compared to students with less than 75 bpm. Compared with the quartiles of effort HR, SBP, DBP, glucose and uric acid presented high values when HR was greater or equal than 185 bpm. SBP, glucose and HDL cholesterol demonstrated a significant association with resting HR. Uric acid was observed as a predictor of increased effort HR. Conclusion: Schoolchildren with a higher resting HR have higher mean of LDL cholesterol. For effort HR, there was an increase in blood pressure, glucose and uric acid levels. Uric acid has been shown to be a predictor of elevated effort HR.

Fundamento: Pouco se tem estudado sobre frequência cardíaca e suas relações com alterações metabólicas. Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre frequência cardíaca e disfunções metabólicas em crianças e adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal com 2.098 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e de pulso (PP), duplo-produto (DP), consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio (mVO2), perfil lipídico e glicêmico, níveis de ácido úrico, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Os valores de FC de repouso e esforço foram divididos em quartis. A associação entre os valores contínuos de FC com indicadores cardiometabólicos foi testada por meio da regressão linear. Resultdos: O colesterol LDL apresentou média significativamente superior (p = 0,003) nos escolares com FC de repouso maior ou igual a 91 bpm, em comparação aos escolares que apresentaram menos de 75 bpm. Comparados com os quartis da FC de esforço, a PAS, PAD, glicose e ácido úrico apresentaram valores elevados quando a FC foi igual ou superior a 185 bpm. A PAS, a glicose e o colesterol HDL demonstraram associação significativa com a FC de repouso. Observou-se o ácido úrico como um preditor do aumento da FC de esforço. Conclusão: Escolares com FC de repouso mais elevada apresentam médias superiores de colesterol LDL. Para FC de esforço, observou-se elevação na pressão arterial, nos níveis de glicose e de ácido úrico. O ácido úrico demonstrou ser preditor da elevação da FC de esforço.

[Precision and accuracy of body weight assessment in hospitalized adults]. / Precisão e acurácia na aferição do peso corporal em adultos hospitalizados.

BACKGROUND: Body weight (BW) is widely used to evaluate and manage clinical situations therefore assessment errors can influence the ichosen therapies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the variability in values of BW obtained by using different equipment (weight scales). METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed to assess BW of 360 adult patients in eight units including clinical and surgical specialties Three types of scales were used: a portable domestic model and a fixed platform model, both from the units and a portable digital model previously calibrated and used as standard reference equipment. Self-reported weight (SRW) was also compared to weight assessed with the reference equipment. The values were compared trough paired-samples t-test using SPSS software. RESULTS: The difference between weights assessed by the reference equipment and SRW was 445+/-3.359 g (P=0.015), it was -182+/-2.323 g (P=0.140) for portable domestic scales and 137+/-2.412 g (P=0.218) for platform fixed scales. Values obtained from SRW, portable domestic scales and fixed platform scales were strongly correlated to the mean value of weight assessed by the reference equipment (r=0.973, r=0.987 and r=0.986, respectively). Nevertheless, considering analyses of each patient, errors of magnitude greater than 500 g occurred in 78.8% of SRW, 80.6% of the portable domestic scales and 40% of the fixed platform scales. CONCLUSION: In general, the scales tested were neither accurate nor precise for measuring BW, considering the percentage of error in the evaluation of each patient and the variability observed.

Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity: a meta-analysis

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese children and adolescents when compared to eutrophic controls. Methods Systematic review with meta-analysis covering studies with patients aged 0-18 years old diagnosed with obesity and vitamin D deficiency and control group of eutrophic patients. The studies were retrieved in the PubMed, Embase, and LILACS databases in December 2019. The search used the terms "obesity" in combination with "pediatric population" and "vitamin D". Results Through the search 3155 articles were retrieved; and after analysis, 20 studies were selected according to the study objectives. A total of 24,600 children and adolescents were included. Through meta-analysis, the relative risk for the association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency in the pediatric population was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.26-1.59) (I² = 89%, p < 0.01). Conclusion Children and adolescents with obesity have higher risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Metabolic risk in schoolchildren is associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity, and parents' nutritional profile.

OBJECTIVE: Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents' nutritional status was evaluated by self-reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9-minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). RESULTS: The data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). CONCLUSION: the occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.

La falacia de los niños gordos anémicos / The fallacy of the fat anemic child

Fundamento: los estudios sugieren la presencia de deficiencia de hierro en niños obesos, lo que conduciría a una mayor incidencia de anemia en este grupo. Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia de anemia entre niños con sobrepeso y obesidad de dos niveles socioeconómicos y dos regiones diferentes en Brasil. Métodos: se obtuvieron datos de hemoglobina y antropometría de 598 niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de dos servicios especializados en la atención de estos niños. Resultados: la prevalencia global de anemia fue del 5,8% y el nivel medio de hemoglobina fue de 13,2 mg / dL, sin diferencia estadística para los dos indicadores según sobrepeso u obesidad y grupo de edad. Sin embargo, la hemoglobina media fue mayor entre los varones y, en el servicio con atención prestada a una población de menor nivel socioeconómico, la prevalencia de anemia fue mayor. Conclusión: la prevalencia de anemia encontrada en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad fue bastante baja, siendo mayor en la población más pobre. Para los niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso, la anemia parece estar más relacionada con el nivel socioeconómico que con la presencia de exceso de peso.

Background: studies suggest the presence of iron deficiency among obese children, which would lead to a higher incidence of anemia in this group. Aim: to assess the prevalence of anemia among overweight and obese children from two socioeconomic levels and two different regions in Brazil. Methods: hemoglobin and anthropometric data on 598 overweight and obese children and adolescents were obtained from two services specialized in the care of these children. Results: the overall prevalence of anemia was 5.8% and mean hemoglobin level was 13.2 mg/dL, with no statistical difference for the two indicators according to overweight or obesity and age group. However, the mean hemoglobin was higher among boys and, in the service with care provided to a population of lower socioeconomic status, the prevalence of anemia was higher. Conclusion: the prevalence of anemia found among overweight and obese children and adolescents was quite low, being higher in the poorest population. For overweight children and adolescents, anemia seems to be more related to socioeconomic status than to the presence of excess weight.

Hypertension and Different Levels of Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Amongst Adolescents

Abstract Background Hypertension is an increasingly common problem in adolescents; amongst the associated factors, physical inactivity and obesity are increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Objective To verify whether there is an association between higher blood pressure levels amongst adolescents with the relationship between different levels of body mass index (BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Method Cross-sectional study consisting of 860 adolescents. Higher blood pressure (BP) was considered as borderline and hypertension as the classification. BMI was categorized as low-normal weight and overweight-obesity. The CRF was assessed by a nine-minute run/walk test and classified into low or appropriate levels (less and more favorable to health, respectively). Later, BMI and CRF were grouped into one categorical variable: (I) low/normal weight and appropriate CRF levels; (II) low/normal weight and low CRF levels; (III) overweight/obesity and appropriate CRF levels; and (IV) overweight/obesity and low CRF levels. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression, through the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The p-values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Results Adolescents with overweight/obesity and low CRF levels had a 22% higher BP prevalence. Moreover, children with overweight/obesity, but with appropriate CRF levels, have a 15% higher BP prevalence. Conclusion Adolescents with overweight/obesity had a higher prevalence of BP, regardless of CRF levels. It is suggested that maintaining normal BMI is a protective factor for less favorable BP.

Instrumentos para avaliar o comportamento alimentar de crianças e adolescentes / Tools to evaluate eating behavior of children and adolescents

Introdução: O comportamento alimentar é capaz de desenvolver proteção ou risco para distúrbios alimentares, obesidade e doenças crônicas. Objetivo: Investigar instrumentos recentes válidos para avaliar o comportamento alimentar de crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica, através de busca de artigos nas bases de dados eletrônicas Scielo, LILACS e PubMed, correspondente ao período de 2014 a 2018. Os descritores utilizados foram "instrumento validado", "instrumento comportamento alimentar adolescentes", "instrumento comportamento alimentar crianças", "instrument validation", "eating behavior children", "eating behavior adolescent". Resultados: Obtiveram-se 14 instrumentos, que são capazes de detectar: comportamento alimentar de indivíduos com doenças como diabetes, autismo, transtorno alimentar, obesidade; aspectos sociais, familiares e de cuidadores do comportamento alimentar; atitudes alimentares transtornadas; autorregulação e controle de peso. Conclusão: Há instrumentos passíveis de aplicação para a população de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Sugere-se que a identificação precoce das referidas condições irá permitir intervenções para minimizar os danos nessa população. (AU)

Introduction: Eating behavior enables protection or risk for eating disorders, obesity, and chronic diseases. Objective: To investigate current valid tools used to evaluate the eating behavior of children and adolescents. Methods: Bibliographic review of articles published from 2014 to 2018 in the electronic databases Scielo, LILACS, and Pubmed. The descriptors used were "instrumento validado", "instrumento comportamento alimentar adolescentes", "instrumento comportamento alimentar crianças", "instrument validation", "eating behavior children", "eating behavior adolescent". Results: A total of 14 tools was found, able to detect eating behavior of subjects with diseases such as diabetes, autism, eating disorder, obesity; social, family and caregiver aspects of food behavior; disordered eating attitudes; self-regulation and weight control. Conclusion: There are tools that can be applied to the Brazilian population of children and adolescents. We suggest that the early identification of these issues will enable interventions to minimize damages in this population. (AU)

Vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients using antiepileptic drugs: systematic review with meta-analysis / Deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes pediátricos que fazem uso de fármacos antiepilépticos - revisão sistemática com metanálise

Abstract Objectives: To measure the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (through the 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolite) in pediatric patients using antiepileptic drugs. Source of data: Meta-analysis of studies identified through search in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases, on February 19, 2019. Summary of data: A total of 748 articles were identified, 29 of which were relevant to the objectives of this study. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency found was 0.32 (95% CI = 0.25-0.41; I 2 = 92%, p < 0.01). In the subgroup analyses, the most significant results were observed in the group of patients using cytochrome P450-inducing antiepileptic drugs, with a prevalence of 0.33 (95% CI = 0.21-0.47; I 2 = 86%, p < 0.01) and, considering the study design, in the subgroup of cohort studies, with a prevalence of 0.52 (95% CI = 0.40-0.64; I 2 = 76%, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Taking into account the deleterious effects of vitamin D deficiency on the bone health of individuals using antiepileptic drugs, it is suggested to include in their care 25-hydroxyvitamin D monitoring, cholecalciferol supplementation, and treatment of the deficiency, when present.

Resumo Objetivos: Mensurar a prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D (através do metabólito 25-hidroxivitamina D) em pacientes pediátricos em uso de fármacos antiepilépticos. Fonte dos dados: Metanálise de estudos identificados por meio de pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed, Embase, LILACS e Cochrane em 19 de fevereiro de 2019. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 748 artigos, dos quais 29 mostraram-se relevantes aos objetivos deste estudo. A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D encontrada foi de 0,32 (IC 95% = 0,25-0,41) (I2 = 92%, p < 0,01). Nas análises por subgrupos, os resultados mais expressivos foram observados no grupo de pacientes em uso de fármacos antiepilépticos indutores do citocromo P450, que apresentou prevalência de 0,33 (IC 95% = 0,21-0,47) (I2 = 86%, p < 0,01). Considerou-se o delineamento dos estudos, no subgrupo de estudos de coorte, com prevalência de 0,52 (IC 95% = 0,40-0,64) (I2 = 76%, p < 0,01). Conclusões: Levando-se em consideração os efeitos deletérios da deficiência de vitamina D na saúde óssea dos sujeitos em uso de fármacos antiepilépticos, sugere-se incluir em seu atendimento, o monitoramento de 25-hidroxivitamina D, suplementação com colecalciferol e tratamento de deficiência quando existente.

O comportamento alimentar aos 30 dias de vida está associado à adequação do peso ao nascimento? / Is eating behavior at 30 days of age associated with adequate birth weight?

Introdução: O objetivo principal é avaliar o comportamento alimentar de recémnascidos (RN) pequenos (PIG) e grandes (GIG) para a idade gestacional através de questionário específico e comparar com RN adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) com 1 mês de vida. Métodos: É um estudo de coorte, cuja primeira fase consistiu na realização de uma entrevista com mães que tiveram seus filhos a termo no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Dados perinatais foram coletados de prontuários eletrônicos. Na segunda fase do estudo, após 1 mês do nascimento, foi aplicado o Questionário sobre Comportamento Alimentar do Bebê (Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BEBQ) através de contato telefônico. Resultados: Foram avaliados 126 RN (43 AIG, 43 PIG e 41 GIG). Foi observada uma maior escolaridade em mães de RN PIG (p=0,004) e uma menor prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até a alta hospitalar em RN GIG (p=0,002). A análise de variância não encontrou diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação aos domínios do BEBQ, mesmo quando corrigidos por sexo do RN. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que alterações do comportamento alimentar ainda não estão presentes com 1 mês de vida, sugerindo que não são inatas, e sim desenvolvidas com o passar do tempo. O estudo está limitado a avaliações de crescimento baseadas em registros de terceiros. (AU)

Introduction: The main purpose of this paper was to evaluate the feeding behavior of infants born small and large for gestational age (SGA and LGA, respectively) using a specific questionnaire and to compare them with infants born adequate for gestational age (AGA) at 1 month of age. Methods: The first phase of this cohort study consisted of an interview with mothers whose babies were born at term at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Perinatal data were collected from electronic medical records. In the second phase of the study, at 1 month of birth, the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ) was administered through telephone interview. Results: A total of 126 infants (43 AGA, 43 SGA and 41 LGA) with a mean gestational age of 39.4 weeks were assessed. A higher level of education was observed in mothers of SGA infants (p = 0.004) and a lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the LGA group (p = 0.002). The analysis of variance found no significant difference between the groups in any of the BEBQ domains, even when corrected for sex of the baby. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that changes in feeding behavior are not yet present at 1 month of age, suggesting that they are not innate, but rather developed over time. The study is limited to growth assessments based on third-party records. (AU)

Impacto de uma estratégia de manejo do excesso de peso infanto-juvenil / Impact of a management strategy on child and adolescent overweight

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar, através de parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos, o impacto de uma estratégia de manejo do excesso de peso implantada em um ambulatório de obesidade infanto-juvenil de um hospital público. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de uma coorte, realizada a partir de fichas de 206 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de obesidade ou sobrepeso, com idade entre 5 a 17 anos, atendidos entre 2010 e 2014 com periodicidade média de três meses durante um ano. A estratégia avaliada consistiu em aconselhamento, com orientações visando redução do tempo de atividade sedentária e aumento de atividade física e orientações nutricionais para escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos (índice de massa corporal (IMC), escore z de IMC por idade, circunferências da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ), razão cintura quadril (RCQ)) e bioquímicos (glicemia de jejum, insulinemia de jejum, índice do Homeostasis Model Assessment, colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c), triglicerídeos (TG) no início, aos 6 e aos 12 meses de acompanhamento. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0, com aplicação do modelo de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas. RESULTADOS: Em 12 meses, houve redução significativa do IMC, do escore z do IMC/idade, do percentual de indivíduos com escore z de IMC / idade ≥ +2, da CC, do percentual de indivíduos com CC > p90 e da RCQ (p<0,001). Os níveis séricos de glicemia e insulina não apresentaram redução significativa, apenas uma tendência, assim como os de CT, LDL-c e TG, porém os níveis de HDL-c tiveram um aumento significativo (p=0,035). CONCLUSÕES: Esta estratégia de manejo do excesso de peso infanto-juvenil, baseada em aconselhamento, possibilitou redução significativa dos níveis de excesso de peso, embora os parâmetros bioquímicos não tenham sido reduzidos na mesma proporção.

AIMS: To evaluate, through anthropometric and biochemical parameters, the impact of an overweight management strategy implemented in an outpatient clinic for childhood obesity in a public hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of 206 children and adolescents with a diagnosis of obesity or overweight, aged between 5 and 17 years, attended between 2010 and 2014 with an average period of three months during one year. The strategy evaluated consisted of counseling, with guidelines aimed at reducing sedentary activity time and increased physical activity and nutritional guidelines for healthier food choices. Were evaluated anthropometric parameters (body mass index, z-escore of body mass index by age, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist hip ratio) and biochemistry (fasting glucose, fasting insulinemia, homeostasis model assessment, total cholesterol (CT), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triclycerides (TG) at the baseline, at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Statistical analyzes were performed in the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0, using the Generalized Estimating Equations model. RESULTS: In 12 months, there was a significant reduction in BMI, Z score of BMI/age, percentage of individuals with BMI/age z score ≥ +2, WHR, percentage of individuals with WC > p90 and HC (p<0,001). Serum glycemia and insulin levels did not show significant reduction, only a trend, as did TC, LDL-c and TG, but HDL-c levels had a significant increase (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: This strategy of management of childhood and adolescent overweight, based on counseling, made it possible to reduce significantly the levels of overweight, although the biochemical parameters were not reduced in the same proportion.

Relationship between Dyslipidemia, Cultural Factors, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Schoolchildren / Relação entre Dislipidemia, Fatores Culturais e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória em Escolares

Abstract Background: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. Results: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

Resumo Fundamento: A presença de dislipidemia e os aspectos comportamentais são fatores determinantes do risco cardiovascular, sobretudo na infância e adolescência. Objetivos: Verificar possíveis relações entre dislipidemia, fatores culturais e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) em escolares. Métodos: São sujeitos deste estudo transversal 1.254 crianças e adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, sendo 686 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. Foi considerada dislipidemia a presença de níveis aumentados em pelo menos um dos parâmetros do perfil lipídico: triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT) e frações de alta (HDL-c) e baixa densidade (LDL-c). Os aspectos culturais foram avaliados por meio de questionário autorreferido pelo escolar. Os dados foram analisados pela regressão logística, considerando os valores de razão de chances (odds ratio; OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC) para 95%. Resultados: Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de dislipidemia (41,9%), a qual esteve associada com o sexo feminino (OR: 1,56; IC: 1,24-1,96) e com a presença de sobrepeso/obesidade (OR: 1,55; IC: 1,20-2,00). Quando os componentes do perfil lipídico foram avaliados de forma separada, observou-se que altos níveis de LDL-c se associaram ao deslocamento sedentário para a escola (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,20-2,09). Escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentam maiores chances de elevação nos níveis de CT (OR: 1,40; IC: 1,07-1,84) e TG (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,96-5,26). O HDL-c apresentou associação com o elevado tempo em frente à televisão (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,00-2,54). Conclusão: A presença de alteração nos parâmetros lipídicos associa-se com fatores culturais, especialmente voltados ao sedentarismo e baixos níveis de APCR.