Effect of vitrification of in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes on embryo development after parthenogenic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

This work studies the effect of vitrification of in vitro matured (IVM) prepubertal goat oocytes on: 1) oocyte damage assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptosis and 2) embryo development after Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and Parthenogenic Activation (PA). Oocytes were IVM in supplemented TCM-199 for 22-24 h. Control group oocytes matured during 24 h were directly used for the analysis after IVM. Vitrified/warmed IVM-oocytes were vitrified after 22 h of IVM in 15% ethylene glycol (EG), 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and 0.5 M sucrose and after subjected to warming procedure. Oocyte ROS level was measured by staining denuded IVM-oocytes with 10 µM 2'7' dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V (AV) Apoptosis Detection kit and Propidium iodide (PI) signal and oocytes were classified as: Live (AV- PI-), early apoptotic (AV+ PI-), dead non-apoptotic (AV- PI+) and necrotic (AV+ PI+). Developmental competence of vitrified/warmed oocytes was assessed by PA (5 min in 5 µM Ionomycin plus 4 h in 2 mM 6-Dimethylaminopurine), and by ICSI fertilization. Presumptive zygotes were in vitro cultured for 8 days in commercial media BO-IVC. Vitrified/warmed oocytes showed higher ROS levels (P < 0.0001), lower live oocytes (44 vs. 66%; P: 0.0025) and higher dead non-apoptotic oocytes (33 vs. 13% P: 0.023) compared to control. No differences were found on normal zygote formation (2 PN) (32 vs. 25%) or blastocyst development (0 vs. 4%) after ICSI fertilization. However, after PA, significant differences were found in cleavage rate (59 vs.78%; P < 0.0343) and blastocyst formation (1 vs. 25%; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, vitrification reduced oocyte competence by increasing dead oocytes and ROS levels.

Resveratrol supplementation during in vitro maturation improves embryo development of prepubertal goat oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol supplementation in maturation medium on the developmental ability and bioenergetic\oxidative status of prepubertal goat oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue (BCB). Oocytes collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were selected by 13 µM BCB staining and classified as grown BCB+ and growing BCB- oocytes. All oocytes were matured in vitro in our conventional maturation medium and supplemented with 1 µM (BCB+R and BCB-R) and without (Control groups: BCB+C and BCB-C) resveratrol. After 24 h, IVM-oocytes were fertilized with fresh semen and presumptive zygotes were in vitro cultured for 8 days. Oocytes were assessed for blastocyst development and quality, mitochondrial activity and distribution, and levels of GSH, ROS, and ATP. BCB+R (28.3%) oocytes matured with resveratrol presented significantly higher blastocyst development than BCB+C (13.0%) and BCB- groups (BCB-R: 8.3% and BCB-C: 4.7%). Resveratrol improved blastocyst development of BCB-R oocytes at the same rate as BCB+C oocytes. No differences were observed in blastocyst quality among groups. GSH levels were significantly higher in resveratrol groups (BCB+R: 36554.6; BCB-R: 34946.7 pixels/oocyte) than in control groups (BCB+C: 27624.0; BCB-C: 27655.4 pixels/oocyte). No differences were found in mitochondrial activity, ROS level, and ATP content among the groups. Resveratrol-treated oocytes had a higher proportion of clustered active mitochondria in both BCB groups (BCB+R: 73.07%; BCB-R: 79.16%) than control groups (BCB+C: 19.35%; BCB-C: 40%). In conclusion, resveratrol increased blastocyst production from oocytes of prepubertal goats, particularly in better quality oocytes (BCB+).

Effects of melatonin on oocyte developmental competence and the role of melatonin receptor 1 in juvenile goats.

Melatonin enhances in vitro embryo development in several species by improving the oocyte developmental competence during in vitro maturation (IVM). Melatonin has a wide range of actions, from scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to regulating gene expression, and it can also act by way of melatonin receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of action of melatonin during the IVM of juvenile goat oocytes and the role of the membrane receptors. Melatonin receptor 1 was immunolocalized in cumulus cells and oocytes before and after 24 hr of IVM. The effect of melatonin on oocyte developmental competence was tested in three experimental IVM groups: (a) control, (b) 10-7  M melatonin, and (c) 10-7  M melatonin +10-7  M luzindole (an inhibitor of both melatonin receptors). After IVM oocytes were assessed for ROS levels, mitochondrial activity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) concentration and relative gene expression (ACTB, SLC1A1, SOD1, GPx1, BAX, DNMT1, GCLC and GDF9). IVM-oocytes were in vitro fertilized and cultured under conventional conditions. Blastocyst rate and quality (differential cell count) were assessed at 8 days post-fertilization. Melatonin decreased ROS levels, increased mitochondrial activity and ATP content and increased blastocyst quality compared to control group (55.8 vs. 30.4 inner cell mass ICM, p < 0.05). There was no effect on the relative gene expression due to treatment with melatonin. In conclusion, we have showed that melatonin improves oocyte developmental competence in juvenile goats by reducing ROS levels and improving mitochondrial activity.

Beneficial effects of melatonin on in vitro embryo production from juvenile goat oocytes.

Melatonin is a universal antioxidant that improves in vitro embryo production in several species. The aims of this study were to determine the melatonin concentration in the ovarian follicular fluid (FF) of juvenile goats and the effect of melatonin during in vitro maturation (IVM) on embryo development. The FF melatonin concentration was 0.57--1.07×10-9 M, increasing with follicular diameter. Oocytes were matured, fertilised and cultured under conventional conditions. Blastocyst development, embryo quality and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione were assessed. In Experiment 1 different melatonin concentrations (10-3, 10-7, 10-9, 10-11 M) were added to the IVM medium, which contained cysteamine as antioxidant, and no differences were observed. In Experiment 2, melatonin (10-7 M) was tested in the presence or absence of cysteamine (experimental groups: melatonin, cysteamine, melatonin+cysteamine, non-antioxidant). The melatonin group presented a higher blastocyst rate than the non-antioxidant group (28.9 vs 11.7%; P<0.01) and a higher total cell number than the cysteamine group (225.1 vs 129.0; P<0.05). Oocytes from the melatonin and cysteamine groups had lower ROS levels than those from the non-antioxidant group. This study shows that melatonin is an interesting tool for improving oocyte competence in juvenile goats as it increases embryo production and quality.

Effect of crocetin added to IVM medium for prepubertal goat oocytes on blastocyst outcomes after IVF, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and parthenogenetic activation.

Crocetin is an active constituent of saffron recently used as antioxidant for embryo culture. The aim of this study was to test the effect of crocetin added in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of prepubertal goat oocytes on the embryo development after in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and parthenogenetic activation (PA). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were released from slaughterhouse ovaries of prepubertal goats and in vitro matured in supplemented TCM 199 medium during 24 h without (control group) and with crocetin. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the effect of the IVM supplementation with 0 µM (control), 0.5 µM, 1 µM and 2 µM of crocetin on the blastocyst development after IVF. No significant differences were obtained on blastocyst formation among groups (12, 7, 10, 11%; respectively). Although the blastocyst total cell number was higher in 1 µM crocetin group (150.7 cells) compared to the control (105.5), 0.5 µM (116.2) and 2 µM (93.7) crocetin groups, no significant differences were detected. In experiment 2, we assessed the effect of 1 µM crocetin supplementation in the IVM medium on the oocyte GSH level, ROS level and mitochondrial activity. ROS was significantly higher in the control than in the crocetin group (P < 0.05), but no differences in GSH level and mitochondrial activity were observed. In experiment 3, we evaluated the effect of 1 µM crocetin on the blastocyst development of oocytes after ICSI and PA. No statistical differences were found on blastocyst rate or cell number. However, compared with control, crocetin groups led to higher cleavage (59 vs. 67%, respectively, P = 0.09) and blastocyst rates (19 vs. 12%, respectively; P = 0.12) after ICSI. Although crocetin reduced ROS levels in prepubertal goat oocytes, it did not have a significant effect on oocyte embryo developmental competence.

Biphasic in vitro maturation with C-type natriuretic peptide enhances the developmental competence of juvenile-goat oocytes.

In vitro embryo production success in juvenile animals is compromised due to their intrinsic lower oocyte quality. Conventional in vitro maturation (IVM) impairs oocyte competence by inducing spontaneous meiotic resumption. A series of experiments were performed to determine if maintaining meiotic arrest during a pre-maturation culture phase (pre-IVM) prior to conventional IVM improves oocyte competence of juvenile-goat (2 months old) cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). In experiment 1, COCs were cultured with C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP; 0, 50, 100, 200 nM) for 6 and 8 h. Nuclear stage was assessed, revealing no differences in the incidence of germinal vesicle (GV) breakdown. In experiment 2, the same CNP concentrations were assessed plus 10 nM estradiol, the known upstream agonist activating expression of NPR2, the exclusive receptor of CNP. CNP (200 nM) plus estradiol increased the rate of oocytes at GV stage at 6 h compared to control group (74.7% vs 28.3%; P<0.05) with predominantly condensed chromatin configuration. In experiment 3, relative mRNA quantification revealed NPR2 expression was down-regulated after pre-IVM (6 h). In experiment 4, analysis of transzonal projections indicated that pre-IVM maintained cumulus-oocyte communication after oocyte recovery. For experiments 5 and 6, biphasic IVM (6 h pre-IVM with CNP and estradiol, plus 24 h IVM) and control IVM (24 h) were compared. Biphasic IVM increased intra-oocyte glutathione and decreased ROS, up-regulated DNA-methyltransferase 1 and pentraxin 3 expression and led to an increase in rate of blastocyst development compared to control group (30.2% vs 17.2%; P<0.05). In conclusion, a biphasic IVM, including a pre-IVM with CNP, maintains oocyte meiotic arrest for 6 h and enhances the embryo developmental competence of oocytes from juvenile goats.